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Index

Abelard, Peter, 82, 84, 99–111, 116, 120 beatiﬁc vision, 41, 62, 191 Alain of Lille, 71 beatitude, 172, 195–96 Albert the Great, 171, 264 Beatrijs van Nazareth, 170 Alexander of Hales, 147, 211, 227 beguine movement, 170 allegory, 15, 43, 45, 47, 177 Benedict XII, Pope, 265 Amaury of Bène, 71 Benedict, St., 28–29, 42 Ambrose, 7, 10, 149 Berengar of Tours, 60, 83, 129, 160, see also amor ipse notitia est 51, 117, see love and knowledge Eucharist anagogy, 47 Bernard of Clairvaux, 79, 82, 100, 104, 110, 112–15, analogy, see univocity 147, 251 analogy in Aquinas, 182–85, 234, 235 critique of Abelard, 110–11 Anselm of Canterbury, 16, 30, 71, 78, 81, 83–98, on loving God, 112–14 204, 236 Boccaccio, Giovanni, 251 Anselm of Laon, 72, 99 Boethius, 29–33, 125, 137 Anthony, St., 27 Bonaventure, 34, 47, 123, 141, 146, 148, 170, 173, apophaticism, 8, 34, 271 176, 179, 211–24, 227, 228, 230, 232, 242, 243, Aquinas, 182–83 245, 254 Aquinas, 22, 24, 34, 47, 51, 72, 87, 89, 90, 133, 146, Boniface, Pope, 249 148, 151, 154, 164, 169, 171–210, 214, 225, 227, 230, 235, 236, 237, 238, 240, 241, 244, 246, Calvin, 14 254, 255, 257, 266 Carabine, Deirdre, 65 Arianism, 20, 21 Carthusians, 79 Aristotle, 9, 20, 29, 78, 84, 179, 181, 192, 195, 212, Cassian, John, 27–29, 47 213, 216, 223, 225, 226, 227, 229, 237, 254, Cassidorius, 124 267, 268 cathedral schools, 82, 169 Arts, 124, 222 Catherine of Siena, 251 and pedagogy (Hugh), 124–28 causality, 256 Carolingian, 57 charity, see love quadrivium, 29, 124, 126 Charlemagne, 29, 56, 57 trivium, 124 Charles the Bald, 56, 57 Augustine, 7–26, 30, 48, 49, 53, 83, 116, 129, 145, Chaucer, Geoffrey, 251 151, 173, 174, 186, 208, 213, 221, 280 Chenu, M.D., 103 and Neoplatonism, 8 Chrétien de Troyes, 251 Augustine of Canterbury, 40 Christ, see also soteriology Augustinian canons, 80, 120, 276 and Church, 18 Averroes, 78, 223, 225 and sacraments, 158, 159 Averroism, 172, 211, 225 Body of, see Church Ayres, Lewis, 217 presence in Eucharist, 59, 161 baptism, 12, 129, 157, 158–59, 160, 162, 163, 260 priesthood, 208–09 Barth, Karl, 2, 181, 184, 227 resurrection, 68, 70 291

292 Index

Christ (cont.) Devotio Moderna, 282–83 still suffers, 18 divine command ethics, 259 two natures, 20 divinity, see Trinity Christological nihilianism, 156 and happiness, 31 Church, 15, 18, 44, 115, 165, 207 and indistinction (Eckhart), 271–72 Body of Christ, 44, 115, 161, 206–07 and intellect (Eckhart), 266–69 reform, 79 essence and existence coincide, 180 Cicero, 7 eternity, 32 Cistercians, 79 foreknowledge, 31 Clement VII, Pope, 249 goodness, 31 Cluny, 79 humility of, 16, 45 Colish, Marcia, 111 knowledge of future, 32 Columba, 27 mercy and justice, 95–96, 205 Columbanus, 27 power, 258–59 Conciliarism, 250 proof of existence (Anselm), 87–90 Condemnations of 1277, 3, 225–28, 261 proof of existence (Aquinas), 179–82 condilectus, 142, 144, 215 proof of existence (Duns Scotus), 235–37 conﬁrmation, 159 proof of existence (Ockham), 256–57 conpunctio, 52 proof of existence (Richard), 140–41 contemplation simplicity, 20, 22, 91, 152, 183, 185, 235, 237, 242 and action, 202–03 transcendence, 34, 49, 65, 90 and action (Gregory the Great), 52–54 docta ignorantia, 51 and action (Ruusbroec), 280–81 Dominicans, 169, 171, 265 Aquinas, 200–03 doubt of the Trinity, 123 universal, 10, 11 Richard of St. Victor, 137–40 Duccio, 250 contingency, 33, 140, 236 Dudden, F.H., 41 Council of Chalcedon, 20 Dulles, Avery, 193 Council of Sens, 100, 110 Duns Scotus, 148, 170, 200, 226, 229–46, 254 Council of Soissons, 84 Durandus of St. Pourçain, 261 Council of Toledo, 60 creation, 156 Eckhart, Meister, 34, 71, 73, 264–75 and God in Eriugena, 64–66 El Cid, 78 and humanity as microcosm, 67, 68 election, 12 and sexual differentiation, 67 Emery, Gilles, 190 and Trinity, 9, 212 empiricism, 256, 261 as sacramental, 66, 223, 257 enjoyment of God, see frui as sacramental (Hugh), 121–24 epektasis, 50 beauty, 121–22 Erasmus, 33 Cross, Richard, 243 Eriugena Scotus, 33, 56–73 crusades, 78, 112 eschatology, 40, 41, 42, 47, 48, 67, 101, 129, 209 Cullen, Christopher, 213 Eucharist, 18, 48, 58, 59, 83, 129, 130, 131, 157, 158, curiosity, 128 161, 203, 209–10, 287 Berengar’s controversy, 83 Dante, 115, 251 consubstantiation, 162 Davies, Brian, 89, 179 controversy in the 9th century, 58–59 Decalogue, 239 Hugh of St. Victor, 130–31 Decorte, Jos, 88 Peter Lombard, 160–62 deiﬁcation, 114 symbolism, 162 deism, 180 transubstantiation, 130, 161, 260 Descartes, 10, 11, 89, 90 Eugene III, Pope, 112 desire, 25, 51, 87, 90, 113, 196–99 evil, 31, 70, 97 in Gregory the Great, 49–50 absence of goodness, 9, 61 detachment, 270, 272–74, 280 exchange, 16, 48 devil, 41, 48, 94, 104 exemplarism, 8, 9, 86, 212, 213, 219, 257

Index 293

exitus, 64, 66, 73 Gothic, 81, 169, 250 exsistentia, 142, 143 Gottschalk, 61 grace, 28, 192, 214, see also free will faith and free will, 28 and reason, 3, 10, 226, 235, 261 in Augustine, 11–14 and reason in Abelard, 105 Great Schism (1054), 61 and reason in Anselm, 85–86 Gregory of Nyssa, 56, 65 and reason in Augustine, 10–11 Gregory of Rimini, 262 and reason in Bonaventure, 216 Gregory the Great, 42–47, 102, 177, 203, 280 and reason in Eriugena, 62–63 Gregory VII, Pope, 81, 82 and reason in Richard of St. Victor, 140–41 Gregory X, Pope, 172 and reason in William of St. Thierry, 118 Gregory XI, Pope, 249 Aquinas, 191–93 as theological virtue, 23, 192 Hadewijch, 170 definition (Abelard), 110 haecceity, 237, 238, 255 definition (Aquinas), 191 Harrison, Peter, 226 definition (Hugh), 132 Healy, Nicholas, 174 Hugh of St. Victor, 131–33 hell, 71, 102 models of, 193 Heloise, 99, 101, 119 preambles, 177 Henry of Ghent, 230, 232 fides quaerens intellectum, 85, 175 heresy, 265 Filioque, 21, 24, 58, 85, 144, 243 Herp, Hendrik, 281 Duns Scotus, 243–44 Hincmar, Bishop, 61 Eriugena , 60 Holy Spirit, 18, 21, 23, 43, 96, 107, 118, 123, 144, Five Ways, 179, 180, 235, see divinity, proofs of 145, 150, 153, 154, 155, 188, 189, 190, 193, 212, existence 218, 219, 220, 242, 243, 244 Flemish Primitives, 251, 282 Abelard, 107 Florens Radewijns, 282 as love (Peter Lombard), 153–54 forgiveness, 17, 205 gifts, 45 formal distinction, 237, 242 hope, 193 forms, see exemplarism Hugh of St. Victor, 71, 80, 120–36, 137, 158, 160 forms, Platonic, 9, 66 Hurst, David, 52 Franciscans, 170, 253 Hyma, Albert, 282 free will and divine foreknowledge, 31 idolatry, 25 in Anselm, 92–93 illumination, 213 freedom of choice, 13, 92 Image, 68, 155, 190, 219, 221, 268, see Word Friedman, Russell, 241 Immaculate Conception, 245 frui, 223, 274, 280 Incarnation, 8, 23, 48, 53 Aquinas, 197–98 and our salvation (Bernard), 114 Augustine, 24–25 Duns Scotus, 244–45 Peter Lombard, 148–50 hypostatic union (Lombard), 156–57 Ruusbroec, 280–81 “necessity” in Anselm, 94 individuation, 237 Gabriel Biel, 262 Ingham, Mary, 238 Geert Grote, 252, 282 Innocent II, Pope, 110 geometry, 8, 124, 126, 231 instrumentalization, 2, 25, 122, 202 Gerard Zerbolt van Zutphen, 282 intellect Gift, 144, 145, 155, 190, 219, 220, 221, see Holy and God (Eckhart), 266–68 Spirit and will, 200 Giles of Rome, 249 distinct from reason, 2, 11, 32 Giotto di Bondone, 250 distinct from reason (Aquinas), 201 Glossa Ordinaria, 72 distinct from reason (Eriugena), 63 God, see divinity investiture contest, 81 Godfrey of Fontaines, 230 Isidore of Seville, 157

294 Index

James of Viterbo, 249 Mechthild von Magdeburg, 170 Jerome, St, 27 Memling, Hugo, 282 John Buridan, 262 merit, 13, 205 John of Paris, 249 Merriell, Juvenal, 187 John of the Cross, 34 modernity, 1, 196, 262 John XII, Pope, 78 and Ockham, 261–63 John XXII, Pope, 173, 253, 265 modus signiﬁcandi, 184 Julian of Norwich, 251 monopsychism, 225 Moorhead, John, 46 Kant, Immanuel, 89, 148, 227, 241, 262 Kierkegaard, S., 199 Natura (Eriugena), 64 Kilwardby, Robert, 227 natural law, 101, 239, 259 King, Peter, 236 Neoplatonism, 8, 9, 29, 67, 68, 257 knowledge of individuals Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed, 60 in Aquinas and Ockham, 256 Nicholas of Autrecourt, 262 Kretzmann, Norman, 181 Nicholas of Lyra, 47 Nicolas of Cusa, 71 LaNave, Gregory, 215 nominalism, 3, 84, 226, 227, 262 Lanfranc of Bec, 83, 130 Ockham, 254–55 last judgement, 70 Norbertines, 81 Lateran Council (1215), 157 Leclerq, Jean, 49 Ockham, see William of Ockham liberum arbitrium, 13 Ockham’s razor, 253 limbo, 14 ontological proof, 93–97 logic, 29, 99 ordination, 164 Lombard, Peter, 22, 102, 120, 147–66 Origen, 72 Louis of Bavaria, 253 Otto the Great, 77, 78 love, see Holy Spirit as love, see also desire agapeic and erotic, 135 Pachomius, 27 and knowledge, 50 papacy, 77, 81, 249, 253 and Trinity, 22, 140–41, 219–21 paradise, 69, 70 Aquinas, 194–95 Paschasius Radbertus, 58, 59 as friendship, 194–95 Peckham, John, 227 as theological virtue, 23, 192, 194 pedagogy gratuitous, 13, 113–14, 144 and theology, 124–27 Hugh of St. Victor, 133–36 Pelagianism, 12, 13, 111, 259 of God (Bernard), 112–14 Pelikan, Jaroslav, 95 of God and neighbour, 53, 134, 196–98 penance, 158 order of, 141, 200 contritionism, 163 triangular, 134, 196–200 Peter Lombard, 162–64 Luther, 13, 148, 224, 262 three aspects, 162 Peter Aureoli, 170, 261 Manichaeism, 7, 9 Peter the Venerable, 100 Marenbon, John, 30 Petrus Christus, 282 Marguerite Porete, 170, 264 Petrus Comestor, 120 Mariology, 244–45 philosophy, 10, 30, 101, 107, 127 marriage, 158 and theology, 185, 226, 230–32, see also Peter Lombard, 165 Condemnations of 1277; faith and reason Marsilius of Inghen, 262 Pieper, Josef, 201 Marsilius of Padua, 249 Plato, 8, 29, 31, 67, 78, 84, 107, 110, 179, 254 Martianus Capella, 57 Plotinus, 8, 9 mathematics, 8, 126 Porphyry, 8, 29 Maximus Confessor, 67, 70 positivism, 10, 11 McCord Adams, Marilyn, 255, 260 predestination, 12, 13, 14, 58, 61, 155, 171, 259 McGinn, Bernard, 52, 265 Proclus, 8

Index 295

Prosper of Aquitaine, 28 satisfaction, theory of, 206 Providence, 31, 205, 225 in Anselm, 93–97 Pseudo-Dionysius, 33–35, 56 in Aquinas, 203 purgatory, 41, 251 Schillebeeckx, Edward, 16, 94 Schleiermacher, Frederick, 1 Radbertus, see Paschasius Radbertus Schockenhoff, Eberhard, 195 Rahner, Karl, 20, 153 science, 174, 176, 226 rationality Scriptures fiduciary nature, 10 divinely inspired, 43, 178 self-transcending, 32, four senses, 43, 47 185, 201, see reason four senses in Aquinas, 177–78 Ratramnus, 58, 59, 60, 129 interpretation of in Augustine, 7, 14–16 reason, see also intellect; faith interpretation of in Gregory the Great, 42–47 and intellect, 32 Siger of Brabant, 225 and intellect (Eriugena), 63 sin, 11, 12, 95, 103, 204, 205 autonomous, 1, 10, 173 in Abelard, 102–03 in Ockham, 262 in Anselm, 94–97 natural, 175, 176, 214, 226, 227, 232 original, 159, 245 reditus, 64, 69 original (Abelard), 105 Reformation, 282 original (Augustine), 12, 14 Reginald of Piperno, 172 skepticism, 7, 10, 11 regiratio, 277, 280 soteriology, 16, 48, see suffering; Christ, still Renaissance, 57, 282 suffers res significata, 184 Abelard, 104–05 resurrection, 16, 69, 114 Anselm, 93–97 Richard Klapwell, 227 Aquinas, 203–10 Richard of St. Victor, 23, 83, 120, 136, 137–46, 182, Augustine, 16–19 187, 189, 215, 218, 219, 220, 241 soul Robert of Molesme, 112 image of Trinity, 22, 23, 151–52, 187, 221 Rogers, Eugene, 174 memory, intellect, will, 23, 151–52, 222 Roman de la Rose, 81 participation in Trinity (Eckhart), 268–69 Roscelin, 82, 84, 86, 99, 107 participation in Trinity (Ruusbroec), Rosemann, Philipp, 153, 154, 164 278–80 Ruusbroec, Jan van, 276–82 Straw, Carole, 48, 53 suffering, 16, 19, 42, 173–77, see also Christ; sacramentals, 129 soteriology sacraments, 260 Suso, Henry, 251 cause of grace, 158 synergeia, 28 definition (Hugh), 129 Synod of Soissons (1121), 99 definition (Peter Lombard), 157 efficiunt quod figurant, 158 Tauler, 251 Hugh, 129–31 teleology, 179 institution, 158 Tempier, Etienne, 225 Peter Lombard, 165 theocentric focus, 1, 2, 25, 53, 93, 135, 148, 174, 200, res tantum, 84 202, 222, 223, 273, 274, 281 sacramentum et res, 83, 84, 130, 159, 160, 162 Theodoric, 30, 39 sacramentum tantum, 84 theology seven in number, 157 and philosophy, 10, 213, 226 sacrifice, 17, 48, 51, 53, 59, 94, 95, 96, 160, 203, 208, and philosophy (Aquinas), 173–77 209, 239 and philosophy (Duns Scotus), 230–32 in Anselm, 92–93 and spirituality, 228 in Augustine, 18 apophatic, 34, 68 in Gregory, 48–49 as science (Aquinas), 182–83 see also soteriology as science (Duns Scotus), 231–32 salvation, see soteriology as wisdom, 214

296 Index

theology (cont.) Turner, Denys, 52, 181, 182, 201, 271, 274 natural, 181, 256 typology, 15, 43, 178 not a science (Ockham), 260–61 theophany, 65 unction, 164 Thomas a Kempis, 252, 282 universals, 29, 84, 100, 237, 254, 257 Thomas Aquinas, see Aquinas universities, 169 Thomas Malory, 251 univocity, 245 Treaty of Verdun, 57, 77 univocity in Duns Scotus, 232–35 Trinity, see also Filioque; divinity Urban VI, Pope, 249 analogies, 22, 23, 109 uti., 24, 280, see frui analogy, 186 and Arts, 222–23 van der Goes, Hugo, 282 and creation, 9 van der Weyden, Rogier, 282 and emanation, 212, 269 Van Engen, John, 282 appropriations, 22, 106, 116 van Eyck, Jan, 251, 282 generation of Son, 152, 218–19 verbum mentis, 23 in Abelard, 105–09 vices, 192 in Aquinas, 186–91 principal, 27 in Augustine, 19–24 Virgil, 7, 251 in Bonaventure, 215–22 vita mixta, 53, 54, 203, 280, see contemplation and in Duns Scotus, 241–44 action in Peter Lombard, 150–55 voluntarism, 226, 261 in Richard of St Victor, 140–46 Duns Scotus, 230, 238–41 in Ruusbroec, 278–80 Ockham, 259–60 in William of St.Thierry, 118 von Balthasar, Hans Urs, 230 missions, 20, 24, 153 notions, 155 Weil, Simone, 202 oneness and threeness (Abelard), 108, 109 Wilken, Robert, 46, 47 oneness and threeness (Bonaventure), 216–18 William of Champeaux, 80, 82, 84, 99, 120 personal names, 22, 116, 155 William of Moerbeke, 225 personal names (Abelard), 106 William of Ockham, 170, 229, 231, 237, 238, 249, personal names (Aquinas), 190–91 253–63 personal names (Bonaventure), 219–21 William of St.Thierry, 110, 116–18 personal names (Richard), 144–45 Williams, Thomas, 104, 235, 239 personal property, 143 Wolfram von Eschenbach, 251 personhood, 22, 189, 241 Wolter, Allan, 238 personhood (Richard), 142–43 Word, 9, 15, 18, 22, 23, 45, 64, 66, 67, 69, 106, 113, processions, 24, 186 122, 125, 145, 155, 156, 186, 187, 188, 190, 191, processions (Bonaventure), 218–19 210, 212, 213, 219, 220, 221, 222, 241, 242, 268, relations, 20, 21, 188–89, 242 272, 279, see Trinity; see also: Incarnation theological language, 154–55 and creation, 9 tropology, 47, 127 generation, 23, 86