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Hydrogeologïcal Features of the Po Valley (Northern Italy)

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Hydrogeologïcal Features of the Po Valley (Northern Italy) HYDROGEOLOGÏCAL FEATURES OF THE PO VALLEY (NORTHERN ITALY) PARTICULARITÉS HYDROGÉOLOGIQUES DE LA VALLÉE DE LA RIVIÈRE PO (ITALIE DU NORD) C. BORTOLAMI1, G. BRAGA2, A. COLOMBBTTI3, A. DAL PRÀ4, V. FRANCANT5, F. FRANCAVILLA6, G. GIULIANO7, M. MANFREDINI7, M. PELLEGRINI3, F. PETRTJCCI8, R. POZZI5, S. STEFANINI9 1 Institute of Geology, University of Torino. 2 Institute of Geology, University of Pavia. 3 Institute of Geology, University of Modena. 4 Institute of Geology, University of Padova. 5 Institute of Geology, University of Milano. 6 Institute of Geology, University of Bologna. 7 Water Research Institute, National Research Council, Rome. 8 Institute of Geology, University of Parma. 9 Institute of Geology, University of Trieste. RESUME Cette note donne pour la première fois une synthèse des conditions hydrogéologiques de la Plaine du Pô (Italie du Nord) : en effet les études entreprises jusqu'à présent ne concernaient que des secteurs très limités. Un programme de recherche, organisé et financé par l'Institut de Recherche sur les Eaux du Conseil National des Recherches et réalisé avec la collaboration des Instituts de Géologie de la région du Pô, a permis d'étudier les aspects hydrogéologiques de vastes unités territoriales de la Plaine. Sur la base d'environ 10 000 coupes stratigraphiques de puits d'eau ainsi que des données hydrauliques et chimiques de 21 000 autres puits il a été possible d'arriver à une evaluation approximative satisfaisante des conditions structurelles des aquifères, qui se trouvent presque exclusivement dans les dépôts continentaux du Quaternaire (dépôts rnorainiques, fluviatiles et fluvio-glaciaires). La Plaine du Pô est en effet un grand bassin subsidant et qui a été caractérisé au Quaternaire par une grande vitesse de dépôt (épaisseur moyenne de.800 m); il est limité au Nord et à l'Ouest par les Alpes, au Sud par les Apennins et à l'Est par la Mer Adriatique. Les conditions hydrogéologiques sont très variables en fonction de celles géologiques et morphologiques locales. Une première évaluation approchée permet de distinguer la Plaine au Sud des Alpes, formée par les dépôts rnorainiques d'âge différent des grands glaciers alpins, par les alluvions des affluents de rive gauche du Pô et par les fleuves de la Plaine de Venise; la zone axiale dans laquelle on retrouve surtout les sables et les argiles déposés par le Pô ; et enfin la Plaine au Nord des Apennins formée par les conoïdes des affluents de rive droite du Pô et par les fleuves de la Plaine à l'Est de Bologne. Dans la Plaine Apenninique les mouvements néo-tectoniques ont eu une grande importance dans le contrôle du dépôt des alluvions et ont parfois déplacé les aquifères les plus super­ ficiels (holocènes). A l'heure actuelle on constate dans plusieures zones que l'équilibre hydrique a été gravement perturbé par les prélèvements excessifs effectués (même 10 puits par km2 ont été relevés) ainsi que par d'autres facteurs concomitants tels que l'imperméabilisation des lits fluviaux due à la pollution chimique et organique, l'excavation du gravier des lits qui, baissant même jusqu'à plus de 10 m, drainent à présent la nappe phréatique, et enfin, la couverture de grandes étendues en correspondance des zones d'alimentation des nappes, par suite du grand développement des centres urbains. Dans plusieures zones les prélèvements sont souvent aussi conditionnés par les pollutions industrielle et urbaine. La présente note donne, entre autres pour certaines localités, des indications con­ cernant la perméabilité des aquifères, l'alimentation des nappes, la vitesse de l'écoulement souterrain, le chimisme et la base des eaux douces. En effet, dans certaines parties de la Plaine et surtout au Nord des Apennins, l'approche à la surface des eaux saumâtres profondes constitue une limite pour l'approvisionnement en eau. 305 Introduction The water supply for urban and industrial areas in the Po Valley comes almost exclusively from underground sources representing both unconfined and confined aquifers in the thick Quaternary cover of the Valley itself. In recent years the creation and development of industrial centres, together with the intense urbanization of the Po area, have excessively in­ creased the water demand. This has led to a striking withdrawal of ground­ water level. The industrialization and urbanization have given origin to the worrying phenomenon of the increasing underground water pollution, too. The Water Research Institute of the National Research Council (C.N.R.), on the proposal of prof. M. MANEREDINI, member of its Scientific Council, put forward, in 1971 a multi-annual programme of hydrogeological research in the area including the Po river Valley (s.s.), its north-eastern extension, from the river Adige to the river Isonzo, and its south-eastern extension, that is the Romagna Plain crossed by the river Reno, dealing with the problem in a co-ordinated manner*. The Institutes of Geology of the Universities of Turin, Pavia, Milan, Modena, Parma, Bologna, Eerrara, Padua and Trieste, with the collaboration of AGIP and the Large Masses Dynamics Laboratory of the C.N.R., all take part in the carrying out of the programme. The principal aims of the research programme are : a) The determination of the principal hydrogeological characteristics of the area, and the evaluation of the deep-aquifer water resources. b) The allotment of new technical elements, useful in programming water supply systems for the Po Region, to the Bodies responsible for water management. c) The setting up of research techniques and work plans of a scientific and technical nature to be used in similar investigations. The tasks of the initial phase of this programme are to make, first of all, a systematic collection of all litho-stratigraphical and hydrogeological data recorded from water wells, and to correlate these data on a local scale in order to obtain a first synthesis for the entire Po Valley. In this report the results of a first general synthesis carried out after the first four years' work** are dealt with. The continuation of the research will make possible to attain a greater precision and refinement of the knowledge of the hydrogeology of the Po Valley. Geological and hydrogeological background Geologically speaking the term "Po Valley" applies to the region covered by post-Calabrian deposits, represented mainly by alluvial sediments of the Po and other rivers. Altogether, the area concerned covers about 46,000 km2, with a length (E —W) of 400 km and a maximum breadth of 120 km (Eig. 1). * All throughout the paper the term of Po Valley is used in a wider sense of meaning, including also the Venetian and Romagna Plains. ** Detailed information on the results attained to in this phase of the research programme on the hydrogeology of the Po Valley are presented in reference [3]. 20 MAFI Evkonyv 1 i o BE \ \ \ A- "3 E'": \ a /7 / Ravenn A §^ BOLOGN 1 / o 2 T-i O <D •• 60 2 g O g om o o O 307 The Po Valley constitutes 71% of the level ground in Italy; the major Italian industrial and agricultural activities and the most urbanized areas are concentrated here. From a geological point of view, the Po Valley has long since represented a subsident region, at least for all the Neogene, and an accumulation site of thick sedimentary series ; also today, at least in the central and eastern part, the region is still subject to notable subsidence. The available information on the Po Valley enables to estimate the volume of the Quaternary sediments accumulated in the Po Valley to 40,000 km3, corresponding to an average thickness of about 850 m. The subsidence, already very noticeable in the Pliocene (average thickness 900 m) was notably increased in the Quaternary. Thus the Po Valley, constitutes a definite geographical and geological entity, as a great subsident basin, in which the Quaternary sediments reach the maximum thickness in correspondence with the axis of the Valley (over 1000 m), increasing from the west (western Alps) towards the east (Adriatic Sea), where the top of the Pliocene was found at depths of over 2000 m. The stratigraphy and the structural behaviour of the pre-Quaternary substratum and, more generally, the geological setting of the Po Valley were the subject of detailed studies for petroleum search by E.N.I. [1, 2]. Prom the hydrogeological point of view, the main interest is in the Quaternary deposits and to a lesser extent, especially along the edge of the Apennines, in the Pliocene sequence. The post-Pliocene sediments are continental, with gravels and sands in the upper part, and marine, with clays and sands, in the lower part. The marine Quaternary (Calabrian) constitutes the continuation of the sedimentary cycle that began in the Pliocene; therefore usually there is no discordance between Pliocene and Calabrian. The lacustrine faciès (Villafranchian) stratigraphically includes the Upper Pliocene and the Lower Pleistocene. It is cropping out in some areas (e.g. along the pre-Alpine margin of Piedmont), while in other areas it is buried by more recent fluvio-glacial and glacial sediments (e.g. Milan) ; in other areas it was not yet recognized. It is possible to single out three large units, with rather different hydro- geological characteristics, arranged according to the principal axis of the Valley : 1. The piedmont band and the high Alpine Plain, where the Mesozoic and Cenozoic substratum outcrops from the Quaternary continental deposits of the great glacial and inter-glacial cycles. 2. The central area along the river Po, made up of alluvial sediments carried down by the main water stream and its tributaries, especially the Alpine ones. In this region, as in the Venetian Plain and that at the foot of the Apennines to the east of Modena, there are local intercalations of marine sediments, also'inside the Holocene alluvial cover.
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