The History of Rome, Vol. IV

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The History of Rome, Vol. IV The History of Rome, Vol. IV Livy The History of Rome, Vol. IV Table of Contents The History of Rome, Vol. IV..................................................................................................................................1 Livy................................................................................................................................................................1 Book 26. The Fate of Capua..........................................................................................................................1 Book 27. Scipio in Spain..............................................................................................................................32 Book 28. The Final Conquest of Spain........................................................................................................62 Book 29. Scipio in Africa............................................................................................................................92 Book 30. Close of the Hannibalic War......................................................................................................114 Book 31. Rome and Macedon....................................................................................................................138 Book 32. The Second Macedonian War....................................................................................................161 i The History of Rome, Vol. IV Livy Translated by Reverend Canon Roberts This page copyright © 2001 Blackmask Online. http://www.blackmask.com • Book 26. The Fate of Capua • Book 27. Scipio in Spain • Book 28. The Final Conquest of Spain • Book 29. Scipio in Africa • Book 30. Close of the Hannibalic War • Book 31. Rome and Macedon • Book 32. The Second Macedonian War Book 26. The Fate of Capua The new consuls, Cn, Fulvius Centimalus and P. Sulpicius Galba, entered upon office on the 15th of March, and at once convened a meeting of the senate in the Capitol to discuss questions of State, the conduct of the war and the distribution of the provinces and the armies. The retiring consuls−Q. Fulvius and Appius Claudius−retained their commands and were instructed to prosecute the siege of Capua unremittingly until they had effected its capture. The recovery of this city was the main concern of the Romans now. What determined them was not only the bitter resentment which its defection had evoked, a feeling which was never more justified in the case of any city, but also the certainty they felt that, as in its revolt it had drawn many communities with it, owing to its greatness and strength, so its recapture would create amongst these communities a feeling of respect for the power whose sovereignty they had formerly acknowledged. The praetors of the past year, M. Junius in Etruria and P. Sempronius in Gaul, had their commands extended and were each to retain the two legions they had. M. Marcellus was to act as proconsul and finish the war in Sicily with the army which he had. If he needed reinforcements he was to take them from the troops which P. Cornelius was commanding in Sicily, but none were to be selected from those who had been forbidden by the senate to take a furlough or return home before the end of the war. The province of Sicily was assigned to C. Sulpicius, and he was to take over the two legions which were with P. Cornelius; any reinforcements he needed were to be supplied from the army of Cn. Fulvius which had been so disgracefully routed and cut up the previous year in Apulia. The soldiers who had so disgraced themselves were placed under the same conditions with regard to length of service as the survivors of Cannae. As an additional brand of ignominy the men of both these armies were forbidden to winter in towns or to construct winter quarters for themselves within ten miles of any town. The two legions which Q. Mucius had commanded in Sardinia were given to L. Cornelius, and any additional force he might require was to be raised by the consuls. T. Otacilius and M. Valerius were ordered to cruise off the coasts of Sicily and Greece respectively with the fleets and soldiers they had previously commanded. The former had a hundred ships with two legions on board; the latter, fifty ships and one legion. The total strength of the Roman armies engaged on land and sea this year amounted to twenty−five legions. At the beginning of the year a despatch from L. Marcius was laid before the senate. The senators fully appreciated the successful way in which he had conducted his operations, but a good many of them were indignant at the honorific title he had assumed. The superscription of the letter was "The propraetor to the senate," though the imperium had not been conferred upon him by an order of the people nor with the sanction of the senate. An evil The History of Rome, Vol. IV 1 The History of Rome, Vol. IV precedent had been set, they said, when a commander was chosen by his army, and the solemn procedure at elections, after the auspices were duly taken, was transferred to camps and provinces far away from the magistrates and the laws, and left to the caprice of the soldiers. Some thought the senate ought to take the matter up, but it was thought better to adjourn the consideration of it until the horsemen who had brought the despatch had left the City. With regard to the food and clothing of the army, they ordered a reply to be sent to the effect that both these matters would be attended to by the senate. They refused, however, to allow the despatch to be addressed "To the propraetor L. Marcius," lest it should appear that the question which was to be discussed had been prejudged. After the messengers had been dismissed the consuls gave this question priority over everything else, and it was unanimously agreed that the tribunes should consult the plebs as soon as possible as to whom they wished to have sent to Spain with the imperium as commander−in−chief to take over the army which Cn. Scipio had commanded. The tribunes undertook to do so, and due notice of the question was given to the Assembly. But the citizens were preoccupied with a controversy of a very different nature. C. Sempronius Blaesus had fixed a day for bringing Cn. Fulvius to trial for losing his army in Apulia, and made a very bitter attack upon him beforehand in the Assembly. "Many commanders," he said, "have through rashness and inexperience led their armies into most dangerous positions, but Cn. Fulvius is the only one who has demoralised his army by every form of vice before betraying them. They may with perfect truth be said to have been destroyed before they saw the enemy; they owed their defeat to their own commander, not to Hannibal. "Now no man, when he is going to vote, takes sufficient trouble to find out what sort of a man it is to whom he is entrusting the supreme command of the army. Think of the difference between Tiberius Sempronius and Cn. Fulvius. Tiberius Sempronius had an army of slaves given to him, but in a short time, thanks to the discipline he maintained and the wise use he made of his authority, there was not a man amongst them who when he was in the field of battle gave a thought to his birth or his condition. Those men were a protection to our allies and a terror to our enemies. They snatched, as though from the very jaws of Hannibal, cities like Cumae and Beneventum and restored them to Rome. Cn. Fulvius, on the other hand, had an army of Roman citizens, born of respectable parents, brought up as free men, and he infected them with the vices of slaves, and made them such that they were insolent and riotous amongst our allies, weaklings and cowards in face of the enemy; they could not stand even the war−cry of the Carthaginians, let alone their charge. Good heavens! no wonder the soldiers gave ground, when their commander was the first to run away; the wonder is that any stood their ground and fell, and that all did not accompany Cn. Fulvius in his panic and flight. C. Flaminius, L. Paulus, L. Postumius, and the two Scipios, Cnaeus and Publius, all chose to fall in battle rather than desert their armies, when they were hemmed in by the foe. Cn. Fulvius came back to Rome as the all−but solitary herald of the annihilation of his army. After the army had fled from the field of Cannae it was deported to Sicily, not to return till the enemy had evacuated Italy, and a similar decree was recently passed in the case of Fulvius' legions. But, shame to relate, the commander himself remained unpunished after his flight from a battle brought on by his own headstrong folly; he is free to pass the rest of his life where he passed it in youth−in stews and brothels−whilst his soldiers, whose only fault is that they copied their commander, are practically sent into exile and have to undergo a service of disgrace. So unequal are the liberties enjoyed in Rome by the rich and the poor, the men of rank and the men of the people." In his defence Fulvius threw all the blame upon his men. They clamoured, he said, for battle, and he led them out, not at the moment, for it was late in the day, but on the following morning. Though they were drawn up on favourable ground, at an early hour they found either the terror of the enemy's name or the strength of his attack too much for them. When they were all flying in disorder he was swept away by the rush as Varro was at Cannae and as many other commanders have been at different times. What help would he have given to the republic by staying there alone? unless indeed his death would have warded off other national disasters. His failure was not due to lack of supplies, or to incautiously taking up a position on unfavourable ground; he had not been ambushed through insufficient reconnoitring; he had been beaten in a fair fight on an open field. Men's tempers, on whichever side they were, were beyond his control, a man's natural disposition made him either brave or cowardly.
Recommended publications
  • The Cave of the Nymphs at Pharsalus Brill Studies in Greek and Roman Epigraphy
    The Cave of the Nymphs at Pharsalus Brill Studies in Greek and Roman Epigraphy Editorial Board John Bodel (Brown University) Adele Scafuro (Brown University) VOLUME 6 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/bsgre The Cave of the Nymphs at Pharsalus Studies on a Thessalian Country Shrine By Robert S. Wagman LEIDEN | BOSTON Cover illustration: Pharsala. View of the Karapla hill and the cave of the Nymphs from N, 1922 (SAIA, Archivio Fotografico B 326) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Wagman, Robert S. Title: The Cave of the Nymphs at Pharsalus : studies on a Thessalian country shrine / by Robert S. Wagman. Description: Boston : Brill, 2015. | Series: Brill studies in Greek and Roman epigraphy, ISSN 1876-2557 ; volume 6 | Includes bibliographical references and indexes. Identifiers: LCCN 2015032381| ISBN 9789004297616 (hardback : alk. paper) | ISBN 9789004297623 (e-book) Subjects: LCSH: Thessaly (Greece)—Antiquities. | Excavations (Archaeology)—Greece—Thessaly. | Inscriptions—Greece—Thessaly. | Farsala (Greece)—Antiquities. | Excavations (Archaeology)—Greece—Farsala. | Inscriptions—Greece—Farsala. | Nymphs (Greek deities) Classification: LCC DF221.T4 W34 2015 | DDC 938/.2—dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015032381 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, ipa, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 1876-2557 isbn 978-90-04-29761-6 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-29762-3 (e-book) Copyright 2016 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi and Hotei Publishing.
    [Show full text]
  • Mastino, Attilio (2007) Il Nuraghe Aidu 'Entos E Gli Ilienses Della Barbaria Sarda
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by UnissResearch Mastino, Attilio (2007) Il Nuraghe Aidu 'entos e gli Ilienses della Barbaria sarda. Aidu Entos, Vol. 1 (3), p. 27-32. ISSN 2037- 6103. http://eprints.uniss.it/7056/ Documento digitalizzato dallo Staff di UnissResearch , l AIDU ENTOS , , ARC H EOLOG I A E BENI C U LTURALI Studi e ricerche Il Nuraghe Aidu 'entos e gli Ilienses della Barbaria sarda Rg. 1 - L'iscrizione romana sull'architrave del nuraghe Aldu 'entos. I resti del protonunuraghe Aidu 'entos ('il valico I problemi di interpretazione sono complessi e non dei venti') si trovano sull'altura di Crostu Littu nel tutti adeguatamente risolti: ne ho potuto discu­ territorio comunale di Bortigali, in loc. Funtana de tere sul posto quasi vent' anni fa con Lidio Gaspe­ Reno, a breve distanza, a circa un chilometro, dal rini e Geza Alfoldy, più di recente con Marc villaggio di Mulargia l'antica Mo/aria, una stazione Mayer. Scartata l'ipotesi di un epitafio con ono­ sulla strada romana a Turre Kora/es al margine mastico indigena, legato al riuso funerario in età meridionale dell'altopiano della Campeda. Nella imperiale della torre nuragica, deve considerarsi cartografia ottocentesca il nuraghe (a corridoio, improbabile anche un riferimento alla vicina con un vano naviforme) segnava il confine tra il strada romana per Kara/es ; si deve invece pen­ comune di Bortigali e il territorio dell'antico co­ sare ad un'indicazione confinaria della popola­ mune soppresso nel 1866 di Mulargia. È stato giu­ zione locale degli llienses, uno dei popoli stamente ipotizzato che questo confine può forse celeberrimi di Plinio, che nell'età di Augusto non proseguire una più antica delimitazione romana, era ancora del tutto pacificato, almeno a giudizio collocata esattamente sulla linea spartiacque, dello storico Tito Livio: gens nec nunc quidem guardando dall'alto le vallate precipiti che arri­ omni parte pacata.
    [Show full text]
  • Carthage and Rome; and the Regulations About Them Are Precise
    Conditions and Terms of Use PREFACE Copyright © Heritage History 2010 It is difficult to tell the story of Carthage, Some rights reserved because one has to tell it without sympathy, and from the This text was produced and distributed by Heritage History, an standpoint of her enemies. It is a great advantage, on the organization dedicated to the preservation of classical juvenile history other hand, that the materials are of a manageable books, and to the promotion of the works of traditional history authors. amount, and that a fairly complete narrative may be The books which Heritage History republishes are in the public given within a moderate compass. domain and are no longer protected by the original copyright. They may therefore be reproduced within the United States without paying a royalty I have made it a rule to go to the original to the author. authorities. At the same time I have to express my The text and pictures used to produce this version of the work, obligations to several modern works, to the geographical however, are the property of Heritage History and are subject to certain treatises of Heeren, the histories of Grote, Arnold and restrictions. These restrictions are imposed for the purpose of protecting the Mommsen, Mr. Bosworth Smith's admirable Carthage integrity of the work, for preventing plagiarism, and for helping to assure and the Carthaginians, and the learned and exhaustive that compromised versions of the work are not widely disseminated. History of Art in Phoenicia and its Dependencies, by In order to preserve information regarding the origin of this text, a Messieurs Georges Perrot and Charles Chipiez, as copyright by the author, and a Heritage History distribution date are translated and edited by Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of Rome, Vol. 4 [10 AD]
    The Online Library of Liberty A Project Of Liberty Fund, Inc. Titus Livius (Livy), The History of Rome, Vol. 4 [10 AD] The Online Library Of Liberty This E-Book (PDF format) is published by Liberty Fund, Inc., a private, non-profit, educational foundation established in 1960 to encourage study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals. 2010 was the 50th anniversary year of the founding of Liberty Fund. It is part of the Online Library of Liberty web site http://oll.libertyfund.org, which was established in 2004 in order to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc. To find out more about the author or title, to use the site's powerful search engine, to see other titles in other formats (HTML, facsimile PDF), or to make use of the hundreds of essays, educational aids, and study guides, please visit the OLL web site. This title is also part of the Portable Library of Liberty DVD which contains over 1,000 books and quotes about liberty and power, and is available free of charge upon request. The cuneiform inscription that appears in the logo and serves as a design element in all Liberty Fund books and web sites is the earliest-known written appearance of the word “freedom” (amagi), or “liberty.” It is taken from a clay document written about 2300 B.C. in the Sumerian city-state of Lagash, in present day Iraq. To find out more about Liberty Fund, Inc., or the Online Library of Liberty Project, please contact the Director at oll@libertyfund.org.
    [Show full text]
  • The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume IV - C
    Cambridge University Press 0521414113 - The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume IV - c. 1024-c. 1198 Edited by David Luscombe and Jonathan Riley-Smith Index More information INDEX Aachen, 77, 396, 401, 402, 404, 405 Abul-Barakat al-Jarjara, 695, 700 Aaron, bishop of Cologne, 280 Acerra, counts of, 473 ‘Abbadids, kingdom of Seville, 157 Acre ‘Abbas ibn Tamim, 718 11th century, 702, 704, 705 ‘Abbasids 12th century Baghdad, 675, 685, 686, 687, 689, 702 1104 Latin conquest, 647 break-up of empire, 678, 680 1191 siege, 522, 663 and Byzantium, 696 and Ayyubids, 749 caliphate, before First Crusade, 1 fall to crusaders, 708 dynasty, 675, 677 fall to Saladin, 662, 663 response to Fatimid empire, 685–9 Fatimids, 728 abbeys, see monasteries and kingdom of Jerusalem, 654, 662, 664, abbots, 13, 530 667, 668, 669 ‘Abd Allah al-Ziri, king of Granada, 156, 169–70, Pisans, 664 180, 181, 183 trade, 727 ‘Abd al-Majid, 715 13th century, 749 ‘Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar, 155, 158, 160, 163, 165 Adalasia of Sicily, 648 ‘Abd al-Mu’min, 487 Adalbero, bishop of Wurzburg,¨ 57 ‘Abd al-Rahman (Shanjul), 155, 156 Adalbero of Laon, 146, 151 ‘Abd al-Rahman III, 156, 159 Adalbert, archbishop of Mainz, 70, 71, 384–5, ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn Ilyas, 682 388, 400, 413, 414 Abelard of Conversano, 109, 110, 111, 115 Adalbert, bishop of Prague, 277, 279, 284, 288, Aberconwy, 599 312 Aberdeen, 590 Adalbert, bishop of Wolin, 283 Abergavenny, 205 Adalbert, king of Italy, 135 Abernethy agreement, 205 Adalgar, chancellor, 77 Aberteifi, 600 Adam of Bremen, 295 Abingdon, 201, 558 Adam of
    [Show full text]
  • ROGER II of SICILY a Ruler Between East and West
    . ROGER II OF SICILY A ruler between east and west . HUBERT HOUBEN Translated by Graham A. Loud and Diane Milburn published by the press syndicate of the university of cambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge cb2 1rp, United Kingdom cambridge university press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge, cb2 2ru,UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, ny 10011-4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, vic 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcon´ 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org Originally published in German as Roger II. von Sizilien by Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt, 1997 and C Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt, 1997 First published in English by Cambridge University Press 2002 as Roger II of Sicily English translation C Cambridge University Press 2002 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge Typeface Bembo 10/11.5 pt. System LATEX 2ε [TB] A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Houben, Hubert. [Roger II. von Sizilien. English] Roger II of Sicily: a ruler between east and west / Hubert Houben; translated by Graham A. Loud and Diane Milburn. p. cm. Translation of: Roger II. von Sizilien. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 0 521 65208 1 (hardback) isbn 0 521 65573 0 (paperback) 1. Roger II, King of Sicily, d.
    [Show full text]
  • The Phocian Betrayal at Thermopylae
    historia 68, 2019/4, 413–435 DOI 10.25162/historia-2019-0022 Jeffrey Rop The Phocian Betrayal at Thermopylae Abstract: This article makes three arguments regarding the Battle of Thermopylae. First, that the discovery of the Anopaea path was not dependent upon Ephialtes, but that the Persians were aware of it at their arrival and planned their attacks at Thermopylae, Artemisium, and against the Phocians accordingly. Second, that Herodotus’ claims that the failure of the Pho- cians was due to surprise, confusion, and incompetence are not convincing. And third, that the best explanation for the Phocian behavior is that they were from Delphi and betrayed their allies as part of a bid to restore local control over the sanctuary. Keywords: Thermopylae – Artemisium – Delphi – Phocis – Medism – Anopaea The courageous sacrifice of Leonidas and the Spartans is perhaps the central theme of Herodotus’ narrative and of many popular retellings of the Battle of Thermopylae in 480 BCE. Even as modern historians are appropriately more critical of this heroizing impulse, they have tended to focus their attention on issues that might explain why Leo- nidas and his men fought to the death. These include discussion of the broader strategic and tactical importance of Thermopylae, the inter-relationship and chronology of the Greek defense of the pass and the naval campaign at Artemisium, the actual number of Greeks who served under Leonidas and whether it was sufficient to hold the position, and so on. While this article inevitably touches upon some of these same topics, its main purpose is to reconsider the decisive yet often overlooked moment of the battle: the failure of the 1,000 Phocians on the Anopaea path.
    [Show full text]
  • The Battle-Field of Old Pharsalus
    The Classical Quarterly http://journals.cambridge.org/CAQ Additional services for The Classical Quarterly: Email alerts: Click here Subscriptions: Click here Commercial reprints: Click here Terms of use : Click here The Battle-eld of Old Pharsalus T. Rice Holmes The Classical Quarterly / Volume 2 / Issue 04 / October 1908, pp 271 - 292 DOI: 10.1017/S000983880001795X, Published online: 11 February 2009 Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S000983880001795X How to cite this article: T. Rice Holmes (1908). The Battle-eld of Old Pharsalus. The Classical Quarterly, 2, pp 271-292 doi:10.1017/S000983880001795X Request Permissions : Click here Downloaded from http://journals.cambridge.org/CAQ, IP address: 130.60.206.74 on 05 May 2015 THE BATTLE-FIELD OF OLD PHARSALVS. I. AMONG the problems of ancient history of which no solution has yet been generally recognized as definitive is that of the battle-field where the struggle between Pompey and Caesar was decided. Colonel Leake's exposition1 was rejected by von Goler2 and Sir William Napier3; and the paper4 in which he endeavoured to vindicate it produced little effect. Napier and von Goler con- structed theories which were vitiated by the misleading maps on which they worked. M. Leon Heuzey, the chief of the Macedonian mission which collected information for the contemplated final volume of Napoleon the Third's Histoire de Jules Char, performed a valuable service by preparing, with the aid of an engineer officer, M. Laloy, the first trustworthy survey of the Pharsalian region ; but his dissertation on the battle,5 published in 1886, was bitterly derided by Colonel Stoffel,6 who, however, appropriated his predecessor's maps without acknowledgment.
    [Show full text]
  • The Fleets of the First Punic War Author(S): W
    The Fleets of the First Punic War Author(s): W. W. Tarn Reviewed work(s): Source: The Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. 27 (1907), pp. 48-60 Published by: The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/624404 . Accessed: 24/02/2013 08:32 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of Hellenic Studies. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded on Sun, 24 Feb 2013 08:32:00 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE FLEETS OF THE FIRST PUNIC WAR. ACCORDINGto Polybius, there took part in the battle of Ecnomus 680 quinqueremes and 290,000 men, i.e. crews 204,000 and troops 86,000; while in the next year, at the battle of the Hermaean promontory, 550 quiuqueremes were engaged. The only figures comparable to these in Roman history, manifest absurdities apart, are those given by Appian for the battle of Naulochus, and perhaps those for Actiumrn. At Naulochus 300 ships of all sizes are said to have been in action on either side, and no doubt Agrippa's fleet, at any rate, did amount to this large number1; while at Actium Octavian may have had anything up to 400.2 But in Octavian's time the population of all Italy may have been 7 to 8 millions 3; the Mediterranean was almost a Roman lake, and its entire resources went to furnish the fleets for the civil wars.
    [Show full text]
  • Antiqua Iuniora Vinicultura Española, 1850-1936
    50 ciencia ociales L os autores de los trabajos que componen S este volumen tienen una característica común: todos ellos son jóvenes investigadores 39. Ángela López Jiménez, Zaragoza ciudad que actualmente desarrollan sus indagacio- hablada. Memoria colectiva de las mujeres y nes, sobre distintos aspectos relacionados con n este libro se recogen diecisiete el mundo antiguo, en diversas universidades los hombres. (2001) E estudios históricos realizados por jóvenes investigadores españolas e italianas, de las que presentan 40. Juan Carmona, Josep Colomé, Juan Pan-Mon- de distintas universidades españolas —Barcelona, Sevilla y aquí sus aportaciones más novedosas. tojo y James Simpson (editores), Viñas, bode- Zaragoza— e italianas —Génova y Roma II— en los que se gas y mercados. El cambio técnico en la viti- analizan diversos aspectos relacionados con la historia del Antiqua Iuniora vinicultura española, 1850-1936. (2001) ámbito mediterráneo durante la Antigüedad. Estos trabajos 41. Ève Gran-Aymerich, El nacimiento de la se agrupan en torno a cuatro ejes temáticos: los santuarios En torno al Mediterráneo arqueología moderna, 1798-1945. (2001) griegos en época romana, las inscripciones de Italia e His- en la Antigüedad 42. Rafael Vallejo Pousada, Reforma tributaria y pania, la península ibérica en la Antigüedad y la literatura fiscalidad sobre la agricultura en la España clásica; y constituyen una valiosa muestra de las inquietu- liberal, 1845-1900. (2001) des, el buen hacer y el rigor metodológico de las nuevas 43. DuPlessis, Robert S., Transiciones al capita- generaciones de historiadores de la Antigüedad. Francisco Beltrán Lloris (editor) lismo en Europa durante la Edad Moderna. (2001) 44. Carlos Usabiaga, El estado actual de la Macro- economía.
    [Show full text]
  • The History and Description of Africa and of the Notable Things Therein Contained, Vol
    The history and description of Africa and of the notable things therein contained, Vol. 3 http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.CH.DOCUMENT.nuhmafricanus3 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org The history and description of Africa and of the notable things therein contained, Vol. 3 Alternative title The history and description of Africa and of the notable things therein contained Author/Creator Leo Africanus Contributor Pory, John (tr.), Brown, Robert (ed.) Date 1896 Resource type Books Language English, Italian Subject Coverage (spatial) Northern Swahili Coast;Middle Niger, Mali, Timbucktu, Southern Swahili Coast Source Northwestern University Libraries, G161 .H2 Description Written by al-Hassan ibn-Mohammed al-Wezaz al-Fasi, a Muslim, baptised as Giovanni Leone, but better known as Leo Africanus.
    [Show full text]
  • Command & Colors: Ancients SCENARIOS
    Command & Colors: Ancients 1 Command & Colors: Ancients SCENARIOS THE BATTLE OF AKRAGAS – 406 BC 2nd BATTLE OF BENEVENTUM - 214 BC crimissos river – 341 BC CASTULO – 211 BC bagradas – 253 BC BAECULA – 208 BC TICINUS river – 218 BC METAURUS - 207 BC Trebbia – 218 BC ILIPA – 206 BC LAKE TRASIMENUS – 217 BC Great plains – 203 BC CANNAE – 216 BC DERTOSA – 215 BC ZAMA – 202 BC Game Design by Richard Borg GMT Games, LLC P.O. Box 1308, Hanford, CA 93232-1308 • www.GMTGames.com © 2006 GMT Games, LLC 2 Command & Colors: Ancients THE BATTLE OF AKRAGAS – 406 BC CARTHAGINIAN Mago Himilco MA HM A AA LC CH LB L CH LB LB L LC A H H H H A A MC Daphnaeus Dionysius SYRACUSAN Historical Background War Council It is a time of violent competition between the Syracusan Ty- Carthagian Army rants (military dictators) and Carthage for control of Sicily. The • Leader: Himilco Carthaginians under Himilco have besieged Akragas, a city al- • 5 Command Cards lied with Syracuse, prompting Daphnaeus and his army to march to its aid. The Carthaginians split their army into an observation Syracusan Army force in front of Akragas, and a blocking force sent to oppose • Use Roman blocks Daphnaeus. The Carthaginian army was almost totally merce- • Leader: Daphnaeus nary, while Daphnaeus’s contained veteran heavy infantry that • 6 Command Cards proved invincible when committed to the battle. The survivor’s • Move First of Himilco’s badly beaten army fled to the coastal fort shelter- Victory ing Mago’s observation force. There was no pursuit and no fur- 5 Banners ther battle.
    [Show full text]