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Mello May 2012 ABSTRACT THE STRESS SYSTEM OF CHUKCHANSI YOKUTS The stress system of Chukchansi, a variety of Yokuts, has never been studied in any detail. In this thesis, I illustrate how primary stress works followed by its acoustic correlates. I first illustrate that primary stress is attracted first and foremost to long-vowel syllables. When no long vowel is present, stress is, by default, on the penultimate syllable. Stress acoustically manifests itself most strongly with greater intensity. Intensity is shown to be a strong correlate of stress as it consistently makes inherently less-intense vowels more intense than neighboring inherently more-intense vowels. Pitch too is shown to be a consistent and reliable correlate of stress; every stressed syllable contains higher a pitch than non-stressed syllables. Vowel lengthening and vowel quality differences are shown to not be reliable acoustic correlates of stress in Chukchansi. Daniel Correia Mello May 2012 THE STRESS SYSTEM OF CHUKCHANSI YOKUTS by Daniel Correia Mello A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Linguistics in the College of Arts and Humanities California State University, Fresno May 2012 APPROVED For the Department of Linguistics: We, the undersigned, certify that the thesis of the following student meets the required standards of scholarship, format, and style of the university and the student's graduate degree program for the awarding of the master's degree. Daniel Correia Mello Thesis Author Sean Fulop (Chair) Linguistics Brian Agbayani Linguistics Xinchun Wang Linguistics For the University Graduate Committee: Dean, Division of Graduate Studies AUTHORIZATION FOR REPRODUCTION OF MASTER’S THESIS X I grant permission for the reproduction of this thesis in part or in its entirety without further authorization from me, on the condition that the person or agency requesting reproduction absorbs the cost and provides proper acknowledgment of authorship. Permission to reproduce this thesis in part or in its entirety must be obtained from me. Signature of thesis author: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many, many people have helped me out in some way since this thesis was in its embryonic stage. I would especially like to thank my committee members for their continuous help and support. Sean Fulop, Brian Agbayani and Jean Wang put up with numerous questions of mine and patiently gave me much feedback. I would also like to thank Chris Golston who effectively functioned as a fourth member of my committee. Others who have helped me out at some stage of the process include Niken Adisasmito-Smith, Chuck Radke, Peter Guekguezian, Matt Gordon and Isaac Martin. Many non-linguists have helped me out as well. Most notably, however, is my family who from the beginning has always been extremely supportive of my work. I owe a debt of gratitude to my wife Sarah for putting up with my constant staying up late and half-drunk cups of coffee lying around the house. Your patience and accommodations have not gone unnoticed. Last but not least I would like to thank my Chukchansi language consultants, Holly and Jane Wyatt, for graciously giving me all the time and help I needed. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES....................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION................................................................................... 1 The Yokuts Language Family................................................................................. 1 Phonetics and Phonology......................................................................................... 3 Speakers ..................................................................................................................... 4 Data Collection ......................................................................................................... 5 Literature Review ..................................................................................................... 6 Structure of the Thesis ............................................................................................. 9 CHAPTER 2: LEXICAL STRESS IN CHUKCHANSI ........................................... 11 Stress at the Prosodic Level .................................................................................. 11 Chukchansi Syllable Rhymes................................................................................ 12 Why Not Quantity-Sensitivity? ............................................................................ 13 Native Speaker Intuition ........................................................................................ 13 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 16 CHAPTER 3: PITCH AND VOWEL QUALITY ..................................................... 18 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 18 Pitch ....................................................................................................................... 18 Vowel Quality ......................................................................................................... 23 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 27 CHAPTER 4: THE ABSENCE OF VOWEL LENGTHENING AS AN ACOUSTIC CORRELATE OF STRESS ....................................................... 28 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 28 Method ..................................................................................................................... 28 Results ...................................................................................................................... 31 vi vi Page Discussion................................................................................................................ 36 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 39 CHAPTER 5: INTENSITY AS THE MOST RELIABLE ACOUSTIC CORRELATE OF STRESS .............................................................................. 41 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 41 Method ..................................................................................................................... 43 Results ...................................................................................................................... 45 Discussion................................................................................................................ 48 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 49 Possible Avenues for Further Research ............................................................... 50 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION ..................................................................................... 51 Future Research ...................................................................................................... 52 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 53 APPENDIX ..................................................................................................................... 56 LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1 Chukchansi Consonant Inventory ................................................................... 3 Table 2 Chukchansi Vowel Inventory ........................................................................... 4 Table 3 Authentic Chukchansi Test Words ................................................................ 14 Table 4 Fictional Chukchansi Test Words ................................................................. 15 Table 5 Formant Averages ........................................................................................... 25 Table 6 Xata’an ............................................................................................................. 26 Table 7 Tesech ............................................................................................................... 27 Table 8 Syllable structure............................................................................................. 38 LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1. Chukchansi varieties ....................................................................................... 1 Figure 2. The distribution of Yokuts tribes in central California. ............................. 2 Figure 3. Pitch differences between stressed and unstressed syllables. .................. 20 Figure 4. Non-final pitch ............................................................................................... 20 Figure 5. Jukukut............................................................................................................ 21 Figure 6. Cheexa. ........................................................................................................... 21 Figure 7. Central Catalan vowel neutralization.......................................................... 23 Figure 8. Xata’an...........................................................................................................
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