Professor Douglas Osheroff Stanford University

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Institute for Advanced Study Nobel Lecture Series How Advances in Science are Made Professor Douglas Osheroff Stanford University Abstract: How advances in science are made, and how they may come to benefit mankind at large are complex issues. The discoveries that most influence the way we think about nature seldom can be anticipated, and frequently the applications for new technologies developed to probe a specific characteristic of nature are also seldom clear, even to the inventors of these technologies. One thing is most clear: Seldom are such advances made by individuals alone. Rather, they result from the progress of the scientific community; asking questions, developing new technologies to answer those questions, and sharing their results and their ideas with others. However, there are indeed research strategies that can substantially increase the probability of one’s making a discovery, and the speaker will illustrate some of these strategies in the context of a number of well known discoveries, including the work he did as a graduate student, for which he shared the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1996. About the Speaker: Douglas Osheroff shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with David Lee and Robert Richardson for discovering the superfluidic nature of Helium-3 (3He). This discovery was made in 1971, while he was pursuing his PhD at Cornell. Professor Osheroff worked in the physical research division at Bell Laboratories for 15 years where he became head of the Low Temperature and Solid State Research Department. There, he worked in collaboration on newly discovered superfluid phases of liquid 3He, as well as studied the nature of nuclear spin order in solid 3He and made the first observations of weak localization in thin disordered metallic films. His current research focuses on the properties of condensed matter at ultra-low temperatures. Besides the Nobel Prize, Professor Osheroff has received numerous honors, including the Sir Francis Simon Memorial Award, the Buckley Prize and the MacArthur Prize. He is currently the J.G. Jackson and C.J. Wood Professor of Physics at Stanford University. He is also a Fellow of the American Physical Society, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and Member of the US National Academy of Sciences. .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Natural Cures and Complex Technologies PVAMU Microbiologist Raul Cuero’S Latest Target: Skin Cancer
Excellence in education, research and service FEBRUARY 2010 VOL. 2, ISSUE 1 Natural Cures and Complex Technologies PVAMU Microbiologist Raul Cuero’s Latest Target: Skin Cancer By Bryce Hairston Kennard The hard streets of Buenaventura, Colombia, didn’t provide Raul Cuero with the usual range of toys available to children from more prosperous families—but there were plenty of lizards, cockroaches and insects. Humble as those amusements were, they ignited a lifelong interest in biology and NEW DISCOVERIES Dr. Theresa Fossum (left) and Dr. Matthew Miller review images in the cardiac nature that led to extensive research with Martian soil, plant catheterization laboratory at the new TIPS facility in College Station. organisms and cancer. If you have heard of Cuero recently, it is likely in connection with developing a breakthrough discovery in the labs at Prairie View A&M University that could lead to the prevention of skin cancer in humans and animals. Aided by funding from NASA, the professor of microbiology Building TIPS for Texas in the College of Agriculture and Human Sciences is seeking a patent for a natural compound that blocks cancer-inducing How Terry Fossum Advanced Texas A&M’s Leadership in Biotech Innovation ultra-violet radiation. He describes the discovery as a way to help researchers and scientists “elucidate an important scientific By Melissa Chessher quest about the way organisms were able to survive at the beginning of earth, when there was a great UV presence in the Terry Fossum’s journey to create the Texas A&M Institute for Preclinical Studies began in 1997 during a atmosphere.
[Show full text]
Douglas Dean Osheroff Papers
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8v40ww2 No online items Guide to the Douglas Dean Osheroff Papers Daniel Hartwig Stanford University. Libraries.Department of Special Collections and University Archives Stanford, California November 2013 Copyright © 2015 The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University. All rights reserved. Guide to the Douglas Dean SC1181 1 Osheroff Papers Overview Call Number: SC1181 Creator: Osheroff, Douglas D. Title: Douglas Dean Osheroff papers Dates: 1969-2003 Physical Description: 5 Linear feet Summary: Laboratory notebooks. Language(s): The materials are in English. Repository: Department of Special Collections and University Archives Green Library 557 Escondido Mall Stanford, CA 94305-6064 Email: [email protected] Phone: (650) 725-1022 URL: http://library.stanford.edu/spc Information about Access The materials are open for research use. Audio-visual materials are not available in original format, and must be reformatted to a digital use copy. Ownership & Copyright All requests to reproduce, publish, quote from, or otherwise use collection materials must be submitted in writing to the Head of Special Collections and University Archives, Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, California 94305-6064. Consent is given on behalf of Special Collections as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission from the copyright owner. Such permission must be obtained from the copyright owner, heir(s) or assigns. See: http://library.stanford.edu/spc/using-collections/permission-publish. Restrictions also apply to digital representations of the original materials. Use of digital files is restricted to research and educational purposes. Cite As [identification of item], Douglas D.
[Show full text]
INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE of BENGAL and HIMALAYAN BASINS 10 Evans Hall, University of California at Berkeley Berkeley, California
INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF BENGAL AND HIMALAYAN BASINS 10 Evans Hall, University of California at Berkeley BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA The International Institute of the Bengal and Himalayan Basins PEACE July 20, 2013 TOWNES AND TAGORE FOURTH ANNUAL SEMINAR ON THE GLOBAL WATER CRISIS 1:30 – 2:00 PM RECEPTION/MIXER 2:00 – 2:15 PM POETRY / SONG Mamade Kadreebux Sushmita Ghosh 2:15-4:00 PM SEMINAR INTRODUCTION Rosalie Say Welcome Founder’s Introduction: Mamade Kadreebux Welcome and Prefatory Remarks, Rash B. Ghosh, PhD, Founder, IIBHB SPECIAL WORDS FROM FRIENDS & WELL-WISHERS OF PROFESSOR CHARLES TOWNES 2:45 – 4:00 PM SESSION ONE The Convergence of Science and Spirituality David Presti, PhD, Professor, Molecular Cell Biology, UC Berkeley Water Budget Estimation and Water Management in the Mekong River Basin Jeanny Wang, President/Sr. Environmental Engineer, EcoWang Ltd. Sand from Newton’s Seashore: Introduction of Dr. Charles H. Townes John Paulin, PhD, Technical Writer and Editor, IIBHB Chief Guest Address: Vivekananda and a Vision for the South Asia, the US, and our Planet Charles H. Townes, PhD, 1964 Nobel Laureate in Physics, 1999 Rabindranath Tagore Award Recipient, and 2005 Templeton Prize Awardee Q & A 4:30 - 6:30 SESSION TWO INTRODUCTION OF KEYNOTE SPEAKER Derek Whitworth, PhD, President, IIBHB Keynote Address Steven Chu, 1997 Nobel Laureate in Physics and former U.S. Secretary of Energy Reducing the Impact of Toxics in Drinking Water Resources Rash B. Ghosh, PhD, Founder, IIBHB Special Presentation: How Advances in Science are Made. Douglas Osheroff, PhD, 1996 Nobel Laureate in Physics Q & A SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS Sterling Bunnel, MD, IIBHB Former President and Advisor ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Master of Ceremonies Rosalie Say Professor Charles Hard Townes was born in 1915 and invented the microwave laser, or maser, in 1953 while at Columbia University.
[Show full text]
2015 Annual Report
2015 AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY ANNUAL TM ADVANCING PHYSICS REPORT TM THE AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY STRIVES TO Be the leading voice for physics and an authoritative source of physics information for the advancement of physics and the benefit of humanity Collaborate with national scientific societies for the advancement of science, science education, and the science community Cooperate with international physics societies to promote physics, to support physicists worldwide, and to foster international collaboration Have an active, engaged, and diverse membership, and support the activities of its units and members © 2016 American Physical Society During 2015, APS worked to institute the governance objective: “the advancement and diffusion of the knowledge changes approved by the membership in late 2014. In of physics.” APS is fully committed to the principles of OA accordance with the new Constitution & Bylaws, in to the extent that we can continue to support the production February the Board appointed our first Chief Executive of high-quality peer-reviewed journals. For many years APS Officer—Kate Kirby, the former Executive Officer—to has supported “green” OA and we have been fully compliant head the APS. Kate’s major task has been to transition with the 2013 directive from the Office of Science and the management of APS to a CEO model with a Senior Technology Policy that the publications resulting from Management Team. She appointed Mark Doyle as Chief U.S. federally funded research be accessible to the public 12 Information Officer, James Taylor as Chief Operating months after publication. Since APS is a major international Officer, and Matthew Salter as the new Publisher.
[Show full text]
See the Scientific Petition
May 20, 2016 Implement the Endangered Species Act Using the Best Available Science To: Secretary Sally Jewell and Secretary Penny Prtizker We, the under-signed scientists, recommend the U.S. government place species conservation policy on firmer scientific footing by following the procedure described below for using the best available science. A recent survey finds that substantial numbers of scientists at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration believe that political influence at their agency is too high.i Further, recent species listing and delisting decisions appear misaligned with scientific understanding.ii,iii,iv,v,vi For example, in its nationwide delisting decision for gray wolves in 2013, the FWS internal review failed the best science test when reviewed by an independent peer-review panel.vii Just last year, a FWS decision not to list the wolverine ran counter to the opinions of agency and external scientists.viii We ask that the Departments of the Interior and Commerce make determinations under the Endangered Species Actix only after they make public the independent recommendations from the scientific community, based on the best available science. The best available science comes from independent scientists with relevant expertise who are able to evaluate and synthesize the available science, and adhere to standards of peer-review and full conflict-of-interest disclosure. We ask that agency scientific recommendations be developed with external review by independent scientific experts. There are several mechanisms by which this can happen; however, of greatest importance is that an independent, external, and transparent science-based process is applied consistently to both listing and delisting decisions.
[Show full text]
2005 Annual Report American Physical Society
1 2005 Annual Report American Physical Society APS 20052 APS OFFICERS 2006 APS OFFICERS PRESIDENT: PRESIDENT: Marvin L. Cohen John J. Hopﬁeld University of California, Berkeley Princeton University PRESIDENT ELECT: PRESIDENT ELECT: John N. Bahcall Leo P. Kadanoff Institue for Advanced Study, Princeton University of Chicago VICE PRESIDENT: VICE PRESIDENT: John J. Hopﬁeld Arthur Bienenstock Princeton University Stanford University PAST PRESIDENT: PAST PRESIDENT: Helen R. Quinn Marvin L. Cohen Stanford University, (SLAC) University of California, Berkeley EXECUTIVE OFFICER: EXECUTIVE OFFICER: Judy R. Franz Judy R. Franz University of Alabama, Huntsville University of Alabama, Huntsville TREASURER: TREASURER: Thomas McIlrath Thomas McIlrath University of Maryland (Emeritus) University of Maryland (Emeritus) EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: Martin Blume Martin Blume Brookhaven National Laboratory (Emeritus) Brookhaven National Laboratory (Emeritus) PHOTO CREDITS: Cover (l-r): 1Diffraction patterns of a GaN quantum dot particle—UCLA; Spring-8/Riken, Japan; Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lab, SLAC & UC Davis, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 085503 (2005) 2TESLA 9-cell 1.3 GHz SRF cavities from ACCEL Corp. in Germany for ILC. (Courtesy Fermilab Visual Media Service 3G0 detector studying strange quarks in the proton—Jefferson Lab 4Sections of a resistive magnet (Florida-Bitter magnet) from NHMFL at Talahassee LETTER FROM THE PRESIDENT APS IN 2005 3 2005 was a very special year for the physics community and the American Physical Society. Declared the World Year of Physics by the United Nations, the year provided a unique opportunity for the international physics community to reach out to the general public while celebrating the centennial of Einstein’s “miraculous year.” The year started with an international Launching Conference in Paris, France that brought together more than 500 students from around the world to interact with leading physicists.
[Show full text]
Robert Richardson (1937-2013) Discoverer of Superfluidity in Helium-3
COMMENT OBITUARY Robert Richardson (1937-2013) Discoverer of superfluidity in helium-3. obert Richardson, along with physicist his PhD, he and his young family moved we compressed liquid helium-3 until it David Lee and myself, discovered that to Ithaca, New York, where he became a began to solidify, causing the mixture helium-3, a rare but stable isotope of postdoctoral researcher for David Lee in of liquid and solid to cool. We initially Rhelium, becomes a superfluid when cooled to the low-temperature group at Cornell Univer- (mistakenly) believed that we had pro- a minuscule fraction of a degree above abso- sity. Richardson joined the Cornell faculty in duced magnetic order in the solid helium-3, lute zero. Until that discovery, in the early at about 0.002 Kelvins. In fact, 1970s, the superfluidity effect — in which we had observed a new physical state: a liquid flows without friction — had been superfluidity in liquid helium-3. The seen only in helium-4, whose atoms are three of us shared the 1996 Nobel Prize bosons. No one had been able to produce in Physics for this discovery. the phenomenon with fermions, whose Richardson won or shared many nuclei have spin properties different from awards and honours apart from the Nobel those seen in bosons. prize, including the Sir Francis Simon The discovery astounded the physics Memorial Prize in 1976 and the Oliver E. CORNELL UNIVERSITY PHOTOGRAPHY community, which had all but given up Buckley Condensed Matter Prize in 1981. trying to produce the phenomenon in That year, he was also made a fellow of the helium-3.
[Show full text]
Works of Love
reader.ad section 9/21/05 12:38 PM Page 2 AMAZING LIGHT: Visions for Discovery AN INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM IN HONOR OF THE 90TH BIRTHDAY YEAR OF CHARLES TOWNES October 6-8, 2005 — University of California, Berkeley Amazing Light Symposium and Gala Celebration c/o Metanexus Institute 3624 Market Street, Suite 301, Philadelphia, PA 19104 215.789.2200, [email protected] www.foundationalquestions.net/townes Saturday, October 8, 2005 We explore. What path to explore is important, as well as what we notice along the path. And there are always unturned stones along even well-trod paths. Discovery awaits those who spot and take the trouble to turn the stones. -- Charles H. Townes Table of Contents Table of Contents.............................................................................................................. 3 Welcome Letter................................................................................................................. 5 Conference Supporters and Organizers ............................................................................ 7 Sponsors.......................................................................................................................... 13 Program Agenda ............................................................................................................. 29 Amazing Light Young Scholars Competition................................................................. 37 Amazing Light Laser Challenge Website Competition.................................................. 41 Foundational
[Show full text]
The World's Energy Problem and What We Can Do About It
The World’s Energy Problem and what we can do about it American Academy of Arts and Sciences Berkeley November, 2007 The Energy Problem (1) Environmental concerns, especially Climate Change. (2) 2–3 billion people worldwide currently lack access to modern forms of energy. (3) Potential for geopolitical conflict due to escalating competition for energy resources. •19 of the 20 warmest years since 1860 have all occurred since140 1980. years is nothing by geological time •2005 was the warmest year in the instrumental record and probably the warmest in 1,000scales! years (tree rings, ice cores). Temperature over the last 420,000 years Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CO2 We are here Concentration of Greenhouse gases 1750, the beginning of the industrial revolution Temperature rise due to human emission of greenhouse gases Climate change due to natural causes (solar variations, volcanoes, etc.) Climate change due to natural causes and human generated greenhouse gases Potential effects of climate change could lead to: • Increased damage from storms, floods, wildfires • Property losses and population displacement from sea-level rise • Productivity of farms, forests, & fisheries • Increased species extinction • Spread of disease (malaria, cholera, dengue fever, …) • Water Shortages Emissions pathways, climate change, and impacts on California Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences (2004) Using two climate models that bracket most of carbon emissions scenarios: B1 A1 fi Heat wave mortality: 2-3x 5-7x Alpine/subalpine forests 50–75% 75–90% Sierra snowpack 30–70% 73–90% British Columbia: ~ 78% of the pine forests predicted to be dead within a decade due to pine beetle infestation.
[Show full text]
2008 Annual Report
AMERIC A N P H Y S I C A L S OCIETY 2 0 0 8 A N N U A L R E P O R T APS APS The AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY strives to: Be the leading voice for physics and an authoritative source of physics information for the advancement of physics and the benefit of humanity; Collaborate with national scientific societies for the advancement of science, science education, and the science community; Cooperate with international physics societies to promote physics, to support physicists worldwide, and to foster international collaboration; Have an active, engaged, and diverse membership, and support the activities of its units and members. F R O M T H E PRESIDEN T his past year saw continued growth and APS Gender Equity Conference, in which I played an ac- achievement for APS. Membership in the tive role in 2007. Society grew by close to 1000, exceeding APS staff continued to work to enhance programs 47,000. New student members continue serving the physics community. These include efforts to to dominate the growth, and students be- take physics to the public through the popular Physics came more active in APS governance, Quest program for middle school students. Over 11,000 Twith the first student member of the APS Council tak- kits were distributed to teachers across the country to ing her seat in 2008. Submissions to APS journals contin- provide the materials needed for over 200,000 students ued to increase, and APS added a new online publication, to participate in the 2008 quest. A major emphasis was Physics, while celebrating the 50th anniversary of Physical the ongoing lobbying efforts to increase funding for the Review Letters.
[Show full text]
California Section of the American Physical Society
FALL 2009 NEWSLETTER TM California Section of the American Physical Society Announcement for the Annual 2009 Meeting Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) • Monterey, California November 13–14, 2009 Preview of the Annual 2009 Meeting Details about the Annual 2009 Meeting at the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) can be found on our website http:// www.aps.org/units/cal/ or http://www.nps.edu/aps-ca. The Administration, faculty, and staff at NPS are excited to be hosting this Meeting. NPS is located on a historical and beautiful site in Monterey with ample facilities for meet- ings. The scientific program will include invited talks by: 1. Douglas Osheroff (Stanford University): Nobel surPrize Lecture 2. Bruce Macintosh (LLNL): Search for Exosolar Planets 3. Darin Kinion (LLNL): Quantum Information and Computing 4. John Lewellen (NPS): Revolutionary Advances in Light Sources The Banquet speaker will be C.W. Francis Everitt (Stanford University): Gravity Probe B To introduce young physicists to the opportunities and challenges in renewable energy, which is a rapidly expand- ing field, a panel discussion with experts is planned. The panelists included in this series have diverse professional experiences and educational backgrounds in physics. They currently contribute in the sectors of energy generation, efficiency, distribution and funding. Panelists will discuss their career paths into green technology and the skill sets required to develop a career in this industrial sector. A majority of the allotted time will be for a question and answer session with the experts. This will be an opportunity for the audience to learn how their backgrounds in physics can be utilized in shaping the future of this industry.
[Show full text]
Nobel Laureates Meet International Top Talents
Nobel Laureates Meet International Top Talents Evaluation Report of the Interdisciplinary Lindau Meeting of Nobel Laureates 2005 Council for the Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings Foundation Lindau Nobelprizewinners Meetings at Lake Constance Nobel Laureates Meet International Top Talents Evaluation Report of the Interdisciplinary Lindau Meeting of Nobel Laureates 2005 Council for the Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings Foundation Lindau Nobelprizewinners Meetings at Lake Constance I M PR I N T Published by: Council for the Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings, Ludwigstr. 68, 88131 Lindau, Germany Foundation Lindau Nobelprizewinners Meetings at Lake Constance, Mainau Castle, 78465 Insel Mainau, Germany Idea and Realisation: Thomas Ellerbeck, Member of the Council for the Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings and of the Board of Foundation Lindau Nobelprizewinners Meetings at Lake Constance, Alter Weg 100, 32760 Detmold, Germany Science&Media, Büro für Wissenschafts- und Technikkommunikation, Betastr. 9a, 85774 Unterföhring, Germany Texts: Professor Dr. Jürgen Uhlenbusch and Dr. Ulrich Stoll Layout and Production: Vasco Kintzel, Loitersdorf 20a, 85617 Assling, Germany Photos: Peter Badge/typos I, Wrangelstr. 8, 10997 Berlin, Germany Printed by: Druckerei Hermann Brägger, Bankgasse 8, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland 2 The Interdisciplinary Lindau Meeting of Nobel Laureates 2005 marked a decisive step for the annual Lindau Meeting in becoming a unique and signiﬁcant international forum for excellence, fostering the vision of its Spiritus Rector, Count Lennart Bernadotte. It brought together, in the heart of Europe, the world’s current and prospective scientiﬁc leaders, the minds that shape the future drive for innovation. As a distinct learning experience, the Meeting stimulated personal dialogue on new discoveries, new methodologies and new issues, as well as on cutting-edge research matters.
[Show full text]