Full Text in Pdf Format

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Full Text in Pdf Format Vol. 141: 53–69, 2020 DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS Published online September 17 https://doi.org/10.3354/dao03521 Dis Aquat Org Multilocus sequence analysis of diverse Streptococcus iniae isolates indicates an underlying genetic basis for phenotypic heterogeneity Taylor I. Heckman1, Matt J. Griffin2, Alvin C. Camus3, Benjamin R. LaFrentz4, Danny Morick5, Rita Smirnov6, Tamir Ofek6, Esteban Soto1,* 1Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA 2Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS 39762, USA 3College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA 4USDA-ARS, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Auburn, AL 36832, USA 5Morris Kahn Marine Research Station, Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel 6Central Fish Health Laboratory, Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development, Nir David 1080300, Israel ABSTRACT: Streptococcus iniae is a Gram-positive, opportunistically zoonotic bacterium infective to a wide variety of farmed and wild fish species worldwide. Outbreaks in wild fish can have detri- mental environmental and cultural impacts, and mortality events in aquaculture can result in sig- nificant economic losses. As an emerging or re-emerging pathogen of global significance, under- standing the coalescing factors contributing to piscine streptococcosis is crucial for developing strategies to control infections. Intraspecific antigenic and genetic variability of S. iniae has made development of autogenous vaccines a challenge, particularly where the diversity of locally endemic S. iniae strains is unknown. This study genetically and phenotypically characterized 11 S. iniae isolates from diseased wild and farmed fish from North America, Central America, and the Caribbean. A multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) scheme was developed to phylogenetically compare these isolates to 84 other strains of Streptococcus spp. relevant to aquaculture. MLSA gen- erated phylogenies comparable to established genotyping methods, and isolates formed distinct clades related to phenotype and host species. The endothelial Oreochromis mossambicus bulbus arteriosus cell line and whole blood from rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, Nile tilapia Oreo - chromis niloticus, and white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus were used to investigate the per- sistence and virulence of the 11 isolates using in vitro assays. In vivo challenges using an O. niloticus model were used to evaluate virulence by the intragastric route of infection. Isolates showed signif- icant differences (p < 0.05) in virulence and persistence, with some correlation to genogroup, estab- lishing a basis for further work uncovering genetic factors leading to increased pathogenicity. KEY WORDS: Streptococcus iniae · Multilocus sequence analysis · MLSA · Streptococcosis · Aquaculture · Genotype Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher 1. INTRODUCTION pected to approach 10 billion by 2050 (United Na tions 2019). Infectious diseases such as strepto coc cosis Aquaculture is the world’s fastest growing food pro- have substantial economic impacts on the industry duction sector and plays a critical role in providing through diseases outbreaks, treatment ex pen ditures, livelihoods and protein sources for a population ex - and other production losses (Lucas et al. 2012, FAO *Corresponding author: sotomartinez@ucdavis.edu © Inter-Research 2020 · www.int-res.com 54 Dis Aquat Org 141: 53–69, 2020 2018). A major etiologic agent of pis cine streptococco- sequence analysis (MLSA) identifies variation in sis, Streptococcus iniae, is estimated to cost the global housekeeping genes in a reproducible and dissem- aquaculture industry over 100 million US$ annually inable manner. MLSA has been used successfully to (Shoemaker et al. 2001), and the number of hosts, genetically characterize a number of bacterial species habitats, and countries impacted continues to expand. (Martens et al. 2008, Macheras et al. 2011, Glaeser & Infection by S. iniae is multisystemic, but is commonly Kämpfer 2015, Whatmore et al. 2016, Liu et al. 2017), associated with menin gitis, pano phthalmitis, and sep- and publicly accessible databases facilitate inclusion ticemia. Pathogenesis varies depending on the bacte- of MLSA and whole-genome data from isolates across rial strain, host species, and environmental conditions the globe (Peacock et al. 2002, Patchanee et al. 2012, (Agnew & Barnes 2007). The host range of S. iniae in- Glaeser & Kämpfer 2015). However, no MLSA scheme cludes over 30 species of fresh, euryhaline, and salt- has been established for S. iniae. Herein, isolates pre- water fish (Agnew & Barnes 2007, Silayeva et al. viously typed by Rep-PCR (Soto et al. 2017a, T. I. 2020). Outbreaks with high mortalities occur in com- Heckman et al. unpubl. data) were used to evaluate mercially valuable fish, in cluding tilapia Oreochromis an MLSA method for S. iniae. The MLSA was de- spp. (Perera et al. 1994, Ortega et al. 2018), rainbow signed to be inclusive of other piscine streptococcal trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Eldar et al. 1994, Erfan- pathogens, giving it broader relevance to fish health manesh et al. 2012), white sturgeon Acipenser trans- research and diagnostics. To further characterize montanus (Soto et al. 2017a), and others. Ornamental these isolates and improve laboratory techniques species (Russo et al. 2006), wild marine fish (Eldar et used to assess S. iniae pathogenicity, in vitro and in al. 1999, Fer guson et al. 2000, Keirstead et al. 2014, vivo assays were employed to assess isolate virulence Berzak et al. 2019), and mammalian species including in relevant fish hosts. Through the in vivo assay, this humans (Weinstein et al. 1997, Koh et al. 2004, 2009, study also validates a biologically relevant intra - Facklam et al. 2005, Lau et al. 2006, Sun et al. 2007) gastric gavage challenge model for S. iniae infections. can also be affected. As such, S. iniae is a pathogen of concern in the fields of aquaculture, conservation, and animal health. Disease transmission be tween 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS farmed and wild fish has been implicated in several outbreaks (Zlotkin et al. 1998, Colorni et al. 2002, Bro- 2.1. Bacteria mage & Owens 2002, Berzak et al. 2019), illustrating the need for a better appreciation of the disease and A total of 11 clinical isolates of Streptococcus iniae its transmission directly between hosts and indirectly from 5 wild and farmed fish species from North in the environment. Despite this, the pathogenic America, Central America, and the Caribbean were mechanisms used by S. iniae and its epidemiology re- used in all aspects of this study; 35 additional S. iniae main incompletely understood, and vaccination efforts isolates from piscine and mammalian sources, as well have been met with variable success (Bachrach et al. as representative S. agalactiae, S. dysgalactiae and 2001, Creeper & Buller 2006, Agnew & Barnes 2007, S. icta luri isolates, were included for the MLSA Eyngor et al. 2008). A contributing factor to these dif- (Table 1). Isolates were stored in 1 ml aliquots in ficulties is our incomplete knowledge of the antigenic brain heart infusion broth (BHI; MP Biomedicals) and genetic diversity of S. iniae, especially related to with 20% glycerol at −80°C. Before each assay, iso- relevant differences in pathogenesis between strains. lates revived from frozen stocks were grown at 30°C To this end, S. iniae collected from wild and for 24 h in BHI, with shaking, or for 48 h on trypticase cultured fish species in marine and freshwater envi- soy agar supplemented with 5% sheep’s blood (SBA; ronments across North America, Central America, University of California, Biological Media Services), and the Caribbean were genetically and phenotypi- unless otherwise noted. The 0.5 McFarland standard cally characterized. Genotyping schemes, such as (~1.5 × 108 CFU ml−1) used for the in vivo and in vitro repetitive sequence mediated fingerprinting (Rep- virulence assays corresponded to a bacterial suspen- PCR) and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), sion in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) with an opti- have been used for S. iniae typing (Weinstein et al. cal density measurement of 0.14−0.155 at 600 nm, 1997, Chou et al. 2014), but the portability of data read on a UV/Vis photometer (BioPhotometer Plus, from these techniques is cumbersome, results are of- Eppendorf AG). Isolates were phenotypically charac- ten poorly reproducible, and reliable comparisons re - terized using the API 20 STREP system following the quire isolates to be processed simultaneously. In con- manufacturer’s instructions and read at 48 h (bio- trast to these image-based approaches, multilocus Mérieux). Heckman et al.: Multilocus sequence analysis of Streptococcus iniae 55 Table 1. Streptococcus isolates used in this study. Isolates in bold were used for both multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) typing and further phenotypic characterization Isolate Origin Geography Reference S. iniae ECO86-17 Spotted rose snapper Lutjanus guttatus Central America T. I. Heckman et al. unpubl. data S. iniae B8 Wild reef fish S. Caribbean Basin Soto et al. (2017a) S. iniae K08-409H Wild reef fish N. Caribbean Basin Soto et al. (2017a) S. iniae F15-4-3 Tilapia Oreochromis spp. California
Recommended publications
  • Disease of Aquatic Organisms 85:187
    Vol. 85: 187–192, 2009 DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS Published July 23 doi: 10.3354/dao02073 Dis Aquat Org Enhanced mortality in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus following coinfections with ichthyophthiriasis and streptococcosis De-Hai Xu*, Craig A. Shoemaker, Phillip H. Klesius US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Laboratory, 990 Wire Road, Auburn, Alabama 36832, USA ABSTRACT: Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet (Ich) and Streptococcus iniae are 2 major pathogens of cultured Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L). Currently there is no information available for the effect of coinfection by Ich and S. iniae on fish. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of parasite load and Ich development size on fish mortality following S. iniae infection. Low mortality (≤20%) was observed in tilapia exposed to Ich or S. iniae alone. Mortalities increased from 38% in tilapia exposed to Ich at 10 000 theronts fish–1 to 88% in fish at 20 000 theronts fish–1 follow- ing S. iniae exposure. The median days to death were significantly fewer (7 d) in fish exposed to Ich at 20 000 theronts fish–1 than fish exposed to 10 000 theronts fish–1 (10 d). A positive correlation (cor- relation coefficient = 0.83) was noted between tilapia mortality and size of Ich trophonts at the time of S. iniae challenge. Fish parasitized with well-developed trophonts (Day 4, 2 × 107 µm3 in volume) suffered higher mortality (47.5%) than fish (10.0%) infested by young trophonts (Hour 4, 1.3 × 104 µm3 in volume) after S. iniae challenge.
    [Show full text]
  • FIELD GUIDE to WARMWATER FISH DISEASES in CENTRAL and EASTERN EUROPE, the CAUCASUS and CENTRAL ASIA Cover Photographs: Courtesy of Kálmán Molnár and Csaba Székely
    SEC/C1182 (En) FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular I SSN 2070-6065 FIELD GUIDE TO WARMWATER FISH DISEASES IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE, THE CAUCASUS AND CENTRAL ASIA Cover photographs: Courtesy of Kálmán Molnár and Csaba Székely. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular No. 1182 SEC/C1182 (En) FIELD GUIDE TO WARMWATER FISH DISEASES IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE, THE CAUCASUS AND CENTRAL ASIA By Kálmán Molnár1, Csaba Székely1 and Mária Láng2 1Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary 2 National Food Chain Safety Office – Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, Budapest, Hungary FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Ankara, 2019 Required citation: Molnár, K., Székely, C. and Láng, M. 2019. Field guide to the control of warmwater fish diseases in Central and Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular No.1182. Ankara, FAO. 124 pp. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO.
    [Show full text]
  • (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2015/0037370 A1 Corbeil Et Al
    US 2015 0037370A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2015/0037370 A1 Corbeil et al. (43) Pub. Date: Feb. 5, 2015 (54) DIATOM-BASEDVACCINES (86). PCT No.: PCT/US2O12/062112 S371 (c)(1), (71) Applicants: The Regents of the University of (2) Date: Apr. 23, 2014 California, Oakland, CA (US); Synaptic Related U.S. Application Data Research, LLC, Baltimore, MD (US) (60) Provisional application No. 61/553,139, filed on Oct. (72) Inventors: Lynette B. Corbeil, San Diego, CA 28, 2011. (US); Mark Hildebrand, La Jolla, CA Publication Classification (US); Roshan Shrestha, San Diego, CA (US); Aubrey Davis, Lakeside, CA (51) Eiko.29s (2006.01) (US) Rachel Schrier, Del Mar, CA CI2N 7/00 (2006.01) (US); George A. Oyler, Lincoln, NE A6139/02 (2006.01) (US); Julian N. Rosenberg, Naugatuck, A61E36/06 (2006.01) CT (US) A6139/02 (2006.01) (52) U.S. Cl. (73) Assignees: SYNAPTIC RESEARCH, LLC, CPC ............... A61K 39/295 (2013.01); A61K 36/06 Baltimore, MD (US): THE REGENTS (2013.01); A61 K39/107 (2013.01); A61 K OF THE UNIVERSITY OF 39/102 (2013.01); C12N 700 (2013.01); A61 K CALIFORNIA, Oakland, CA (US) 2039/523 (2013.01) USPC .................. 424/2011; 424/93.21; 424/261.1; y x- - - 9 (57) ABSTRACT 22) PCT Fled: Oct. 26, 2012 This invention pprovides diatom-based vaccines. Patent Application Publication Feb. 5, 2015 Sheet 1 of 19 US 2015/0037370 A1 83 : RE: Repests 388x ExF8. Patent Application Publication Feb. 5, 2015 Sheet 2 of 19 US 2015/0037370 A1 Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Lactococcus Garvieae and Streptococcus Iniae Infections in Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss: Similar, but Different Diseases
    DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS Vol. 36: 227-231.1999 Published May 31 Dis Aquat Org NOTE Lactococcus garvieae and Streptococcus iniae infections in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss: similar, but different diseases A. Eldar', C. ~hittino~,' 'Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases. Kimron Veterinary Institute, POB 12, 50250 Bet-Dagan. Israel 2~ishDisease Laboratory, IZS - State Veterinary Institute. Via Bologna 148, 1-10154 Turin, Italy ABSTRACT. Chnical and macroscopic findings (anorexia, haemorrhage, ophthalmitis and congestion (Kusuda lethargy, loss of orientation and exophthalmia) indicate that et al. 1991, Domenech et al. 1996). Con~monsigns Streptococcus ~niaeand Lactococcus garvieae infections of (lethargy, dark pigmentation, erratic swimming and trout share some common features, but histopathology re- veals notable differences between the 2 diseases. Meningitis exophthalmos with clouding of the cornea) are also and panophthalmitis are the main lesions among S. iniae present in Lactococcus garvieae (Collins et al. 1984; infected trout, whereas L. garvieae infection results in a junior synonym: Enterococcus seriolicida IKusuda et hyperacute systemic disease. Differences in the LD,,s of al. 1991, Domenech et al. 1993, Eldar et al. 19961) and the 2 pathogens and the sudden onset of signs and death & correlate with the histopathological findings, indicating the Streptococcus iniae (Pier Madin 1976) infections of severity of L.garvieae infection of trout. rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss reared above 15°C. Our findings now show that these are 2 defined KEY WORDS Trout . Streptococcus iniae . Lactococcus conditions. L. garvieae infection of trout produces a garvieae Pathology . Experimental disease generalized disease and rapid death, while the disease induced by S, iniae results in a more prolonged course with specific lesions.
    [Show full text]
  • Streptococcus Iniae
    Streptococcus iniae What is Streptococcus iniae? Since its isolation from an Amazon freshwater dolphin in the 1970s, S. iniae has emerged as a leading fish pathogen in aquaculture operations worldwide. Since its discovery, S. iniae infections have been reported in at least 27 species of cultured or wild fish from around the world. What kind of germ is Streptococcus iniae? Streptococcus iniae is a species of Gram-positive, sphere-shaped bacterium belonging to the genus Streptococcus. S. iniae has emerged as a leading fish pathogen in aquaculture operations worldwide. S. iniae has occasionally produced infection in humans, especially fish handlers of Asian descent. Human infections include sepsis, toxic shock syndrome, and inflammation of the skin, intervertebral discs, or inner layer of the heart. How can Streptococcus iniae be diagnosed? The site of S. iniae infection and its clinical presentation vary from species to species. In tilapia, S. iniae causes meningoencephalitis, with symptoms including lethargy, dorsal rigidity, and erratic swimming behavior; death follows in a matter of days. In rainbow trout, it is typically associated with septicemia and central nervous system damage. Symptoms are consistent with septicemia and include lethargy and loss of orientation (as in tilapia), exophthalmia, corneal opacity, and external and internal bleeding. S. iniae can cause opportunistic infections in weakened or immunocompromised humans. It is most commonly associated with bacteremic cellulitis, but has been known to cause endocarditis, meningitis, osteomyelitis, and septic arthritis. How can Streptococcus be treated? Antibiotics and vaccines have been proven to help against infections, but only last so long. Vaccines for this only last about 6 months.
    [Show full text]
  • Table S5. the Information of the Bacteria Annotated in the Soil Community at Species Level
    Table S5. The information of the bacteria annotated in the soil community at species level No. Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species The number of contigs Abundance(%) 1 Firmicutes Bacilli Bacillales Bacillaceae Bacillus Bacillus cereus 1749 5.145782459 2 Bacteroidetes Cytophagia Cytophagales Hymenobacteraceae Hymenobacter Hymenobacter sedentarius 1538 4.52499338 3 Gemmatimonadetes Gemmatimonadetes Gemmatimonadales Gemmatimonadaceae Gemmatirosa Gemmatirosa kalamazoonesis 1020 3.000970902 4 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sphingomonas indica 797 2.344876284 5 Firmicutes Bacilli Lactobacillales Streptococcaceae Lactococcus Lactococcus piscium 542 1.594633558 6 Actinobacteria Thermoleophilia Solirubrobacterales Conexibacteraceae Conexibacter Conexibacter woesei 471 1.385742446 7 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sphingomonas taxi 430 1.265115184 8 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sphingomonas wittichii 388 1.141545794 9 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sphingomonas sp. FARSPH 298 0.876754244 10 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sorangium cellulosum 260 0.764953367 11 Proteobacteria Deltaproteobacteria Myxococcales Polyangiaceae Sorangium Sphingomonas sp. Cra20 260 0.764953367 12 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sphingomonas panacis 252 0.741416341
    [Show full text]
  • Shellfish Diseases and Their Management in Commercial Recirculating Systems
    Shellfish Diseases and Their Management in Commercial Recirculating Systems Ralph Elston AquaTechnics & Pacific Shellfish Institute PO Box 687 Carlsborg, WA 98324 Introduction Intensive culture of early life stages of bivalve shellfish culture has been practiced since at least the late 1950’s on an experimental basis. Production scale culture emerged in the 1970’s and today, hathcheries and nurseries produce large numbers of a variety of species of oysters, clams and scallops. The early life stage systems may be entirely or partially recirculating or static. Management of infectious diseases in these systems has been a challenge since their inception and effective health management is a requisite to successful culture. The diseases which affect early life stage shellfish in intensive production systems and the principles and practice of health management are the subject of this presentation. Shellfish Diseases and Management Diseases of bivalve shellfish affecting those reared or harvested from extensive culture primarily consist of parasitic infections and generally comprise the reportable or certifiable diseases. Due to the extensive nature of such culture, intervention options or disease control are limited. In contrast, infectious diseases known from early life stages in intensive culture systems tend to be opportunistic in nature and offer substantial opportunity for management due to the control that can be exerted at key points in the systems. In marine shellfish hatcheries, infectious organisms can enter the system from three sources: brood stock, seawater source and algal food source. Once an organism is established in the system, it may persist without further introduction. Bacterial infections are the most common opportunistic infection in shellfish hatcheries.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluating the Importance of Zoonotic Bacteria
    EVALUATING THE IMPORTANCE OF ZOONOTIC BACTERIA, ANTIMICROBIAL USE AND RESISTANCE IN AQUACULTURE AND SEAFOOD A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Guelph by NATASA TUSEVLJAK In partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Master of Science April, 2011 © Natasa Tusevljak, 2011 Library and Archives Biblioth6que et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'^dition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre r6f6rence ISBN: 978-0-494-80085-0 Our file Notre r^f6rence ISBN: 978-0-494-80085-0 NOTICE; AVIS; The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation.
    [Show full text]
  • Disease of Aquatic Organisms 80:241
    DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS Vol. 80: 241–258, 2008 Published August 7 Dis Aquat Org COMBINED AUTHOR AND TITLE INDEX (Volumes 71 to 80, 2006–2008) A (2006) Persistence of Piscirickettsia salmonis and detection of serum antibodies to the bacterium in white seabass Atrac- Aarflot L, see Olsen AB et al. (2006) 72:9–17 toscion nobilis following experimental exposure. 73:131–139 Abreu PC, see Eiras JC et al. (2007) 77:255–258 Arunrut N, see Kiatpathomchai W et al. (2007) 79:183–190 Acevedo C, see Silva-Rubio A et al. (2007) 79:27–35 Arzul I, see Carrasco N et al. (2007) 79:65–73 Adams A, see McGurk C et al. (2006) 73:159–169 Arzul I, see Corbeil S et al. (2006) 71:75–80 Adkison MA, see Arkush KD et al. (2006) 73:131–139 Arzul I, see Corbeil S et al. (2006) 71:81–85 Aeby GS, see Work TM et al. (2007) 78:255–264 Ashton KJ, see Kriger KM et al. (2006) 71:149–154 Aguirre WE, see Félix F et al. (2006) 75:259–264 Ashton KJ, see Kriger KM et al. (2006) 73:257–260 Aguirre-Macedo L, see Gullian-Klanian M et al. (2007) 79: Atkinson SD, see Bartholomew JL et al. (2007) 78:137–146 237–247 Aubard G, see Quillet E et al. (2007) 76:7–16 Aiken HM, see Hayward CJ et al. (2007) 79:57–63 Audemard C, Carnegie RB, Burreson EM (2008) Shellfish tis- Aishima N, see Maeno Y et al. (2006) 71:169–173 sues evaluated for Perkinsus spp.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Mammal Pharmacology
    27 PHARMACEUTICALS AND FORMULARIES CLAIRE A. SIMEONE AND MICHAEL K. STOSKOPF Contents Introduction Introduction .......................................................................... 593 This chapter aims to provide clinicians and scientists working Routes for Administering Drugs to Marine Mammals ......... 594 with marine mammals with a convenient and rapidly acces- Dose Scaling ......................................................................... 595 sible single source on the subject. A compilation of the avail- Drug Interactions and Adverse Effects ................................ 596 able pharmacological information on cetaceans, pinnipeds, Life-Threatening Adverse Reactions .................................... 596 sirenians, sea otters (Enhydra lutris), and polar bears (Ursus Hepatic Effects ...................................................................... 596 maritimus) is provided. Readers must be aware at all times Renal Effects ......................................................................... 597 that drugs discussed in this chapter may have only been Gastrointestinal Effects ......................................................... 597 used on a limited number of individual animals from a nar- Nervous System Effects ........................................................ 597 row range of species, so all information must be interpreted Dermal Effects ...................................................................... 598 with caution. No drugs have been licensed for use in marine Otic Effects ...........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Common Diseases of Cultured Striped Bass, Morone Saxatilis, and Its Hybrid (M
    PUBLICATION 600-080 Common Diseases of Cultured Striped Bass, Morone saxatilis, and Its Hybrid (M. saxitilis x M. chrysops) Stephen A. Smith, Professor, Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech David Pasnik, Research Scientist, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture Fish Health and Disease Parasites Striped bass (Morone saxitilis) and hybrid striped bass Parasitic infestations are a common problem in striped (M. saxitilis x M. chrysops) are widely cultured for bass culture and may have harmful health consequences both food and sportfishing markets. Because these fish when fish are heavily parasitized (Smith and Noga 1992). are commonly raised in high densities under intensive aquaculture situations (e.g., cages, ponds, tanks), they Ichthyophthiriosis or “Ich” is caused by the ciliated are often exposed to suboptimal conditions. Healthy protozoan parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in fresh- striped bass can generally resist many of the viral, water or Cryptocaryon irritans in saltwater. These bacterial, fungal, and parasitic pathogens, but the fish parasites cause raised, white lesions visible on the become increasingly susceptible to disease agents when skin and gill (commonly called “white spot disease”) immunocompromised as a result of stress. and can cause high mortalities in a population of fish. The parasite burrows into skin and gill tissue (figure A number of noninfectious problems are commonly 1), resulting in osmotic stress and allowing secondary encountered in striped bass and hybrid striped bass bacterial and fungal infections to become established culture facilities. Factors such as poor water quality, at the site of penetration. The life cycle of the parasite improper nutrition, and gas supersaturation can directly can be completed in a short time, so light infestations cause morbidity (clinical disease) and mortality.
    [Show full text]
  • CIESM Congress 2010, Venice, Article 0378
    RESEARCH OF SERUM AMYLOID A AND TRANSFERRIN LEVELS FOLLOWED AFTER STREPTOCOCCUS INIAE- INFECTED IN TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS) Azime Küçükgül Güleç 1* 1 University of Tunceli Fishing Faculty/TURKEY - azimekucukgul@yahoo.com Abstract Streptococcus iniae is an important bacterial pathogen of fish, causing up to 50% mortality in stocks, which has recently been associated with human infections. Some disease states are associated with, or are causally related to acute phase proteins (APPs). Acute phase responses (APRs) to S. iniae (ATCC 29178) were characterized in plasma of tilapia following intraperitoneal (i.p.) infection. Two experimental groups, including S.iniae-infected and S.iniae-infected+handling stress, with a group of nonstressed control fish, were examined. Samples for plasma analysis were utilized to analyze serum amyloid A (SAA) and transferrin (Tf). The diseases signs observed in tilapia were erratic, slowdown in fish motions and darkened skin. SAA and Tf has been reported to decrease in acute phase plasma. Keywords: Bacteria, Diseases, Fish Behaviour Introduction 3 - Smayda, T.J., 1997. Harmful blooms: Their ecophysiology and general Streptococcus spp. have been recently listed among the emerging problems in relevance to phytoplankton blooms in the sea.Limnon. Oceanogr., Vol. aquaculture. Fish farms in many parts of the world have suffered serious 425 pp.1137-1153. economic losses due to this bacterial pathogen. For fish populations, many 4 - Thomas, W. H., Dodson A. N., 1972. On Nitrogen Defficiency in parameters (factors) have been measured as biomarkers. APPs that is one of Tropical Pacific Oceanic Phytoplankton. II. Photosynthetic and Cellular them are plasma or serum proteins whose levels change in response to tissue Characteristics of a Chemostat-Grown Diatom.
    [Show full text]