A Scholastic Miscellany General Editors John Bafflie (1886-1960) served as President of the World Council of Churches, a member of the British Council of Churches, Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, and Dean of the Faculty of Divinity at the University of Edinburgh. John T. McNeill (1885-1975) was Professor of the History of European Christianity at the University of Chicago and then Auburn Professor of Church History at Union Theological Seminary in New York. Henry P. Van Dusen (1897-1975) was an early and influen- tial member of the World Council of Churches and served at Union Theological Seminary in New York as Roosevelt Professor of Systematic Theology and later as President. THE LIBRARY OF CHRISTIAN CLASSICS A Scholastic Miscellany Anselm to Ockham Edited and translated by EUGENE R. FAIR WEATHER MA, BD, ThD © 1956 The Westminster Press Paperback reissued 2006 by Westminster John Knox Press, Louisville, Kentucky. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmit- ted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. For informa- tion, address Westminster John Knox Press, 100 Witherspoon Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40202-1396. Cover design by designpointinc. com Published by Westminster John Knox Press Louisville, Kentucky This book is printed on acid-free paper that meets the American National Standards Institute Z39.48 standard.® PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA United States Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is on file at the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. ISBN-13: 978-0-664-24418-7 ISBN-10: 0-664-24418-1 GENERAL EDITORS' PREFACE The Christian Church possesses in its literature an abundant and incomparable treasure. But it is an inheritance that must be reclaimed by each generation. THE LIBRARY OF CHRISTIAN CLASSICS is designed to present in the English language, and in twenty-six volumes of convenient size, a selection of the most indispensable Christian treatises written prior to the end of the sixteenth century. The practice of giving circulation to writings selected for superior worth or special interest was adopted at the beginning of Christian history. The canonical Scriptures were themselves a selection from a much wider literature. In the Patristic era there began to appear a class of works of compilation (often designed for ready reference in controversy) of the opinions of well-reputed predecessors, and in the Middle Ages many such works were produced. These medieval anthologies actually preserve some noteworthy materials from works otherwise lost. In modern times, with the increasing inability even of those trained in universities and theological colleges to read Latin and Greek texts with ease and familiarity, the translation of selected portions of earlier Christian literature into modern languages has become more necessary than ever; while the wide range of distinguished books written in vernaculars such as English makes selection there also needful. The efforts that have been made to meet this need are too numerous to be noted here, but none of these collections serves the purpose of the reader who desires a library of representative treatises spanning the Christian centuries as a whole. Most of them embrace only the age of the Church Fathers, and some of them have iong been out of print. A fresh translation of a work already 9 IO GENERAL EDITORS PREFACE translated may shed much new light upon its meaning. This is true even of Bible translations despite the work of many experts through the centuries. In some instances old translations have been adopted in this series, but wherever necessary or desirable, new ones have been made. Notes have been supplied where these were needed to explain the author's meaning. The introductions provided for the several treatises and extracts will, we believe, furnish welcome guidance. JOHN BAILLIE JOHN T. MCNEILL HENRY P. VAN DUSEN CONTENTS page PREFACE 13 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . 15 GENERAL INTRODUCTION: The Intellectual Achievement of Medieval Christendom . .17 GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY 33 ANSELM OF CANTERBURY .... 47 BIBLIOGRAPHY ....... 63 ANSELM: AN ADDRESS (PROSLOGION) ..... 69 AN EXCERPT FROM THE AUTHOR'S REPLY TO THE CRITICISMS OF GAUNILO ..... 94 LETTER TO POPE URBAN II ON THE INCARNATION OF THE WORD (EXCERPT) ..... 97 WHY GOD BECAME MAN . .100 THE VIRGIN CONCEPTION AND ORIGINAL SIN (SELEC- TIONS) ........ 184 A PRAYER TO SAINT MARY TO OBTAIN LOVE FOR HER AND FOR CHRIST . .201 THE QUESTION OF INVESTITURES: TWO LETTERS TO POPE PASCHAL II (EXCERPTS) .... 208 EADMER: HISTORY OF RECENT EVENTS IN ENGLAND (EXCERPT) . 211 THE LIFE AND CONVERSATION OF SAINT ANSELM (EXCERPT) . .213 THEOLOGIANS OF THE TWELFTH CENTURY BIBLIOGRAPHY ....... 232 Ivo OF CHARTRES : DECRETUM, THE PROLOGUE (EXCERPT) 238 GRATIAN: THE CONCORD OF DISCORDANT CANONS (EXCERPT) . 243 12 CONTENTS page JOHN OF SALISBURY: THE POLICRATICUS (EXCERPT) . 247 ANSELM OF LAON: A FRAGMENT ON ORIGINAL SIN . 261 THE SCHOOL OF ANSELM OF LAON: A QUESTION ON ORIGINAL SIN . .263 THE GLOSS ON I CORINTHIANS, CHAPTER 15 . 267 PETER ABAILARD: EXPOSITION OF THE EPISTLE TO THE ROMANS (EXCERPT FROM THE SECOND BOOK)—Translation by Gerald E. Moffatt 276 ETHICS OR THE BOOK CALLED "KNOW THYSELF" (EXCERPT) ....... 288 HYMN FOR SATURDAY VESPERS—Translation by John Mason Neale ....... 298 HUGH OF SAINT VICTOR: ON THE SACRAMENTS OF THE CHRISTIAN FAITH (EXCERPT)—Translation by Car- mino J. de Catanzaro ...... 300 RICHARD OF SAINT VICTOR: MYSTICAL COMMENTS ON THE PSALMS (EXCERPT) . 319 ON EZEKIEL'S VISION, PROLOGUE (EXCERPT) . 321 ON THE TRINITY (SELECTIONS) .... 324 ADAM OF SAINT VICTOR: SEQUENCE FOR A SAINT'S DAY —Translation by Robert Bridges .... 332 PETER LOMBARD: THE FOUR BOOKS OF SENTENCES (SELECTIONS)—Translation and Notes by Owen R. On . 334 STEPHEN LANGTON: A QUESTION ON ORIGINAL SIN .... 352 FRAGMENTS ON THE MORALITY OF HUMAN ACTS . 355 THE GOLDEN SEQUENCE, A HYMN ATTRIBUTED TO STEPHEN LANGTON—Translation by John Mason Neale 359 THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY AND AFTER BIBLIOGRAPHY ....... 375 BONAVENTURE: DISPUTED QUESTIONS CONCERNING CHRIST'S KNOWLEDGE (EXCERPT) . 379 MATTHEW OF AQUASPARTA: DISPUTED QUESTIONS ON FAITH (EXCERPT)—Trans- lation and Motes by Robert D. Crouse .... 402 JOHN DUNS SCOTUS: COMMENTARY ON THE SENTENCES (EXCERPT) ....... 428 WILLIAM OCKHAM: AN EXCERPT FROM EIGHT QUESTIONS ON THE POWER OF THE POPE . 437 INDEXES ........ 443 PREFACE The plan of this volume is determined by its place in the series, and in particular by its relation to Volume XI, which is devoted to the greatest theologian of the thirteenth century. For the sake of a balanced presentation of scholastic theology, the bulk of this volume is occupied by works of Anselm of Canterbury and theologians of the twelfth century, while the later authors represented come from outside the Thomist tradition. Within these limits, I have attempted to illustrate the principal interests of the great scholastic theologians. The translations aim at reproducing the authors' thought as accurately as possible, but no attempt is made at a word-for- word rendering at the expense of intelligibility. At points where unambiguous translation seemed impossible, the original words have been supplied in footnotes. A partial list of abbreviations is provided; others are con- ventional and/or obvious. Scripture references follow the chapter and verse divisions of the Vulgate; the Authorized Version of 1611 and the Psalter of The Book of Common Prayer (1662) are cited when necessary for clarity. The Douai Version, as the classical version closest to the Bible used by our authors, is followed whenever possible in Biblical quotations. An editor who is not a professional medievalist cannot pro- duce such a comprehensive volume without considerable risk! I have tried to reduce this risk, however, by the use of careful documentation and expert advice. My debt to the writings of Professor Etienne Gilson, of the Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, Toronto, is obvious enough, but I am also indebted to him for much sound advice. Rev. J. T. Muckle, C.S.B., of the same Institute, has generously helped me with one text, while •3 14 PREFACE Rev. G. B. Phelan, of St. Michael's College, Toronto, and Rev. W. Lyndon Smith, of Trinity College, have readily advised me on several points. The general editors, notably Dr. John T. McNeill, and the staff of The Westminster Press have been most co-operative and considerate. I have relied heavily on the Library of the Pontifical Insti- tute, and must record my thanks to Rev. J. F. Stapleton, C.S.B., Librarian, as well as to the Rectors of the Canadian College, Rome, and the Institut Catholique, Paris, and to Canon A. O. Standen, Librarian of Canterbury Cathedral, for the hospitality of their respective libraries. The help of my contributors has been invaluable. Rev. C. J. de Catanzaro, Assistant Professor at Trinity College, and Canon G. E. Moffatt, of St. Peter's Cathedral, Charlottetown, P.E.I., are responsible for translations only (except for one note initialed by the latter), while Rev. R. D. Crouse, of Trinity College, and Rev. O. R. Orr, formerly of Trinity College, are responsible for the notes accompanying their translations, unless otherwise indicated. I am especially grateful to Mr. Crouse for some additional notes, initialed by him, and for his competent help in other ways. E.R.F. Trinity College, Toronto. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS A.V. Authorized Version of 1611. Beitrdge Beitrdge zur Geschichte der Philosophie und Theologie des Mittelalters (Aschendorff, Munster i. W., various dates). CE The Catholic Encyclopaedia. CMH Cambridge Medieval History. CSEL Corpus scriptorum ecclesiasticorum latinorum (the "Vienna corpus"). DECH A Dictionary of English Church History (ed., S. L. Ollard and G. Crosse, 2d ed., London, 1919). DNB Dictionary of National Biography. DTC Dictionnaire de theologie catholique. Fliche and A. Fliche and V.