Command & Colors: Ancients SCENARIOS
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Life in the Protected Areas
www.ermesambiente.it/parchi Life in the Protected Areas The hill The Po Delta The low mountains and hills are like a rich mosaic of environments and landscapes that contain a good share The Po Delta is the the most extensive system of wetlands in Italy, of regional biodiversity: hardwood forests, meadows, shrubs and cultivated fields; rocky cliffs, gullies and gypsum where you can still feel the atmosphere of the great lonely spaces and sa- outcrops. vour the slow pace of the relationship between man and nature that has 14 nature reserves nature 14 and and The High Apennines This is the part of the regional territory where the relationship between human activities and nature is most intense helped shape an area in constant evolution. 17 parks 17 Discover it in in it Discover and where there is an important and well-known historical patrimony, made of archaeological sites, castles, The regional park protects the southern sector of today’s deltaic area, while The Apennines represent the backbone of the region, topped by Mount churches, monasteries, medieval villages and stately homes. There are also remains that bear witness to minor the rest of it falls within the Venetian regional park of the same name. Cimone (2165 m) in Modena. These mountain environments consist of aspects of life in the past: small stone villages, chestnuts dryers, mills and majesty. Sand-banks, reed beds, coastal lagoons, pine forests, flooded forests, brack- As of today, the Protected Nature Areas established in Emilia- blueberry heaths, meadows and pastures, vast hardwood and coniferous There are several protected areas that have been established since the ‘80s in the hills in order to protect both the ish valleys and freshwater wetlands form a natural heritage of European Romagna consist of: 2 national parks, 1 interregional park, 14 trees forests, lakes and peat-bogs. -
Carthage and Rome; and the Regulations About Them Are Precise
Conditions and Terms of Use PREFACE Copyright © Heritage History 2010 It is difficult to tell the story of Carthage, Some rights reserved because one has to tell it without sympathy, and from the This text was produced and distributed by Heritage History, an standpoint of her enemies. It is a great advantage, on the organization dedicated to the preservation of classical juvenile history other hand, that the materials are of a manageable books, and to the promotion of the works of traditional history authors. amount, and that a fairly complete narrative may be The books which Heritage History republishes are in the public given within a moderate compass. domain and are no longer protected by the original copyright. They may therefore be reproduced within the United States without paying a royalty I have made it a rule to go to the original to the author. authorities. At the same time I have to express my The text and pictures used to produce this version of the work, obligations to several modern works, to the geographical however, are the property of Heritage History and are subject to certain treatises of Heeren, the histories of Grote, Arnold and restrictions. These restrictions are imposed for the purpose of protecting the Mommsen, Mr. Bosworth Smith's admirable Carthage integrity of the work, for preventing plagiarism, and for helping to assure and the Carthaginians, and the learned and exhaustive that compromised versions of the work are not widely disseminated. History of Art in Phoenicia and its Dependencies, by In order to preserve information regarding the origin of this text, a Messieurs Georges Perrot and Charles Chipiez, as copyright by the author, and a Heritage History distribution date are translated and edited by Mr. -
Symbolic Victory Signaling Strength Through Battlefield Choice (Paper in Progress)
Symbolic Victory Signaling Strength through Battlefield Choice (Paper in Progress) Richard Jordan August 7, 2014 Abstract Strong states can fight riskier battles in order to signal their strength and con- clude wars. I open with the broad question, why do some battles end wars, while others do not? I argue that Clausewitz' conception of decisive victory does not describe the majority of war-deciding engagements. The larger literature on bar- gaining and war proves equally unhelpful: while it predicts war termination should correlate with its duration (since fighting causes beliefs to converge), empirical tests have failed to corroborate this hypothesis. Focusing on the game theoretic litera- ture, I suggest this failing results from the assumption that generals cannot choose their battlefields. I argue that where and how a general fights conveys information: stronger states can (and will) fight on more difficult ground and for more difficult objectives than weak states. This decision conveys information to an enemy; this additional information increases our ability to predict war termination. In short, strategic risk is a costly signal in war. After developing this logic informally, I develop it further in a formal, game theoretic model of symbolic victory. Finally, I briefly illustrate the model with cases from the Second World War and the Second Punic War. 1 In 1800 Daniel Steibelt, a pianist of some renown, challenged the young Ludwig van Beethoven to an improvisational duel. Confident in his abilities, Steibelt played a quintet of his own composition and then|in an unmistakable insult|improvised on one of Beethoven's own themes. Furious, Beethoven strode to the piano, on his way snatching the cello part of Steibelt's quintet. -
Hannibal As Spy Chief
Hannibal as spy chief Rose Mary Sheldon Hannibal’s abilities as a general are legendary.1 In fact, the Carthaginian’s activities in the Second Punic War made such a lasting impression on history that the conflict was branded ‘Hannibal’s War’. 2 Yet, in all the narratives of the war and in biographies of Hannibal, his role as spymaster has been generally ignored. 3 The Second Punic War offers numerous examples of the advantages good intelligence can give to a political and military leader, and Hannibal was both. For nearly two decades the Romans found themselves locked in deadly warfare with a spymaster whose use of intelligence was unmatched. It was a contest that severely strained all of Rome’s resources – political, military, economic, and social – and yet it was Hannibal who ultimately lost the war. Hannibal, as a spymaster, can tell us much about the use of strategic and tactical intelligence, counterintelligence, and the role they played in the history, culture and international relations of the Mediterranean world in the third century BC. Hannibal’s War Hannibal came to his command after the death of his father and Carthage’s loss of the First Punic War. Losing Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica to the Romans in the recent war led the Carthaginians to seek a new province to replace the sources of revenue and co-opted manpower of which they had recently been deprived. They began building a new empire in Spain that would help pay off their sizable war indemnity, and serve as a future base of operations against the Romans. -
Hydrogeologïcal Features of the Po Valley (Northern Italy)
HYDROGEOLOGÏCAL FEATURES OF THE PO VALLEY (NORTHERN ITALY) PARTICULARITÉS HYDROGÉOLOGIQUES DE LA VALLÉE DE LA RIVIÈRE PO (ITALIE DU NORD) C. BORTOLAMI1, G. BRAGA2, A. COLOMBBTTI3, A. DAL PRÀ4, V. FRANCANT5, F. FRANCAVILLA6, G. GIULIANO7, M. MANFREDINI7, M. PELLEGRINI3, F. PETRTJCCI8, R. POZZI5, S. STEFANINI9 1 Institute of Geology, University of Torino. 2 Institute of Geology, University of Pavia. 3 Institute of Geology, University of Modena. 4 Institute of Geology, University of Padova. 5 Institute of Geology, University of Milano. 6 Institute of Geology, University of Bologna. 7 Water Research Institute, National Research Council, Rome. 8 Institute of Geology, University of Parma. 9 Institute of Geology, University of Trieste. RESUME Cette note donne pour la première fois une synthèse des conditions hydrogéologiques de la Plaine du Pô (Italie du Nord) : en effet les études entreprises jusqu'à présent ne concernaient que des secteurs très limités. Un programme de recherche, organisé et financé par l'Institut de Recherche sur les Eaux du Conseil National des Recherches et réalisé avec la collaboration des Instituts de Géologie de la région du Pô, a permis d'étudier les aspects hydrogéologiques de vastes unités territoriales de la Plaine. Sur la base d'environ 10 000 coupes stratigraphiques de puits d'eau ainsi que des données hydrauliques et chimiques de 21 000 autres puits il a été possible d'arriver à une evaluation approximative satisfaisante des conditions structurelles des aquifères, qui se trouvent presque exclusivement dans les dépôts continentaux du Quaternaire (dépôts rnorainiques, fluviatiles et fluvio-glaciaires). La Plaine du Pô est en effet un grand bassin subsidant et qui a été caractérisé au Quaternaire par une grande vitesse de dépôt (épaisseur moyenne de.800 m); il est limité au Nord et à l'Ouest par les Alpes, au Sud par les Apennins et à l'Est par la Mer Adriatique. -
The Fleets of the First Punic War Author(S): W
The Fleets of the First Punic War Author(s): W. W. Tarn Reviewed work(s): Source: The Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. 27 (1907), pp. 48-60 Published by: The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/624404 . Accessed: 24/02/2013 08:32 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of Hellenic Studies. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded on Sun, 24 Feb 2013 08:32:00 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE FLEETS OF THE FIRST PUNIC WAR. ACCORDINGto Polybius, there took part in the battle of Ecnomus 680 quinqueremes and 290,000 men, i.e. crews 204,000 and troops 86,000; while in the next year, at the battle of the Hermaean promontory, 550 quiuqueremes were engaged. The only figures comparable to these in Roman history, manifest absurdities apart, are those given by Appian for the battle of Naulochus, and perhaps those for Actiumrn. At Naulochus 300 ships of all sizes are said to have been in action on either side, and no doubt Agrippa's fleet, at any rate, did amount to this large number1; while at Actium Octavian may have had anything up to 400.2 But in Octavian's time the population of all Italy may have been 7 to 8 millions 3; the Mediterranean was almost a Roman lake, and its entire resources went to furnish the fleets for the civil wars. -
State of Play Analyses for Po River Basin, Italy
State of play analyses for Po River Basin, Italy Contents Socio-economic characterization of the region ............................................................... 2 General ...................................................................................................................................... 2 Hydrology .................................................................................................................................. 7 Regulatory and institutional framework .......................................................................... 8 Legal framework ........................................................................................................................ 8 Standards .................................................................................................................................. 9 Other institutional aspects ...................................................................................................... 10 Identification of key actors ............................................................................................. 10 Existing situation of wastewater treatment and agriculture ......................................... 15 Characterization of wastewater treatment sector: ................................................................ 15 Characterization of agricultural sector: .................................................................................. 15 Existing related initiatives .............................................................................................. -
Historical Background
Historical background Carthage and Rome were both emerging superpowers of the Mediterranean. Rome built its power upon the infantry and conscription system. No matter how many defeats the Romans suffered, they were always able to overcome the enemy by recruiting new troops. Carthage’s wealth came from trade and the strength of its navy. Both superpowers had been allies fighting against their common enemy - the mighty Pyrrhus, King of Epir. But it took them only 12 years to be turned into enemies. The casus belli was the Carthaginian attempt to gain control over Sicily. Rome considered this a major threat towards its control over the entire Italian peninsula. he First Punic War lasted 23 years. In 264 BC, the Romans laid laid siege to Saguntum, the Romans objected, making it another ca- T siege to Syracuse and forced this small kingdom to break its al- sus belli. In 218 BC Hannibal raised an army and crossed the Alps, liance with Carthage and become yet another ally of Rome. The Car- defeating Publius Scipio at the Ticinus River. Right after, Hannibal thaginians thought that they could overcome the Romans just as they invaded Italy, achieving his most significant victory in the Battle of did Pyrrhus – by fortifying important cities and keeping their naval Cannae in 216 BC annihilating entire Roman army in the process. superiority. Rome had no navy, thus it was supposed to lose the war in However, Hannibal refrained from besieging the Rome itself and in- the long term anyway. stead decided to cut off the Romans from their allies, who – just as However, in 262 BC the Romans successfully besieged the fortress Capua and Tarentum – begun to switch sides. -
Camera Dei Deputati Commissioni Riunite 8^ E 9^ Ing. Aldo Castellari
Camera dei Deputati Commissioni riunite 8^ e 9^ Ing. Aldo Castellari DATA 03.02.2021 Informazione ad uso interno INQUADRAMENTO GENERALE La Strada Statale 45 di Val Trebbia collega le province di Genova e di Piacenza, ovvero la costa del Mar Ligure con la Pianura Padana. Il tracciato, poco più di 130 km di cui quasi 74 km in Emilia Romagna, è stato interessato da interventi puntuali di allargamento della sede viaria e di rettificazione del tracciato che ne hanno notevolmente migliorato i livelli prestazionali. Oltre Gorreto (GE), ultimo comune attraversato in territorio ligure, il tracciato della SS 45 si insinua nella provincia di Piacenza. Il primo centro attraversato è Ottone (PC), superato il comune di Zerba (PC), la strada sale e raggiunge il comune di Cerignale (PC), dove, fino a Bobbio (PC), il tracciato risulta molto tortuoso, caratterizzato da curve di stretto raggio e da una scarsa larghezza della carreggiata. Nel territorio comunale di Cerignale (PC) la strada rasenta per alcuni chilometri il confine regionale con la Lombardia senza, però, attraversarlo; con alcuni saliscendi, caratterizzati dalla presenza di numerose gallerie e viadotti, si giunge al termine dell'alta valle della Trebbia. E‘ proprio in questo tratto che si posiziona l’intervento, ed particolare al confine tra i Comuni di Cerignale (PC) e Corte Brugnatella (PC). 2 Informazione ad uso interno SINTESI INTERVENTO SOLUZIONE PROVVISORIA NOME OPERA S.S. 45 “di Val Trebbia” Lavori di realizzazione del ponte provvisorio in comune di corte Brugnatella (PC) a seguito del crollo del Ponte Lenzino al Km 78+250. REGIONE Emilia Romagna DESCRIZIONE INTERVENTO Il progetto consiste nella realizzazione di una viabilità provvisoria di attraversamento del Fiume Trebbia a seguito del crollo del ponte Lenzino al Km 78+250 della SS 45 in località Corte Brugnatella (PC) avvenuto in data 3 ottobre 2020. -
Rapporto Conoscitivo Rottofreno Travo
Regione Emilia Romagna Provincia di Piacenza Assessorato alla Programmazione Territoriale Comuni di Calendasco Gazzola Gossolengo Gragnano Trebbiense Piacenza Rivergaro Rapporto conoscitivo Rottofreno Travo Proposta di istituzione ai sensi della L.R. 6/2005 Parco regionale del Trebbia AIRE GIUGNO 2007 C Urbanistica Parco regionale del Trebbia Proposta di istituzione (L.R. 6/2005) Società incaricata Coop. Architetti e Ingegneri – Urbanistica di Reggio Emilia (CAIRE) Presidente Ugo Baldini Coordinamento progettuale Franco Fortunato Collaborazione al progetto ed elaborazioni grafiche Davide Paganotti Ha contribuito alla proposta lo storico Pier Luigi Dal- l’Aglio con la stesura del testo “Paesaggio, storia, iden- tità per la costruzione della Rete Locale” materiali per il Parco del Trebbia “i segni del passato” Per la Provincia di Piacenza Programmazione e Sviluppo Economico Territorio Montagna Assessore Alberto Borghi Segreteria Gabriella Garilli Servizio Pianificazione Territoriale e Ambientale Adalgisa Torselli - Dirigente Giuseppe Bongiorni Pietro Bosi Fausta Casadei Elena Fantini Cesarina Raschiani Chiara Spotorno Enrica Sogni Elena Visai Servizio polizia Provinciale – Vigilanza – Tutela della Fauna – Protezione civile Celestino Poggioli – Dirigente Angelo Battaglia – Uff. Polizia Provinciale Enrico Merli Area Programmazione, Infrastrutture, Ambiente Fabrizio Bernini Marcello Motta Collaborazioni esterne Società piacentina di scienze naturali Andrea Ambrogio Giacomo Bracchi Sergio Mezzadri Antonio Ruggieri . L’identificazione del Parco -
A Reappraisal of Hannibal's Use of Elephants
0DJLVWHU(OHSKDQWRUXP$5HDSSUDLVDORI+DQQLEDO V 8VHRI(OHSKDQWV 0LFKDHO%&KDUOHV3HWHU5KRGDQ Classical World, Volume 100, Number 4, Summer 2007, pp. 363-389 (Article) 3XEOLVKHGE\-RKQV+RSNLQV8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV DOI: 10.1353/clw.2007.0054 For additional information about this article http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/clw/summary/v100/100.4charles.html Access provided by University of Queensland (17 Sep 2015 03:29 GMT) 363 MAGISTER ELEPHANTORVM: A REAPPRAISAL OF HANNIBAL’S USE OF ELEPHANTS ABSTRACT: This article, which examines all the available evidence for Hannibal’s use of elephants in the Second Punic War, refutes the conten- tion that Hannibal was especially innovative in his tactical use of the beasts. In addition, greater reliance on elephants in Italy, particularly after his success at the Trebia, would have hindered Hannibal in his lengthy cam- paign against Rome. The article also contends that Hannibal’s use of massed elephants at Zama highlights the degree to which he was accustomed to take chances in the field, especially given his demonstrable familiarity with the fickle nature of elephants when used for military purposes. Over the years, much has been written about the Carthaginian general Hannibal and his use of elephants during the Second Punic War. 1 Outwardly, it might appear as if the topic were a closed one and that there is little new to add. Despite this, a recent article by Jacob Edwards has added something new—and indeed controversial— by arguing that Hannibal might have achieved much more success in Italy than he did if a greater number of his elephants had sur- vived the arduous trek across the Alps.2 Edwards also suggests that “Hannibal’s use of elephants is one of thwarted genius,”3 the impli- cation being that Hannibal had developed an almost unique grasp of the manner in which elephants could be used in warfare. -
Carthaginian Mercenaries: Soldiers of Fortune, Allied Conscripts, and Multi-Ethnic Armies in Antiquity Kevin Patrick Emery Wofford College
Wofford College Digital Commons @ Wofford Student Scholarship 5-2016 Carthaginian Mercenaries: Soldiers of Fortune, Allied Conscripts, and Multi-Ethnic Armies in Antiquity Kevin Patrick Emery Wofford College Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wofford.edu/studentpubs Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, and the Military History Commons Recommended Citation Emery, Kevin Patrick, "Carthaginian Mercenaries: Soldiers of Fortune, Allied Conscripts, and Multi-Ethnic Armies in Antiquity" (2016). Student Scholarship. Paper 11. http://digitalcommons.wofford.edu/studentpubs/11 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ Wofford. It has been accepted for inclusion in Student Scholarship by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Wofford. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Wofford College Carthaginian Mercenaries: Soldiers of Fortune, Allied Conscripts, and Multi-Ethnic Armies in Antiquity An Honors Thesis Submitted to The Faculty of the Department of History In Candidacy For An Honors Degree in History By Kevin Patrick Emery Spartanburg, South Carolina May 2016 1 Introduction The story of the mercenary armies of Carthage is one of incompetence and disaster, followed by clever innovation. It is a story not just of battles and betrayal, but also of the interactions between dissimilar peoples in a multiethnic army trying to coordinate, fight, and win, while commanded by a Punic officer corps which may or may not have been competent. Carthaginian mercenaries are one piece of a larger narrative about the struggle between Carthage and Rome for dominance in the Western Mediterranean, and their history illustrates the evolution of the mercenary system employed by the Carthaginian Empire to extend her power and ensure her survival.