DOCSLIB.ORG

Case Report: Coinfection with Rickettsia Monacensis and Orientia Tsutsugamushi

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Case Report: Coinfection with Rickettsia Monacensis and Orientia Tsutsugamushi Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 101(2), 2019, pp. 332–335 doi:10.4269/ajtmh.18-0631 Copyright © 2019 by The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Case Report: Coinfection with Rickettsia monacensis and Orientia tsutsugamushi Seok Won Kim,1† Choon-Mee Kim,2† Dong-Min Kim,3* and Na Ra Yun3 1Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; 2Premedical Science, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; 3Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea Abstract. Rickettsia monacensis and Orientia tsutsugamushi are bacteria of the family Rickettsiaceae, which causes fever, rash, and eschar formation; outdoor activities are a risk factor for Rickettsiaceae infection. A 75-year-old woman presented with fever, rash, and eschar and was confirmed as being scrub typhus based on a nested-polymerase chain reaction (N-PCR) test for a 56-kDa gene of O. tsutsugamushi; the genome was identified as the Boryong genotype. In addition, a pan-Rickettsia real-time PCR test was positive and a N-PCR test using a Rickettsia-specific partial outer membrane protein A (rOmpA) confirmed R. monacensis. This is the first case wherein a patient suspected of having scrub typhus owing to the presence of rash and eschar was also found to be coinfected with O. tsutsugamushi and R. monacensis based on molecular testing. INTRODUCTION leukocyte count, 7,200/mm3; hemoglobin, 11.6 g/dL; platelet count, 232,000/mm3; and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, 31 Rickettsia monacensis is a pathogen that causes spotted mm/hours. C-reactive protein and procalcitonin levels were fever group rickettsial infection; the main symptoms of in- elevated at 9.26 mg/dL and 0.836 ng/mL (0–0.5 ng/mL), re- fection include fever, headache, and myalgia, as well as es- 1 spectively. Levels of blood electrolytes (Na/K/Cl) were 129/ char or rash. Orientia tsutsugamushi, the causative bacterium 4.1/95 mEq/L. Biochemical examination of the serum revealed of scrub typhus, is a rickettsial infectious agent; clinical 2 a ratio of 59.1:62.9 (mg/dL) for aspartate transaminase:alanine manifestations of infection include fever, eschar, and rash. aminotransferase; total bilirubin, 0.78 mg/dL; blood urea Although R. monacensis was previously isolated from a pa- 3 nitrogen/creatinine, 14.1/1.0 mg/dL); serum lactate dehydro- tient in Korea, there has been no report of R. monacensis and genase, 584 U/L; and adenosine deaminase, 54.4 U/L; there O. tsutsugamushi coinfection to date. Herein, we report the were no abnormal urinalysis findings. Arterial blood test re- first case of a patient admitted owing to fever who was found sults at the time of visit revealed pH, 7.533; pCO2/pO2, 27.4/ to have rash and eschar, thus leading to suspicion of scrub 89.3 mmHg; HCO , 26.3 mmol/L; and O saturation 98.5%, fi 3 2 typhus; however, subsequent molecular testing con rmed indicating metabolic alkalosis. Cardiac enzyme levels were R. monacensis and O. tsutsugamushi coinfection. within normal ranges with creatine kinase MB of 4.9 ng/mL and high-sensitivity troponin T of 0.011 ng/mL. Brain computed CASE REPORT tomography was conducted because of her drowsiness, but showed no abnormal results. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ex- A 75-year-old woman presented with chills as her main amination revealed two white blood cells (WBCs), zero red complaint. Her chills continuously persisted for 4 days before blood cells (RBCs), protein 47.3 mg/dL, and glucose 91.6 mg/ her hospital visit on October 16. Moreover, she had engaged in dL (serum 208 mg/dL). frequent outdoor activity of collecting persimmons or chest- The patient was involved in outdoor activities and displayed nuts in the forest. Her medical history indicated that the patient characteristic eschar findings. Using the patient’s buffy coat from had been taking medications for 10 years after being di- the blood sample, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test was agnosed with hypertension and diabetes, but she had no positive for a 56-kDa target gene of O. tsutsugamushi4;sub- history of hepatitis or tuberculosis. Her symptoms started on sequent sequencing analysis confirmed the Boryong genotype October 13. (accession no. MK613928). Immunofluorescence antibody as- Vital signs at the time of visit were as follows: blood pres- say (IFA) examination for O. tsutsugamushi5 revealed an IgM ratio sure, 110/70 mmHg; pulse rate, 98 beats/minutes; breathing of 1:16 and an IgG ratio of 1:128, whereas total Ig antibody titer ° rate, 22 times/minutes; and body temperature, 38.4 C. De- examined by Green Cross Laboratories (Youngin, Korea) was fi spite her drowsy state, there were no abnormal ndings on elevated at 1:640; IFA testing for R. conorii by the Korea Centers neurologic examination, although cervical lymphadenopathy for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC) revealed values was observed. Results of heart and lung auscultation were of < 1:32 for both IgM and IgG antibodies on admission (October normal, and abdominal examination revealed no hepato- 21) and at follow-up (December 18). IFA testing for R. japonica megaly, splenomegaly, or abdominal pain. There was an er- revealed an IgM ratio of < 1:16 and an IgG ratio of 1:32 on ad- ythematous macular rash, and the scalp had eschar (Figure 1). mission(October21)andanIgMratioof1:16andanIgGratioof Test results of peripheral blood collected on October 21 and 1:128 at follow-up (December 18). The patient was diagnosed those of blood collected on admission were as follows: with scrub typhus infection and was administered 200 mg doxycycline daily. From the second day of hospitalization, her fever subsided, and her symptoms improved; although the * Address correspondence to Dong-Min Kim, Department of Internal weakness remained, she was discharged. Medicine, School of Medicine, Chosun University, 588 Seosuk-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju 501-717, Republic of Korea. E-mail: drongkim@ To detect Rickettsia species, pan-rickettsial real-time PCR chosun.ac.kr that targeted the 23S rRNA was performed using blood col- † These authors contributed equally to this work. lected at the time of hospitalization; as the results were positive,6 332 COINFECTION WITH R. MONACENSIS AND O. TSUTSUGAMUSHI 333 FIGURE 1. A 75-year-old woman was admitted with chills and rash as the primary complaints. (A) Eschar lesion identified on the head. (B) Erythematous rash on the face. (C) Conjunctival suffusion in both the eyes. (D) Maculopapular rash on the abdomen. (E) Phylogenetic tree for Rickettsia spp. based on the partial outer membrane protein A (ompA) gene (521 nucleotides). The number at the node represents the bootstrap confidence levels for 1,000 replicates. The black triangles represent the isolates obtained in our study. (F) Phylogenetic tree for Orientia tsutsugamushi based on the partial 56-kDa protein gene (435 nucleotides). The number at the node represents bootstrap confidence levels for 1,000 replicates. The black triangles represent the isolates obtained in our study. This figure appears in color at www.ajtmh.org. 334 KIM, KIM, AND OTHERS the real-time PCR amplicon was subjected to sequencing no Rickettsia-related symptoms; thus, the pathogenic role of analysis, which confirmedthepresenceofR. monacensis.To R. monacensis was unclear. Interestingly, CSF from the patient in reconfirm the result using an additional target gene, nested-PCR the present case was negative for O. tsutsugamushi using PCR, testing using Rickettsia-specific rOmpA was performed and was whereas it was positive for R. monacensis. Thus, further studies positive; subsequent sequencing analysis reconfirmed the on the pathogenicity of R. monacensis are required. presence of R. monacensis (accession no. MK613926). Using In a study conducted in southwestern Slovakia using rodents CSF, a N-PCR test for the Rickettsia-specific partial outer and ectoparasitic mites, 112 of 345 mite pool samples after mite membrane protein A (rOmpA) also confirmed R. monacensis pooling (32.46%) and 46 of 487 rodent blood samples (9.44%) (Figure 1) (accession no. MK613927). Homology was tested were positive for Rickettsia DNA, and sequencing analysis based on sequence alignment, in which R. monacensis identified confirmed the presence of R. helvetica and R. monacensis.13 in the buffy coat showed 99.6% homology with R. monacensis Another study from China revealed a unique Rickettsia species identified in CSF. The buffy coat isolate showed 96.9% homology that was detected in Leptotrombidium scutellare;thisstudy with the Korea R. monacensis isolate CN45kr (accession no. expanded the knowledge on the vector distribution of Rickettsia KC993862), 98.3% homology with the Chinese R. monacensis spp.14 These findings suggested that mites per se act as a isolate (accession no. EU665232), and 98.7% homology with vector and a reservoir of R. monacensis.InKorea,scrubtyphus Rickettsia sp. ZJ42/2007 (accession no. EU258734). Finally, caused by O. tsutsugamushi is the most common rickettsial coinfection with O. tsutsugamushi and R. monacensis was infection, for which the vector and reservoir are larval trombi- confirmed. culid mites, a Leptotrombidium spp. Because there are various mites in Korea, coinfection is theoretically possible, and the DISCUSSION roles of mites in Korea as a cause of coinfection and a vector of R. monacensis should be further studied. Korea is an endemic region of scrub typhus, with about In conclusion, the present study reports the first confirma- 10,000 cases reported to the KCDC every year. Most inci- tion of coinfection with O. tsutsugamushi and R. monacensis dences occur from late October to early November.7 Rick- based on molecular testing in a patient suspected of having ettsia monacensis distribution is widely prevalent in European scrub typhus due to the presence of fever, rash, and eschar. regions such as Spain, Slovakia, Germany, and Italy8–10; Thus, clinicians should note that patients diagnosed with R.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Expansion of Tick-Borne Rickettsioses in the World
    microorganisms Review Expansion of Tick-Borne Rickettsioses in the World Mariusz Piotrowski * and Anna Rymaszewska Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 70-453 Szczecin, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 24 September 2020; Accepted: 25 November 2020; Published: 30 November 2020 Abstract: Tick-borne rickettsioses are caused by obligate intracellular bacteria belonging to the spotted fever group of the genus Rickettsia. These infections are among the oldest known diseases transmitted by vectors. In the last three decades there has been a rapid increase in the recognition of this disease complex. This unusual expansion of information was mainly caused by the development of molecular diagnostic techniques that have facilitated the identification of new and previously recognized rickettsiae. A lot of currently known bacteria of the genus Rickettsia have been considered nonpathogenic for years, and moreover, many new species have been identified with unknown pathogenicity. The genus Rickettsia is distributed all over the world. Many Rickettsia species are present on several continents. The geographical distribution of rickettsiae is related to their vectors. New cases of rickettsioses and new locations, where the presence of these bacteria is recognized, are still being identified. The variety and rapid evolution of the distribution and density of ticks and diseases which they transmit shows us the scale of the problem. This review article presents a comparison of the current understanding of the geographic distribution of pathogenic Rickettsia species to that of the beginning of the century. Keywords: Tick-borne rickettsioses; Tick-borne diseases; Rickettsiales 1. Introduction Tick-borne rickettsioses are caused by obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the spotted fever group (SFG) of the genus Rickettsia.
    [Show full text]
  • Rickettsia Monacensis As a Cause of a Tick Bite
    a nonpruritic, disseminated maculopapular rash, with no Rickettsia inoculation eschar, of the trunk and lower extremities, in- cluding palms and soles. Other than a slightly low plate- monacensis let count (82,000/mm3), examination fi ndings were within normal limits. MSF was diagnosed, and serum and defi - and Human brinated blood samples were taken before a course of oral doxycycline (100 mg/12 h for 10 d) was initiated. Three Disease, Spain days later, fever and rash were gone without sequelae. Ad- Isabel Jado,* José A. Oteo,† Mikel Aldámiz,‡ ditional serial serum samples were taken during weeks 4, Horacio Gil,* Raquel Escudero,* 13, and 26 after onset and reserved for serologic analysis Valvanera Ibarra,† Joseba Portu,‡ (Table). Aranzazu Portillo,† María J. Lezaun,‡ Patient 2 was a 59-year-old woman from Basque Cristina García-Amil,* Isabel Rodríguez-Moreno,* Country, who sought medical attention on September 20, and Pedro Anda* 2003, 4 days after onset of fever (38ºC), headache, and an erythematous rash, with no inoculation eschar, at the site of We identifi ed Rickettsia monacensis as a cause of a tick bite. The patient reported a history of tick bites, most acute tickborne rickettsiosis in 2 humans. Its pathogenic recently 1 week before symptom onset. Blood cell counts role was assessed by culture and detection of the organism and other blood chemistry values were normal. MSF was in patients’ blood samples. This fi nding increases the num- ber of recognized human rickettsial pathogens and expands diagnosed, and oral doxycycline (100 mg/12 h for 10 d) the known geographic distribution of Mediterranean spotted was prescribed.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Detection and Identification of Rickettsiales Pathogens in Dog Ticks from Costa Rica
    Accepted Manuscript Title: Molecular detection and identification of Rickettsiales pathogens in dog ticks from Costa Rica Author: Liliana Campos-Calderon´ Leyda Abrego-S´ anchez´ Antony Solorzano-Morales´ Alberto Alberti Gessica Tore Rosanna Zobba Ana E. Jimenez-Rocha´ Gaby Dolz PII: S1877-959X(16)30120-0 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.07.015 Reference: TTBDIS 700 To appear in: Received date: 29-2-2016 Revised date: 1-7-2016 Accepted date: 24-7-2016 Please cite this article as: Campos-Calderon,´ Liliana, Abrego-S´ anchez,´ Leyda, Solorzano-Morales,´ Antony, Alberti, Alberto, Tore, Gessica, Zobba, Rosanna, Jimenez-Rocha,´ Ana E., Dolz, Gaby, Molecular detection and identification of Rickettsiales pathogens in dog ticks from Costa Rica.Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.07.015 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Molecular detection and identification of Rickettsiales pathogens in dog ticks from Costa Rica Liliana Campos-Calderóna, Leyda Ábrego-Sánchezb, Antony Solórzano- Moralesa, Alberto Albertic, Gessica Torec, Rosanna Zobbac, Ana E. Jiménez- Rochaa, Gaby Dolza,b,* aEscuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Campus Benjamín Núñez, Barreal de Heredia, Costa Rica ([email protected], [email protected], [email protected]).
    [Show full text]
  • Rickettsia Spp. in Bats of Romania: High Prevalence of Rickettsia Monacensis in Two Insectivorous Bat Species Ioana A
    Matei et al. Parasites Vectors (2021) 14:107 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04592-x Parasites & Vectors RESEARCH Open Access Rickettsia spp. in bats of Romania: high prevalence of Rickettsia monacensis in two insectivorous bat species Ioana A. Matei1*† , Alexandra Corduneanu2†, Attila D. Sándor2,3, Angela Monica Ionica2,4, Luciana Panait2, Zsuzsa Kalmár2, Talida Ivan5, Ionel Papuc5, Cosmina Bouari1, Nicodim Fit1 and Andrei Daniel Mihalca2 Abstract Background: Spotted fever group rickettsiae represent one of the most diverse groups of vector-borne bacteria, with several human pathogenic species showing an emerging trend worldwide. Most species are vectored by ticks (Ixodidae), with many zoonotic reservoir species among most terrestrial vertebrate groups. While the reservoir compe- tence of many diferent vertebrate species is well known (e.g. birds, rodents and dogs), studies on insectivorous bats have been rarely performed despite their high species diversity, ubiquitous urban presence and importance in har- boring zoonotic disease agents. Romania has a high diversity and ubiquity of bats. Moreover, seven out of eight SFG rickettsiae species with zoonotic potential were previously reported in Romania. Based on this, the aim of this study was to detect Rickettsia species in tissue samples in bats. Methods: Here we report a large-scale study (322 bats belonging to 20 species) on the presence of Rickettsia spp. in Romanian bat species. Tissue samples from insectivorous bats were tested for the presence of Rickettsia DNA using PCR detection amplifying a 381 bp fragment of the gltA gene. Positive results were sequenced to confrm the results. The obtained results were statistically analyzed by chi-squared independence test.
    [Show full text]
  • Detection of Tick-Borne Pathogens of the Genera Rickettsia, Anaplasma and Francisella in Ixodes Ricinus Ticks in Pomerania (Poland)
    pathogens Article Detection of Tick-Borne Pathogens of the Genera Rickettsia, Anaplasma and Francisella in Ixodes ricinus Ticks in Pomerania (Poland) Lucyna Kirczuk 1 , Mariusz Piotrowski 2 and Anna Rymaszewska 2,* 1 Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c Street, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; [email protected] 2 Department of Genetics and Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c Street, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Tick-borne pathogens are an important medical and veterinary issue worldwide. Environ- mental monitoring in relation to not only climate change but also globalization is currently essential. The present study aimed to detect tick-borne pathogens of the genera Anaplasma, Rickettsia and Francisella in Ixodes ricinus ticks collected from the natural environment, i.e., recreational areas and pastures used for livestock grazing. A total of 1619 specimens of I. ricinus were collected, including ticks of all life stages (adults, nymphs and larvae). The study was performed using the PCR technique. Diagnostic gene fragments msp2 for Anaplasma, gltA for Rickettsia and tul4 for Francisella were ampli- fied. No Francisella spp. DNA was detected in I. ricinus. DNA of A. phagocytophilum was detected in 0.54% of ticks and Rickettsia spp. in 3.69%. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that only one species of Rickettsia, R. helvetica, was present in the studied tick population. The present results are a Citation: Kirczuk, L.; Piotrowski, M.; part of a large-scale analysis aimed at monitoring the level of tick infestation in Northwest Poland.
    [Show full text]
  • Intraspecies Comparative Genomics of Rickettsia
    AIX ͲMARSEILLE UNIVERSITÉ FACULTÉ DE MÉDECINE DE MARSEILLE ÉCOLE DOCTORALE DES SCIENCES DE LA VIE ET DE LA SANTÉ T H È S E Présentée et publiquement soutenue devant LA FACULTÉ DE MÉDECINE DE MARSEILLE Le 13 décembre 2013 Par M. Erwin SENTAUSA Né le 16 décembre 1979 àMalang, Indonésie INTRASPECIES COMPARATIVE GENOMICS OF RICKETTSIA Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTORAT d’AIX ͲMARSEILLE UNIVERSITÉ SPÉCIALITÉ :PATHOLOGIE HUMAINE Ͳ MALADIES INFECTIEUSES Membres du Jury de la Thèse : Dr. Patricia RENESTO Rapporteur Pr. Max MAURIN Rapporteur Dr. Florence FENOLLAR Membre du Jury Pr. Pierre ͲEdouard FOURNIER Directeur de thèse Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Émergentes UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095 Avant Propos Le format de présentation de cette thèse correspond à une recommandation de la spécialité Maladies Infectieuses et Microbiologie, à l’intérieur du Master de Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé qui dépend de l’Ecole Doctorale des Sciences de la Vie de Marseille. Le candidat est amené àrespecter des règles qui lui sont imposées et qui comportent un format de thèse utilisé dans le Nord de l’Europe permettant un meilleur rangement que les thèses traditionnelles. Par ailleurs, la partie introduction et bibliographie est remplacée par une revue envoyée dans un journal afin de permettre une évaluation extérieure de la qualité de la revue et de permettre àl’étudiant de le commencer le plus tôt possible une bibliographie exhaustive sur le domaine de cette thèse. Par ailleurs, la thèse est présentée sur article publié, accepté ou soumis associé d’un bref commentaire donnant le sens général du travail.
    [Show full text]
  • Tick-Borne Pathogens in Removed Ticks Veneto, Northeastern Italy
    Tick-borne pathogens in removed ticks Veneto, northeastern Italy: A cross-sectional investigation Anna Beltrame, Maureen Laroche, Monica Degani, Francesca Perandin, Zeno Bisoffi, Didier Raoult, Philippe Parola To cite this version: Anna Beltrame, Maureen Laroche, Monica Degani, Francesca Perandin, Zeno Bisoffi, et al.. Tick- borne pathogens in removed ticks Veneto, northeastern Italy: A cross-sectional investigation. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, Elsevier, 2018, 26, pp.58-61. 10.1016/j.tmaid.2018.08.008. hal- 01970220 HAL Id: hal-01970220 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01970220 Submitted on 10 Apr 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 26 (2018) 58–61 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/tmaid Tick-borne pathogens in removed ticks Veneto, northeastern Italy: A cross- sectional investigation T ∗ Anna Beltramea, , Maureen Larocheb, Monica Degania, Francesca Perandina, Zeno Bisoffia, Didier Raoultc, Philippe Parolab a Centre for Tropical Diseases, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Via Sempreboni 5, 37024, Negrar, Italy b Aix Marseille Univ, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France c Aix Marseille Univ, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Background: In Italy, the incidence of tick-borne diseases in humans is underestimated, as they are not ob- Tick-borne diseases ligatorily notifiable.
    [Show full text]
  • Paradoxical Evolution of Rickettsial Genomes
    Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases 10 (2019) 462–469 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ttbdis Paradoxical evolution of rickettsial genomes T ⁎ Awa Diopa, Didier Raoultb, Pierre-Edouard Fourniera, a UMR VITROME, Aix-Marseille University, IRD, Service de Santé des Armées, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Institut Hospitalo-Uuniversitaire Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France b UMR MEPHI, Aix-Marseille University, IRD, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Institut Hospitalo-Uuniversitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Rickettsia species are strictly intracellular bacteria that evolved approximately 150 million years ago from a Rickettsia presumably free-living common ancestor from the order Rickettsiales that followed a transition to an obligate Genomics intracellular lifestyle. Rickettsiae are best known as human pathogens vectored by various arthropods causing a Evolution range of mild to severe human diseases. As part of their obligate intracellular lifestyle, rickettsial genomes have Virulence undergone a convergent evolution that includes a strong genomic reduction resulting from progressive gene Genome rearrangement degradation, genomic rearrangements as well as a paradoxical expansion of various genetic elements, notably Non-coding DNA Gene loss small RNAs and short palindromic elements whose role remains unknown. This reductive evolutionary process is DNA repeats not unique to members of the Rickettsia genus but is common to several human pathogenic bacteria. Gene loss, gene duplication, DNA repeat duplication and horizontal gene transfer all have shaped rickettsial genome evolution. Gene loss mostly involved amino-acid, ATP, LPS and cell wall component biosynthesis and tran- scriptional regulators, but with a high preservation of toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules, recombination and DNA repair proteins.
    [Show full text]
  • This Thesis Has Been Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for a Postgraduate Degree (E.G
    This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Epidemiology and Control of cattle ticks and tick-borne infections in Central Nigeria Vincenzo Lorusso Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Edinburgh 2014 Ph.D. – The University of Edinburgh – 2014 Cattle ticks and tick-borne infections, Central Nigeria 2014 Declaration I declare that the research described within this thesis is my own work and that this thesis is my own composition and I certify that it has never been submitted for any other degree or professional qualification. Vincenzo Lorusso Edinburgh 2014 Ph.D. – The University of Edinburgh – 2014 i Cattle ticks and tick -borne infections, Central Nigeria 2014 Abstract Cattle ticks and tick-borne infections (TBIs) undermine cattle health and productivity in the whole of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) including Nigeria.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity of Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae and Their Association
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Diversity of spotted fever group rickettsiae and their association with host ticks in Japan Received: 31 July 2018 May June Thu1,2, Yongjin Qiu3, Keita Matsuno 4,5, Masahiro Kajihara6, Akina Mori-Kajihara6, Accepted: 14 December 2018 Ryosuke Omori7,8, Naota Monma9, Kazuki Chiba10, Junji Seto11, Mutsuyo Gokuden12, Published: xx xx xxxx Masako Andoh13, Hideo Oosako14, Ken Katakura2, Ayato Takada5,6, Chihiro Sugimoto5,15, Norikazu Isoda1,5 & Ryo Nakao2 Spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiae are obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacteria mainly associated with ticks. In Japan, several hundred cases of Japanese spotted fever, caused by Rickettsia japonica, are reported annually. Other Rickettsia species are also known to exist in ixodid ticks; however, their phylogenetic position and pathogenic potential are poorly understood. We conducted a nationwide cross-sectional survey on questing ticks to understand the overall diversity of SFG rickettsiae in Japan. Out of 2,189 individuals (19 tick species in 4 genera), 373 (17.0%) samples were positive for Rickettsia spp. as ascertained by real-time PCR amplifcation of the citrate synthase gene (gltA). Conventional PCR and sequencing analyses of gltA indicated the presence of 15 diferent genotypes of SFG rickettsiae. Based on the analysis of fve additional genes, we characterised fve Rickettsia species; R. asiatica, R. helvetica, R. monacensis (formerly reported as Rickettsia sp. In56 in Japan), R. tamurae, and Candidatus R. tarasevichiae and several unclassifed SFG rickettsiae. We also found a strong association between rickettsial genotypes and their host tick species, while there was little association between rickettsial genotypes and their geographical origins.
    [Show full text]
  • Using Core Genome Alignments to Assign Bacterial Species 2
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/328021; this version posted May 22, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Using Core Genome Alignments to Assign Bacterial Species 2 3 Matthew Chunga,b, James B. Munroa, Julie C. Dunning Hotoppa,b,c,# 4 a Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA 5 b Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 6 21201, USA 7 c Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, 8 USA 9 10 Running Title: Core Genome Alignments to Assign Bacterial Species 11 12 #Address correspondence to Julie C. Dunning Hotopp, [email protected]. 13 14 Word count Abstract: 371 words 15 Word count Text: 4,833 words 16 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/328021; this version posted May 22, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-ND 4.0 International license. 17 ABSTRACT 18 With the exponential increase in the number of bacterial taxa with genome sequence data, a new 19 standardized method is needed to assign bacterial species designations using genomic data that is 20 consistent with the classically-obtained taxonomy.
    [Show full text]
  • Bacterial Species Exclusively Identified in Male Subjects
    Supplementary Table 1: Bacterial species exclusively identified in male subjects Acholeplasma ales Clostridium magnum Lactobacillus ruminis Pseudomonas collierea Acholeplasma cavigenitalium Clostridium malenominatum Lactobacillus salivarius Pseudomonas jinjuensis Acholeplasma equifetale Clostridium nitrophenolicum Lactobacillus versmoldensis Pseudomonas luteola Acholeplasma granularum Clostridium paraputrificum Lactococcus lactis Pseudomonas panipatensis Acholeplasma hippikon Clostridium perfringens Legionella fallonii Pseudomonas poae Acidaminobacter hydrogenoformans Clostridium proteolyticum Legionella taurinensis Pseudomonas tropicalis Acidaminococcus intestini Clostridium proteolyticus Legionella worsleiensis Pseudonocardia acaciae Clostridium Acidiphilium acidophilum saccharoperbutylacetonicum Lentzea californiensis Pseudonocardia asaccharolytica Pseudonocardia Acidiphilium organovorum Clostridium sulfidigenes Leptotrichia buccalis hydrocarbonoxydans Acidiphilium symbioticum Clostridium termitidis Leptotrichia shahii Pseudoxanthomonas mexicana Acidisoma tundrae Clostridium tetani Leptotrichia wadei Pullulanibacillus naganoensis Acidovorax facilis Clostridium thermoalcaliphilum Leucobacter albus Rhizobium mesoamericanum Acinetobacter indicus Clostridium tunisiense Lewinella marina Rhodanobacter thiooxydans Acinetobacter venetianus Cohnella fontinalis Luteimonas aquatica Rhodobacter blasticus Actinoallomurus luridus Cohnella laeviribosi Luteimonas mephitis Rhodobacter gluconicum Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Collinsella stercoris
    [Show full text]