The Archaeology of Asia-Pacific Navigation 2

Chunming Wu Roberto Junco Sanchez Miao Liu Editors Archaeology of Galleon Seaports and Early Maritime Globalization The Archaeology of Asia-Pacific Navigation

Volume 2

Series Editor Chunming Wu, The Center for Maritime Archaeology, University, Xiamen, , This series will publish the most important, current archaeological research on ancient navigation and sea routes in the Asia-Pacific region, which were key, dynamic factors in the development of human civilizations spanning the last several thousand years. Restoring an international and multidisciplinary academic dialogue through cross cultural perspectives, these publications underscore the significance of diverse lines of evidence, including sea routes, ship cargo, shipwreck, seaports landscape, maritime heritage, nautical technology and the role of indigenous peoples. They explore a broad range of outstanding work to highlight various aspects of the historical Four Oceans sailing routes in Asia-Pacific navigation, as well as their prehistoric antecedents, offering a challenging but highly distinctive contribution to a better understanding of global maritime history. The series is intended for scholars and students in the fields of archaeology, history, anthropology, ethnology, economics, sociology, and political science, as well as nautical technicians and oceanic scientists who are interested in the prehistoric and historical seascape and marine livelihood, navigation and nautical techniques, the maritime silk road and overseas trade, maritime cultural dissemination and oceanic immigration in eastern and southeastern Asia and the Pacific region. The Archaeology of Asia-Pacific Navigation book series is published in conjunction with Springer under the auspices of the Center for Maritime Archaeology of Xiamen University (CMAXMU) in China. The first series editor is Dr. Chunming Wu, who is a chief researcher and was a Professor at the institute. The advisory and editorial committee consists of more than 20 distinguished scholars and leaders in the field of maritime archaeology of the Asia-Pacific region.

Advisory and Editorial Committee

Advisory Board: Wenming Yan 严文明, Peking University, P.R. China Qingzhu Liu 刘庆柱, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, P.R. China Jeremy Green, Western Australia Museum, Australia Charles Higham, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand Lothar von Falkenhausen, University of California at Los Angeles, USA Robert E. Murowchick, Boston University, USA James P. Delgado, SEARCH - SEARCH2O INC., USA Barry V. Rolett, University of Hawaii at Manoa, USA Hans K. Van Tilburg, NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, USA John Miksic, National University of Singapore, Singapore Chenhua Tsang 臧振华, Academia Sinica of , China

Editorial Board: Laura Lee Junker, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA Ming Li 李旻, University of California at Los Angeles, USA Roberto Junco Sanchez, National Institute of Anthropology and History, Mexico María Cruz Berrocal, University of Konstanz, Germany Eusebio Z. Dizon, National Museum of the Philippines, Philippines Takenori Nogami, Nagasaki University, Japan Chung Tang 邓聪, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, P.R. China Bo Jiang 姜波, National Center of Underwater Cultural Heritage, P.R. China Chunming Wu 吴春明, Xiamen University, P.R. China

Editorial in Chief: Chunming Wu 吴春明, Xiamen University, P.R. China

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/16203 Chunming Wu • Roberto Junco Sanchez • Miao Liu Editors

Archaeology of Manila Galleon Seaports and Early Maritime Globalization

123 Editors Chunming Wu Roberto Junco Sanchez The Center for Maritime Archaeology SAS-INAH Xiamen University Instituto Nacional de Antropologíae Xiamen, China Historia Mexico City, Mexico Miao Liu Department of History Xiamen University Xiamen, China

ISSN 2524-7468 ISSN 2524-7476 (electronic) The Archaeology of Asia-Pacific Navigation ISBN 978-981-32-9247-5 ISBN 978-981-32-9248-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9248-2

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Silver coin of New Spain struck in Mexico City Mint during 1634–1665, which was discovered from southern coast of Fujian. Artifact collection of Fujian Provincial Museum Introduction

During the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries, the Spanish navigators established and operated the Manila Galleon maritime route which connected East Asia and New Spain in the American continent. The galleons sailed across the Pacific via the hub seaports and trade centers of Manila in the Philippines and Acapulco in Mexico, forming a prosperous sea route for more than 250 years. This pioneering navigation of pan-Pacific regions promoted early global maritime trade as a new maritime Silk Road between the East and the West. The Manila galleon navigation is an important academic theme which had been investigated and researched by multiple disciplines such as archaeology, history, anthropology, maritime navigation, and oceanology in last half century. Both seaport sites and shipwrecks underwater of galleon affiliated are crucial important cultural heritage contributing to archaeological reconstruction of the Spanish Pacific trade history. An international academic workshop of “Early Navigation in the Asia-Pacific Region” was carried out at Harvard University in summer of 2013, focusing on the shipwreck archaeological heritage of galleon remains and estab- lishing an interaction platform promoting the understanding of maritime history of early globalization (Wu, C. editor, Early Navigation in the Asia-Pacific Region: A Maritime Archaeological Perspective, Springer Press, 2016). A further dialogue on the galleon trade history and maritime cultural interaction between the East Asia and New Spain, “The International Academic Workshop on Archaeology of the Manila Galleon Seaports and the History of Early Maritime Globalization” was organized by the Center for Maritime Archaeology of Xiamen University, China, on July 21–23, 2017, which mainly focused on the seaport archaeological heritage of the galleon affiliated navigation. The archaeologists and maritime cultural historians from America, Mexico, Japan, Philippines, Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan met together again and shared their new achievements and knowledge of the investigations and researches on the galleon seaport archaeology. A series of presentations respectively on different galleon trade affiliated seaports including Acapulco and San Blas in Mexico, Humåtak at Guam, Manila in Philippines, Yuegang (Crescent Harbor), Xiamen (Amoy), Macao, Keelung in China, and Nagasaki in Japan opened a new window for the

vii viii Introduction sighting and understanding of the social and cultural contents of this new maritime Silk Road of pan-Pacific region in last 500 years.

The main topics of this meeting covered the new archaeological discoveries of galleon affiliated seaport and harbor heritages, galleon shipwreck remains, the history of navigation and maritime trade among galleon affiliated harbors, the Introduction ix origin, producing, transporting and trading of the galleon cargoes, etc. All of these works collaborated on a new perspective of maritime archaeology and tracked the different paragraphs of the galleon trade and affiliated maritime history, respec- tively, summarized as the “Yuegang Outbound”, “Manila Entreportting”, and “Bound for Acapulco”, preliminarily reconstructing a panoramagram of the history of Spanish pan-Pacific trade and early maritime globalization. Part I: Yuegang Outbound: The Archaeology of Yuegang as the Key Transit Terminal for Manila Galleons Yuegang is located at the lower reach and estuary of Jiulongjiang (九龙江) as the biggest river of southern Fujian. Yuegang had been the flourishing trade seaport of Ming (明) Dynasty and the main transiting terminals for Manila galleons interacting with mainland of East Asia. The investigations and excavations of Yuegang seaport heritage, export ceramics kiln sites along the Jiulongjiang basin, junk shipwreck sites along the coast of Southeast China, and the analyses and discussions on the Yuegang maritime history related to the Manila and galleon trade were presented in this panel.

Chunming Wu

Chunming Wu systematically reviewed the development of Yuegang seaport and the archaeological discovery of cultural heritages. His paper Bound for America: A Historical and Archaeological Investigation in Yuegang Seaport as the Main Origin of Galleon Cargo presented the historical documents to show the rising, changing, and decline of Yuegang seaport as the main transferring terminals of galleon cargoes in Southeast China, and the archaeological remains as old harbor architectures, exotic artifacts with multicultural types, and kiln sites of Yuegang exported ceramic, showing the flourishing navigation of Yuegang outbound for Manila and its maritime trade history. x Introduction

Miao Liu

Miao Liu focused on the development of export ceramics and kiln sites affiliated to seaport maritime trade in her paper The Cultural Change of the Kilns and the Content of Export Ceramics on the Perspective of Development of Zhangzhou Seaports during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. She chronologically divided the changing of the Zhangzhou bay seaports and types of exported ceramics into successive five stages, which are the early stage of private trade of celadon of southern Fujian kilns and blue and white of kilns along the coast bay of Zhangzhou in mid , the flourishing trade of Zhengzhou kiln products at Yuegang seaport in the mid and late Ming Dynasty, the exportation of Jingdezhen porcelains by Anhai and Xiamen seaports during the late Ming Dynasty, the ceramics from mountainous areas in southern Fujian traded by the overseas trade group at Xiamen and Anhai seaports in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, and the last stage trade of ceramics of Anxi and Dehua kilns by Xiamen seaport in . This historical division provided a clear understanding of changing and diversity of export ceramics of Southeast China during the period of galleon trade. Nan’ao No. I shipwreck in east coast of Guangdong is one of most important shipwrecks discovered along the coast of Southeast China, which was identified as the Chinese junk bound for Manila trade during late Ming and Qing dynasties. The Investigation and Preliminary Analysis of Nan’ao No. I Shipwreck in Guangdong presented by Chunshui Zhou made a comprehensive description of the archaeo- logical discovery of this shipwreck, including plan of the wreck remain and wooden hull structure, the content of cargoes of ceramics, bronze coins, copper ingots, stone, wooden, lacquer and bone artifacts, and a series of organic food and fruit remains. Further discussions on the characteristic of hull structure of the junk, the entreportting of porcelains from Jingdezhen to Yuegang, and the reconstruction of the sea route were also presented. Being one of the most important transiting terminals trading center for galleon cargoes in mainland East Asia, Yuegang had not only been the exporting seaport transferring Chinese cargoes for Manila and all over the world, but also the most Introduction xi important entrance for the variant oversea exotic cultures introduced into China by galleons and junks. A Historical Review on the Social-Cultural Impact of Yuegang-Manila Navigation on the Ancient Chinese Civilization by Chunming Wu provided the cases of maritime cultural interaction between the East and the West. He listed a series of the historical documents and archaeological evidences to show the maritime cultural gifts which the ancient China had received from Manila galleon trade, such as the domesticated grains (sweet potato, maize, tomato, tobacco, etc.), silver materials, silver coins from New Spain and firearms from Europe, and types of west architecture, revealing the maritime cultural contributions of Europe and America to ancient China via galleons and Yuegang. Part II: Manila Entreportting: Discovery of Galleon Trade Heritage at Manila, Macao, Keelung and Nagasaki As the premier entreport of Spanish galleon trade in East Asia, Manila had been one of the most important seaports like Malacca, Batavia, Macao, and Canton of East Asia where economically and culturally connected with Europe and America since the middle sixteenth to the early nineteenth century. Besides Manila and Yuegang, a few of other seaports such as Macao in East Asia had also acted as essential transferring hubs for import and export of the galleon cargoes. A few of papers focused on Manila and these affiliated seaports presented plentiful archaeological data revealing the complicated trading history of galleon cargoes linking the East and the West.

Chunshui Zhou

As the top wanted international commodity, Chinese ceramics had been the main cargoes for Europeans including Portuguese, Dutch, and Spanish. The diversity of types, designs, and quality of the Chinese ceramics resulting from these different European markets was an important topic of export ceramic study. According to ceramics discovered from shipwreck and land sites along the galleon routes, Guanyu Wang presented An Analysis on the Chinese Porcelain in the Manila xii Introduction

Galleon Trades and generally classified the changing of the ceramics of galleon cargoes and their interactions with other European cargo ceramics. Three stages of galleon ceramics were revealed in her study, of which the early stage of Spanish trade had collected any kind of Chinese porcelains which mainly included the blue and white Jingdezhen wares in the middle sixteenth century, the second stage had involved in the trade of Fujian local Zhangzhou porcelain wares with similar pat- terns and shapes but different quality as Jingdezhen in late sixteenth to early sev- enteenth century, the third stage of galleon trade shipped diverse ceramics resulting from the changing Jingdezhen and Zhangzhou wares adjusted to satisfy the wider world market after the arrival of Dutch and other Europeans since the middle seventeenth century. She emphasized that the three stages of the interaction of trade had assimilated the ceramics cargos of the Spanish, Portuguese, and Dutch for their sharing the Chinese export porcelain wares produced for the world market.

Guanyu Wang

Nida T. Cuevas Introduction xiii

The intensification of the Manila galleons had brought a great amount of Chinese ceramics to the Philippines, which were uncovered in both the ship- wreck galleons and a series of land sites. Fujian and Japanese Ware: A 17th Century Evidence of the Manila Galleon Trade Found from Selected Archaeological Sites in the Philippines by Nida T. Cuevas located the distri- bution of Fujian and Hizen wares in the Philippines, focusing on the land-based sites within Intramuros and outside the walls or “extramuros” in Mehan and Arroceros in Manila, Porta Vaga in Cavite City, and Boljoon in southern Cebu. The study showed us contextual difference of ceramic wares found in different sites, discussing the significance of Fujian and Hizen ceramics in the Manila galleon maritime exchange.

Sheldon Clyde B. Jago-on

Archaeological Researches on the Manila Galleon Wrecks in the Philippines co-authored by Sheldon Clyde B. Jago-on and Bobby C. Orillaneda presented a general introduction and overview of the hitherto underwater archaeological investigations of galleon shipwrecks in Philippines waters, from the waters off Catanduanes Island to the Embocadero (San Bernardino Strait in Northern Samar) and to Cavite and vice versa. Most of the sites had been explored extensively using state-of-the-art underwater surveying equipment, including Espiritu Santo (1576) and San Geronimo (1601), The San Diego (1600), Nuestra SeñoradelaVida(1620), The Encarnacion (1649), The San Jose (1694), Santo Cristo de Burgos (1726),andSan Andres (1798), of which only San Diego and NuestraSenoradeLaVidawere so far been discovered, posi- tively identified and studied. xiv Introduction

Tai-kang Lu

Taiwan and Macao had been two vital transit seaports for the international trade during early maritime globalization of the seventeenth century. The Kraak Porcelains Discovered from Taiwan and Macao, and Their Relationship with the Manila Galleon Trade by Tai-kang Lu described the archaeological discovery of the Chinese Kraak porcelains from Taiwan and Macao, and Japanese Kraak-style Hizen wares from Taiwan, which had been traded by the Spanish, Dutch, and Portuguese. The presentation revealed the phenomenon of multiceramic transit trade of Chinese and Japanese ceramics in the international maritime trade.

Etsuko Miyata

As one of the important seaport of East Asia, Nagasaki had also traded with Manila galleons from 1570 to 1639, resulting some interesting aspects such as migration, ceramics, and art influence to New Spain via Manila. Etsuko Miyata’s paper Ceramics from Nagasaki: A Link to Manila Galleon Trade introduced archaeological materials of traded porcelains from Nagasaki, analyzing the types and quantities, and compared the recovered pieces from Mexico of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. This research proved connection of Nagasaki with the Pacific galleon trade, majorly via the Chinese merchants who directly connected Nagasaki, Manila, and Fujian. Introduction xv

Jun Kimura

Historical documents recorded that the Acapulco-bound galleon San Francisco had sunk in 1609 near modern Onjuku town, Chiba Prefecture of Japan. Jun Kimura reported the Searching for the San Francisco (1609), a Manila Galleon Sunk off the Japanese Coast with the information of the ongoing maritime archaeological project on this wreck searching since 2016, leaving us the hope and potentiality for further discovery in coming future. Part III: Bound for Acapulco: The Archaeology of the Pacific and America as the Galleon Navigation Record As the east destination of galleon navigation, the New Spain colonization in con- temporary Latin America had received a great amount of cultural feedbacks from East Asia. Archaeologists investigated and excavated not only the underwater shipwrecks of galleon along the west coast of America, but also a series of land sites at Acapulco, San Blas, Rio Chiquito, and Panama seaports and many inland sites of central American regions, revealing numeral maritime trade heritages from East Asia, mainly including Chinese porcelains.

Joseph Quinata xvi Introduction

At the intermediate range of Manila–Acapulco navigation, Guam had been an important provisioning station for galleons, leaving us a series of interesting his- torical and cultural heritages at Humåtak Bay seaport. Joseph Quinata’s Development of Humåtak Village: The Life Line of the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade shares with us a lot of materials of the galleon affiliated sites at Guam and discussed the cultural exchanges after the Spanish colonized.

Edward Von der Porter The senior maritime archaeologists of California Edward Von der Porter reported Clues to Internationalism in the Manila Galleon Wreck of the late 1570s in Baja California shared us the new achievement of the investigations along the western shore of the Baja California peninsula since 1999. The arti- facts collected from the site were dated totheearlyperiodofthegalleontrade and was supposed to be the remains of the San Juanillo of 1578. Further identification on the artifacts reveals diverse sources of cargo artifacts and provides us rich clues for understanding the internationalism of galleon trade which included the Spanish and European sheets of lead, Spanish colonial coins, fragment pottery of Iberian, wax of Manila galleon cargos from Indonesia produced in the Philippines, stoneware Martaban jars from China or Southeast Asia, Chinese porcelains including early Zhangzhou and Jingdezhen wares, Chinese enameled boxes, bronze mirrors, brass locks, plates, bronze coins, and Southeast-Asian matchlock firearm, giving us a remarkable view of worldwide commercial ties of the galleon trade in 1570s. Introduction xvii

Patricia Fournier

Archaeological Distribution of Chinese Porcelain in Mexico co-authored by Patricia Fournier and Roberto Junco Sanchez comprehensively deals with the distribution of Chinese porcelains archaeologically recovered from several Mexican sites located both in the urban and rural settings, mostly from the Mexico City and Acapulco seaport. More than 5000 shards of Asian ceramics had been studied, showing the types of ceramics cargo galleon to New Spain throughout the colonial period. The authors overviewed the archaeological evidence attesting the content, date, and spatial distribution of Chinese export porcelains transported to New Spain from the late 1500s to the early 1800s, reflecting the commerce and consumption of Asian ceramics as “fragments of globalization”.

Roberto Junco Sanchez

The San Blas in Nayarit of Mexico located at the Pacific coast of Mexico had not only been an active and important seaport as a stop for the galleon navigation from Manila to Acapulco, but also been an official Maritime Department of New Spain xviii Introduction during eighteenth century. Roberto Junco Sanchez, Guadalupe Pinzón, and Etsuko Miyata co-authored The Chinese Porcelain from the Port of San Blas, Mexico reported the latest discovery of the archaeological program on the San Blas seaport in 2016 and 2017. The authors analyzed the Chinese porcelain shards collected from the site including both mostly the Jingdezhen wares, and a few of Zhangzhou wares and Dehua wares. Most of these porcelains were dated from 1740 to 1780s perfectly fitting with the duration of the Maritime Department. Typologically, these ceramics covered both the traditional Chinese types as blue and white with “willow pattern” and red painting over glaze “Guanzai”, and some westernized types of ceramics as Western motifs painting pattern on the wares. Anyway, these materials added the new and important information to understand the transpacific commercial history of galleon trade.

Karime Castillo

After arriving in New Spain by the galleon trade, the Chinese ceramics had passed from Acapulco to Veracruz through the New Spain, not only providing the elite with luxury goods, but also being the most important sources of inspiration influenced the local majolica potters of New Spain. A Study of the Chinese Influence on Mexican Ceramics by Karime Castillo and Patricia Fournier presented an interesting and enlightening comparing research on the ceramics cross-cultural exchange between Mexican and Chinese. This study focuses on the influence of Chinese porcelain in colonial Mexican majolica with a particular emphasis on ornament understood as a term that articulates both surface and decorative motifs. The paper reveals that the Chinese ornament was adopted and adapted by colonial potters into a style of their own, reflecting the insertion of majolica in which some of these Chinese elements had been abstracted to be part of the traditional Mexican majolica in the global networks of maritime cultural exchange. In brief, our international workshop on the archaeological investigations and researches of galleon affiliated seaports made a multiparagraph reconstruction of Spanish galleon transpacific navigation. Along this pan-Pacific sea route, Yuegang, Introduction xix

Macao, Keelung, and Nagasaki as the transiting seaports of galleon trade, Manila as the general entreportting hub of galleon connecting the East and the West, Hamatak, San Blas and Acapulco as the midpoint stops and destinations of galleon, exposed rich and diversified maritime cultural heritages, presenting a macro panoramas of the Manila galleon trade well known as the New Maritime Silk Road across the Pacific during the sixteenth to nineteenth century. This co-authored monograph not only revealed the magnificent galleon navigation across Pacific, but also showed the exciting pictures of multicultural interactions between two sides of Pacific resulted from the maritime globalization. We are grateful to all of the participants and contributors who come from both sides of the Pacific, working together and presenting these wonderful papers with deep insights, promoting further understanding on the early pan-Pacific navigation. We dearly cherish the memory of our old friend and colleague and the senior galleon archaeologist, Edward Von der Porten who worked with us closely in last few years for promoting the research of galleon history, but unfortunately passed away before the publication of this co-authored work. Heartfelt thanks to Mr. Jianzhong Song, Deputy Director of National Center of Underwater Cultural Heritage of China; Mr. Qisheng Fu, Director of Fujian Provincial Bureau of Cultural Heritage; Mr. Kan Zhang, Director of History Department in Xiamen University, who supported our meeting and presented their highbrow comments after our discussions. We own our debt to the Center for Maritime Archaeology of Xiamen University, which provided financial support and organized the meeting, and Springer Nature which undertakes the publication of this proceeding.

Jianzhong Song xx Introduction

Qisheng Fu

Kan Zhang

December 2018 Chunming Wu Roberto Junco Sanchez Miao Liu Photographer Yuzhen Huang Contents

Part I Yuegang Outbound: The Archaeology of Yuegang as the Key Transit Terminal for Manila Galleon 1 Bound for America: A Historical and Archaeological Investigation in Yuegang (Crescent) Seaport as the Main Origin of Galleon Cargo ...... 3 Chunming Wu 2 The Cultural Change of Kilns and Contents of Export Ceramics on the Perspective of Development of Zhangzhou Seaports During Ming and Qing Dynasties ...... 29 Miao Liu 3 The Investigation and Preliminary Analysis of Nan’ao No. I Shipwreck in Guangdong ...... 49 Chunshui Zhou 4 A Historical Review on the Social-Cultural Impact of Yuegang-Manila Navigation on the Ancient Chinese Civilization ...... 67 Chunming Wu

Part II Manila Entreportting: Discovery of Galleon Trade Heritage at Manila, Macao, Keelung and Nagasaki 5 Chinese Porcelain in the Manila Galleon Trade ...... 93 Guanyu Wang 6 Fujian and Hizen Ware: A 17th Century Evidence of the Manila Galleon Trade Found from Selected Archaeological Sites in the Philippines ...... 115 Nida T. Cuevas

xxi xxii Contents

7 Archaeological Researches on the Manila Galleon Wrecks in the Philippines ...... 129 Sheldon Clyde B. Jago-on and Bobby C. Orillaneda 8 The Kraak Porcelains Discovered from Taiwan and Macao, and Their Relationship with the Manila Galleon Trade ...... 147 Tai-Kang Lu 9 Ceramics from Nagasaki: A Link to Manila Galleon Trade ...... 161 Etsuko Miyata 10 Searching for the San Francisco (1609), a Manila Galleon Sunk off the Japanese Coast ...... 173 Jun Kimura

Part III Bound for Acapulco: The Archaeology of the Pacific and America as the Galleon Navigation Record 11 The Development of Humåtak Village: The Life-Line of the Acapulco-Manila Galleon Trade ...... 187 Joe Quinata 12 Clues to Internationalism in the Manila Galleon Wreck of the Late 1570s in Baja California ...... 191 Edward Von der Porten 13 Archaeological Distribution of Chinese Porcelain in Mexico ...... 215 Patricia Fournier and Roberto Junco Sanchez 14 The Chinese Porcelain from the Port of San Blas, Mexico ...... 239 Roberto Junco Sanchez, Guadalupe Pinzón and Etsuko Miyata 15 A Study of the Chinese Influence on Mexican Ceramics ...... 253 Karime Castillo and Patricia Fournier Contributors

Karime Castillo UCLA-Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, Los Angeles, USA Nida T. Cuevas National Museum of the Philippines, Metro Manila, Philippines Patricia Fournier Escuela Nacional de Antropología E Historia (ENAH), Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH), Mexico City, Mexico Sheldon Clyde B. Jago-on Maritime and Underwater Cultural Heritage Division, National Museum of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines Roberto Junco Sanchez Subdirección de Arqueología Subacuática (SAS), Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH), Mexico City, Mexico Jun Kimura Department of Maritime Civilizations, School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokai University, Tokyo, Japan Miao Liu The Department of History, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China Tai-Kang Lu Department of Art History, Tainan National University of the Arts, Taiwan, China Etsuko Miyata Japan Society for Promotion of Science, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan Bobby C. Orillaneda Maritime and Underwater Cultural Heritage Division, National Museum of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines Guadalupe Pinzón Universidad Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico Joe Quinata Guam Preservation Trust, Hagåtña, GU, USA Edward Von der Porten San Francisco, USA Guanyu Wang Art Museum, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N. T., Hong Kong

xxiii xxiv Contributors

Chunming Wu The Center for Maritime Archaeology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China Chunshui Zhou National Center of Underwater Cultural Heritage, Beijing, China List of Figures

Fig. 1.1 Sea routes of East Ocean recorded in navigation guide books of ancient China ...... 8 Fig. 1.2 Map of 1575–1580 from Spanish manuscript showing geographic situation of East and Southeast Asia...... 9 Fig. 1.3 Antonio de Herrera’s map of 1601 showing the power sphere of Spanish in the Pacific ...... 10 Fig. 1.4 Boats from East and West sailing to Manila Bay, 1619 ...... 11 Fig. 1.5 The distribution of archaeological heritages investigated around Yuegang seaport in Fujian ...... 13 Fig. 1.6 The distribution of the historical landscapes of Yuegang harbor recorded in Haicheng Xianzhi (Chronicle of Haicheng County) of Qianlong Period ...... 14 Fig. 1.7 The painting of landscape of Zhangzhou in 1622 when Dutch fleet arrived ...... 15 Fig. 1.8 The site of Yuegang seaport ...... 16 Fig. 1.9 Canvas painting of waterfront landscape of Amoy, Fujian in 1900 with a lot of European sailing boats ...... 17 Fig. 1.10 Tomb of the Spanish galleon seaman MANUEL DE ZESPEDES Y—CARRIAZO (1759) at Gulangyu of Amoy in Fujian...... 18 Fig. 1.11 Spanish colonial coins of 16–18th century discovered in Southeast China ...... 18 Fig. 1.12 European type canons investigated at Donggu site of Dongshan county in southern Fujian...... 19 Fig. 1.13 Huazhailou Kiln site in Pinghe county of southern Fujian ...... 20

xxv xxvi List of Figures

Fig. 1.14 Xiayangkeng Kiln site in Hua’an county of southern Fujian ...... 21 Fig. 1.15 Ceramics from kiln sites along Nansheng stream valley of Pinghe County in southern Fujian ...... 22 Fig. 2.1 Celadon from Hushang Kiln site of Anxi counuty of Fujian ...... 31 Fig. 2.2 Jingdezhen porcelains of Mid Ming Dynasty discovered at Anhai port of Fujian ...... 32 Fig. 2.3 The early blue and white porcelains from Anxi county of southern Fujian ...... 33 Fig. 2.4 The early blue and white porcelains found in Anhai port of southern Fujian ...... 34 Fig. 2.5 Porcelains from Zhangzhou Kiln...... 36 Fig. 2.6 Zhanzhou Kiln wares from Nan’ao No. 1 Shipwreck of eastern Guangdong ...... 37 Fig. 2.7 Porcelains from the Wanli Shipwreck in South China Sea ...... 40 Fig. 2.8 Porcelains from Donggu shipwreck of Fujian ...... 42 Fig. 2.9 Porcelains of late Ming and early Qing Dynasty from Anxi Kiln sites of Fujian...... 42 Fig. 2.10 Porcelains of mid and late Qing dynasty from kiln sites of Dehua and Anxi in southern Fujian ...... 45 Fig. 2.11 Porcelains from the shipwreck of Xisha Islands in South China Sea ...... 46 Fig. 3.1 Plan of the remnant Nan’ao No. I shipwreck in Eastern Guangdong ...... 51 Fig. 3.2 Porcelains loaded in the compartment at the situ of Nan’ao No.1 shipwreck...... 52 Fig. 3.3 The collection of porcelains from the Nan’ao No. I shipwreck...... 53 Fig. 3.4 A dark reddish brown glazed pottery jar with pasted phoenix design from Nan’ao No.1 shipwreck ...... 54 Fig. 3.5 Zhangzhou wares from the Nan’ao I shipwreck ...... 55 Fig. 3.6 Jingdezhen wares from the Nan’ao No. I shipwreck ...... 56 Fig. 3.7 Comparison of the blue and white porcelains between the Nan’ao No. I shipwreck and Erlong Kiln in Zhangzhou ...... 58 Fig. 3.8 Comparison of the blue and white porcelains between the Nan’ao No. I shipwreck and Guanyinge Kiln site of Jingdezhen ...... 58 List of Figures xxvii

Fig. 3.9 A Wucai bowl painted with four panels of egret and lotus from Nan’ao No. I shipwreck site ...... 59 Fig. 4.1 A map of the East Indies by William Dampier in 1697 ...... 68 Fig. 4.2 Distribution of the earliest centers of grains’ domestication in the world ...... 69 Fig. 4.3 Historical image showing the commodities in Aztec Empire market including a series of American native domesticated goods as potato, sweet potato, tomato and pineapple ...... 70 Fig. 4.4 Tobacco culture of native American Indian...... 74 Fig. 4.5 Pipe from Donggu shipwreck next to Yuegang region in southern Fujian ...... 75 Fig. 4.6 Ferangi canon and Iberian armed merchant ship of 16th century ...... 79 Fig. 4.7 Chart of Farangi cannon recorded in Chouhai Tubian...... 80 Fig. 4.8 The chart of imitated Ferangi Wudi Shenfei Pao in Ming Dynasty ...... 82 Fig. 4.9 The cannon investigated underwater of Nan’ao No. 1 shipwreck ...... 83 Fig. 4.10 Historical red brick building landscape of north port at Yuegang ...... 85 Fig. 4.11 Remnant of Tianyi Xinju building at north port of Yuegang ...... 86 Fig. 5.1 The international maritime trade routes of 16th and 17th centuries ...... 94 Fig. 5.2 The location of Jingdezhen in Jiangxi ...... 95 Fig. 5.3 Painting showing the porcelain production and trading process in late 18th century...... 95 Fig. 5.4 The location of kiln sites in Jingdezhen of Jiangxi ... 96 Fig. 5.5 Shards of Jingdezhen wares from the Guanyinge Kilns site, Zhushan Imperial Kilns site and Luomaqiao Kiln site in Jiangxi ...... 97 Fig. 5.6 The location of kiln sites of Zhangzhou, Fujian province ...... 99 Fig. 5.7 Shards of the Zhangzhou wares unearthed from the Wuzhai and Nansheng kilns sites in southern Fujian ...... 100 Fig. 5.8 Blue and white dish from the Xuande shipwreck in South China Sea and comparative blue and white dish from the collection of the Palace of Santos in Lisbon ...... 101 xxviii List of Figures

Fig. 5.9 Comparative porcelain wares discovered from the Não Espadarte shipwreck unearthed from the North Bay of Macau and from the collection of the Palace of Santos in Lisbon ...... 102 Fig. 5.10 Comparative porcelain dishes from the local collection of the Philippines an unpublished site off the California coast and excavated from the Donceles street, Mexico City ...... 103 Fig. 5.11 Porcelain dishes from the shipwrecks of San Felipe, San Isdro and the Nan’ao No. 1 ...... 104 Fig. 5.12 Jingdezhen over glaze enamelled porcelain wares discovered from the Nan’ao No. 1 shipwreck ...... 105 Fig. 5.13 Jingdezhen over glaze enamelled porcelain wares excavated from an unpublished site off the California coast, excavated at the Casa de Martín Calvo de la Puerta, known as the Casa de la ObraPía, Havana, Cuba, and excavated from Santa Fe La Vieja, Argentina ...... 105 Fig. 5.14 Jingdezhen over glaze enamelled porcelain bowl discovered from the San Diego shipwreck in the Philippines...... 106 Fig. 5.15 Jingdezhen and Zhangzhou wares of Kraak style discovered from the San Diego shipwreck in the Philippines...... 107 Fig. 5.16 Zhangzhou dishes, covered boxes and covered bowls with over glaze enamels discovered from the Binh Thuan shipwreck in southern Vietnam ...... 108 Fig. 5.17 Zhangzhou covered box discovered from the Binh Thuan shipwreck in the southern Vietnam, Zhangzhou covered box from the in the Seikado Bunko Art Museum, Tokyo and Jingdezhen covered box with over glaze red and green from the collection of Shanghai Museum, China ...... 109 Fig. 5.18 Zhangzhou covered bowl discovered from the Binh Thuan shipwreck in southern Vietnam, Jingdezhen bowl discovered from the Nan’ao No. 1 shipwreck and Jingdezhen bowl from the collection of the British Museum...... 109 Fig. 5.19 Zhangzhou plates in the Seikado Bunko Art Museum, Tokyo ...... 109 Fig. 6.1 Trade route of the Manila Galleon ...... 117 Fig. 6.2 The town of Cavite showing the location of Porta Vaga site in the Philippines...... 119 List of Figures xxix

Fig. 6.3 Satellite image of Manila showing locations of archaeological sites in Intramuros, Mehan Garden, Arroceros Forest Park ...... 120 Fig. 6.4 Beaterio de la Compaña de Jesus, Intramuros 17th century Blanc de Chine Figurine Male Fu Dog or Buddhist Lion Dehua Kiln, Fujian ...... 121 Fig. 6.5 Beaterio de la Compaña de Jesus, Intramuros blue and white dish with phoenix design 17th century from Fujian ...... 122 Fig. 6.6 Blanc de Chine Porcelain Jar let, Dehua Kiln, Fujian Arroceros Forest Park, Manila 17th century ...... 123 Fig. 6.7 Satellite image of the town of Boljoon, Cebu ...... 124 Fig. 6.8 Boljoon, Cebu Under glazed blue and white porcelain dish Fujian, China, Second half 17th century ...... 124 Fig. 6.9 Japanese over glazed enamel bottle of Arita Kiln, Hizen area Boljoon, Cebu, ca. 1650–1670 ...... 125 Fig. 6.10 Japanese overglazed enamel large dish of Yoshida Kiln, Hizen area Boljoon, Cebu, ca. 1650–1670 ..... 126 Fig. 6.11 Japanese blue-and-white small double-gourd bottle of Arita Kiln, Hizen area Boljoon, Cebu, ca. 1650–1670 ...... 127 Fig. 7.1 Map of the Philippine archipelago showing the different trade routes, including easterly and westerly routes of the Galleon trade and the underwater archaeological sites ...... 132 Fig. 7.2 Nautical chart showing the San Bernardino Strait and the Galleon routes ...... 133 Fig. 7.3 Nautical Chart showing the survey areas in Catanduanes in the Philippines from 2002 to 2008 looking for the Galleons Espiritu Santo and San Geronimo ...... 136 Fig. 8.1 Location of Taiwan, Macao and mainland China ...... 148 Fig. 8.2 Kraak porcelain of Chin-te-chen Kiln discovered in south Taiwan...... 151 Fig. 8.3 Chinese ceramic discovered in north Taiwan ...... 153 Fig. 8.4 Kraak porcelain and related heritage discovered in Macao ...... 156 Fig. 8.5 Japanese Hizen ware discovered in Taiwan...... 158 xxx List of Figures

Fig. 9.1 Old map of Tojin-yashiki (Chinese quarter) in Nagasaki of Japan ...... 162 Fig. 9.2 Jingdezhen blue and white ware collected from Nagasaki ...... 163 Fig. 9.3 Blue and white large dish of Zhangzhou Kiln from Nagasaki ...... 164 Fig. 9.4 Kraak porcelain and Kosometsuke dish of Jingdezhen products ...... 164 Fig. 9.5 Blue and white Zhangzhou large Kraak dish from Nagasaki ...... 165 Fig. 9.6 Blue and white Zhangzhou large plate from Nagasaki...... 165 Fig. 9.7 Blue and white Zhangzhou large plate from Nagasaki...... 166 Fig. 9.8 Blue and white Jingdezhen Kraak ware plate from Nagasaki ...... 166 Fig. 9.9 Dehua small bowls from Nagasaki ...... 167 Fig. 9.10 Fujian and Yi Xing Kiln spoon from Nagasaki ...... 168 Fig. 9.11 Blue and white bowl with Yongzhen reign mark of Jingdezhen Kiln ...... 169 Fig. 9.12 Blue and white bowl with floral design of Jingdezhen product ...... 169 Fig. 9.13 Blue and white bowl with 梵 (Fan) letter of Fujian product ...... 169 Fig. 9.14 Blue and white Dehua dish from Nagasaki ...... 170 Fig. 9.15 Blue and white landscape cup with handles of Jingdezhen Kiln ...... 171 Fig. 10.1 Location of Onjuku in Chiba of Japan ...... 174 Fig. 10.2 Clock of Ieyasu ...... 178 Fig. 10.3 Onjuku along the coastal cliffs extending northward in Chiba of Japan ...... 179 Fig. 10.4 The multi-beam sonar recording the seabed topography of Tajiri ...... 180 Fig. 10.5 Oval shaped volcanic stone from the study area at Onjuku in Chiba of Japan ...... 181 Fig. 11.1 The sea route of Manila Galleon navigation ...... 188 Fig. 11.2 The landscape of the Humåtak port in Guam ...... 188 Fig. 11.3 New architectural building after Spanish encountering in Guam ...... 189 Fig. 12.1 George Kuwayama’s (1997) book on Chinese Ceramics in Colonial Mexico ...... 192