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The Struggle for a Christian Politics

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The Struggle for a Christian Politics THE COLLECTED WORKS OF HERMAN DOOYEWEERD Series B, Volume 17 GENERAL EDITOR: D.F.M. Strauss The Struggle for a Christian Politics An Essay in Grounding the Calvinistic Worldview in Its Law-Idea Series B, Volume 17 Herman Dooyeweerd Edited by D.F.M. Strauss Paideia Press 2012 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dooyeweerd, H. (Herman), 1884-1977. The Struggle for a Christian Politics Herman Dooyeweerd. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-0-88815-223-7 [CWHD B5] (soft) The Struggle for a Christian Politics This is Series B, Volume 17 in the continuing series The Collected Works of Herman Dooyeweerd (Initially published by Mellen Press, now published by Paideia Press ISBN 978-0-88815-223-7 The Collected Works comprise the following series: Series A contains multi-volume works by Dooyeweerd, Series B contains smaller works and collections of essays, Series C contains reflections on Dooyeweerd's philosophy designated as: Dooyeweerd’s Living Legacy, and Series D contains thematic selections from Series A and B A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. The Dooyeweerd Centre for Christian Philosophy Redeemer University College, Ancaster, ON, CANADA L9K 1J4 All rights reserved. For information contact: ÓPAIDEIA PRESS 2012 Grand Rapids, MI 49507 2012 Printed in the United States of America iv Foreword This volume contains one of the first extensive studies by Herman Dooyeweerd after he and Dirk Vollenhoven had begun to articulate their new philosophical understanding of reality. This early study (1924-27) reveals the depth and scope of Dooyeweerd¹s emerging phi- losophy. The historical topics covered include Early Christianity and the birth of the idea of the Corpus Christianum; the unitary ecclesiastical culture of the Middle Ages and its dissolution; the emergence of modern Humanism in the Renaissance; and the rise and self-destruction of the Humanist theories of natural law. The attention that Dooyeweerd pays to the development of the modern concept of science and the new con- cept of matter may appear a needless digression yet paves the way for his probing analysis of the mathematical method prevalent in the views of political theorists like Grotius and Hobbes. The erudition evinced in this work is impressive and inviting — the reader is soon absorbed in the line of argumentation and will constantly be invited by the style and manner of presentation to continue to read. Study- ing this work will be a richly rewarding experience for anyone interested in the vital material covered here. The work is a translation of a series of articles that appeared in the monthly journal Antirevolutionaire Staatkunde (Antirevolutionary Poli- tics) in 1924-26, and in the quarterly journal with the same name in 1927. The Dutch title of the series is “In den strijd om een Christelijke Staatkunde: Proeve van een fundeering der calvinistische levens- en wereldbeschouwing in hare wetsidee.”1 We have used this title for chapter 1 of the translation, but have reverted to section headings in the original for the titles of chapters 2 to 13. Several times the author refers to subse- quent “hoofdstukken” still to be written, but these never appeared; the last 1 The term “Antirevolutionary” was used by Abraham Kuyper as the name of the political party he organized in 1870. It indicated opposition to the principles of the French Revolution articulated in the phrase “neither God nor master.” Dooyeweerd wrote his series of articles at the newly established think tank of the Anti- revolutionary Party in his capacity as its associate director, a position he held for several years prior to his appointment as professor of law at the Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam, which was also founded by Kuyper. The fifteen installments, bearing Roman numerals which are omitted here, appeared in vol. 1 (1924/25): 7–25, 62–79, 104–18, 161–73, 189–200, 228–44, 309–24, 433–60, 489–504, 528–42, 581–98, 617–34; in vol. 2 (1926): 244–65, 425–45; and in vol. 1 of the quarterly journal by the same name (1927): 142–95. Our translation includes two “interim summaries” that were parts of the main text, but it omits the separate summaries that appeared in vol. 2 on pp. 63–84 and in the quarterly on pp. 73–75, 96–107. The author gave the entire series the heading “Hoofdstuk I” (chapter 1) and entitled it “The Age-Old Problem of Christian Politics.” v 6 The Collected Works of Herman Dooyeweerd installment concludes with the customary “To be continued” but no fur- ther installments appeared, either in the journal or anywhere else. The translation by Phil Brouwer was made possible by a grant from the Association for Christian Higher Education of Bloemfontein, South Af- rica. It was edited by Natexa Verbrugge and Kathleen Kennedy, while Richard Van Holst edited the footnotes. Final editors are Daniël Strauss, General Editor of The Collected Works of Herman Dooyeweerd, and Harry Van Dyke, Director of the Dooyeweerd Centre for Christian Philos- ophy, Redeemer University College, Ancaster, Ontario, Canada. Publica- tion of this volume was made possible by a generous grant from the Stichting Dr. A. Kuyperfonds of the Netherlands. A number of textual idiosyncrasies had to be dealt with in the interest of readable prose. For example, the author’s interchangeable use of the con- cepts “levens- en wereldbeschouwing,” “wereld- en levensbeschouwing,” “levensbeschouwing” and “wereldbeschouwing” have all been rendered by the term “worldview.” A number of section headings have been short- ened for the sake of clarity. Wherever feasible, footnote references have been brought into conformity with current scholarly practice. Our copy-editors faced further problems. The author’s brilliant grasp of historical trends in the sweep of Western political theory did not save the text from a good number of minor slip-ups and inaccuracies, confusing cross-references and other such details. However time-consuming the task turned out to be, the editors have tried to rectify as many of these as possible and they believe they have caught most of the blemishes that re- quired cosmetic intervention. Dooyeweerd’s unique terminology has of course been retained. This translation does not pretend to be a definitive version in the form of an an- notated critical edition which a text by Dooyeweerd deserves and should someday receive. Nevertheless, the editors are confident they have pre- served the meaning intended by the author at every critical point in his ex- position, resulting in a faithful and reliable English rendition of a seminal Dutch work. D.F.M. Strauss September, 2008 vi Contents Introduction ................................ 1 Chapter 1 The Age-Old Problem of Christian Politics The problem as initially stated in the Early Church was still quite simplistic ............................5 Constantine's conversion to Christianity. The second statement of the problem ...................6 The two great difficulties in this statement of the problem ........7 Development of dogmatic teaching. The Council of Nicaea...........................7 First attempts to reconcile faith and knowledge. Gnostics and anti-Gnostics ........................7 The Alexandrian School and the Greek church fathers of the fourth century. Christian ethics in the School of Antioch of the fourth century .......................8 The first task of Christian ethics......................9 Necessity of an ultimate starting point in a worldview ..........9 Tying in with Greco-Roman philosophy .................9 The idea of law .............................. 10 The Greek Stoic natural law as toned down by the Roman Stoics............................... 10 Absolute and relative natural justice ...................11 Starting points with Christ and Paul ...................11 Attempts by Lactantius and others to penetrate Stoic natural justice with Christ's law of love .................11 Ambrose and the notion of the mystical body of Christ .........12 The shortcoming: the lack of a distinctive Christian law-idea ............................12 Augustine................................. 13 The Augustinian law-idea ........................15 The societal substructure of Augustine's system .............16 vii viii The Collected Works of Herman Dooyeweerd Chapter 2 The Idea of the Corpus Christianum The Byzantine state church........................19 The development in the West ......................19 The Germanic territorial churches ....................20 The Ancient and Germanic conceptions of the state ...........21 The idea of the universal church .....................21 The doctrine of the two swords .....................22 Incorporation of the ascetic monastic orders and knighthood into the unified ecclesiastical culture ............24 Natural economy, feudal system, professional classes, fragmentation of law ...........................25 Medieval towns.............................. 26 The Roman Catholic idea of mediation (Vermittlung)..........27 Altered appraisal of nature and grace ..................28 Transformation of the Christian law-idea in Thomism..........28 Thomism as the official teaching of the Roman Catholic Church and the foundation of modern Roman Catholic philosophy, science, and politics .....................30 The rationalistic bent of Thomism ....................31 Natural reason and revelation ......................32 The law of grace and the law of nature..................32 External mediation between nature and grace ..............33 Counsel and commandments
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