DOCSLIB.ORG

An Evaluation of Methodologies for Measuring

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
An Evaluation of Methodologies for Measuring Clemson University TigerPrints All Theses Theses 12-2017 An Evaluation of Methodologies for Measuring Antibacterial Activity of the Epithelial Mucosa of Farmed Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Against Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus iniae Betsy Virginia White Presgraves Clemson University Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses Recommended Citation White Presgraves, Betsy Virginia, "An Evaluation of Methodologies for Measuring Antibacterial Activity of the Epithelial Mucosa of Farmed Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Against Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus iniae" (2017). All Theses. 2775. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/2775 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AN EVALUATION OF METHODOLOGIES FOR MEASURING ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF THE EPITHELIAL MUCOSA OF FARMED TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS) AGAINST STREPTOCOCCUS AGALACTIAE AND STREPTOCOCCUS INIAE A Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science Animal and Veterinary Science by Betsy Virginia White Presgraves December 2017 Accepted by: Dr. Thomas R. Scott, Chair Dr. Lance Beecher Dr. Amy Messersmith-Love ABSTRACT Tilapiine cichlids are the third largest farmed fish worldwide and are among the easiest and most profitable fish to farm. The most common pathogens affecting farmed tilapia are Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus iniae, which together account for losses of more than 150 million dollars annually. Fish are at the highest risk for developing a Streptococcus infection when they are in high density stock conditions. Research indicates that the secondary effects of high stock density such as low dissolved oxygen and high ammonia levels are of less significance to infection and mortality than the damage that over stocking causes to the mucosal immune system. However, assays used to determine the effectiveness of the tilapiine mucosal immune system have proven unreliable. The present work has been undertaken to evaluate mucus collection procedures and antibacterial assay effectiveness. One “spot-on-lawn” assay, four disk diffusion assays, and four micro titer plate assays were chosen based upon common levels of use in the literature. The assays were executed; however, each of the disk diffusion assays failed to accurately measure antibacterial activity when controlled for the antibacterial activity of additives. The microtiter plate assays successfully measured limited antibacterial activity at lower growth reduction levels of 10-30%. Additionally, these assays were administered on samples which were collected from tilapia in an actual aquaponics facility in contrast to the majority of experiments which are conducted on fish that have been purposely housed in clean and controlled conditions within research facilities. This deviation from standard methods introduced additional variables which influence assay outcomes; therefore, future research should address these discrepancies. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank John Abercrombie and Ian Cummings of the Clemson Microbiology Prep Lab for their constant instruction and support. Without their selfless teaching, none of this would be possible. I would also like to show my gratitude to my committee, Dr. Thomas Scott, Dr. Lance Beecher, and Dr. Amy Messersmith for their guidance and advice. I am also grateful to my colleagues in the Animal and Veterinary Science graduate student offices for daily collaboration, intellectual challenge, and laughter. Finally, I would like to thank my family for the incalculable ways in which they sacrifice so that I may continue to forge my own unique career path. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TITLE PAGE .................................................................................................................... i ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................ iv LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER 1. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Introduction ............................................................................................. 1 The Teleost Immune System Overview .................................................. 3 Tilapiine Immune Anatomical Structures ............................................... 4 Tilapiine Immune Cellular Components ................................................. 5 Tilapiine Mucosal Immune System ........................................................ 7 Relevent Fish Diseases Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus iniae……………..9 Aeromonas salmonicida……………………………………….12 Yersinia ruckeri..........................................................................13 Importance of Mucosa in Preventing Streptococcus infection……….14 2. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Collection Methods ............................................................................... 16 Quantification of Protein....................................................................... 17 Standardizing of Bacterial Cultures ...................................................... 18 Contamination Prevention .................................................................... 18 Antibacterial Assays Spot on Lawn Assay………………………………………….19 Disk Diffusion Assay with Lyophilization…………………...21 Disk Diffusion Assay /UV Sterilization of Liquid Sample…..21 Disk Diffusion Assay /UV sterilization of Crude Mucus…… 22 Disk Diffusion Assay/ Chloroform Methanol Precipitation….22 Microtiter Broth Dilution Assay/Minimal Processing………. 23 Microtiter Broth Dilution Assay with Sodium Acetate………24 Microtiter Broth Dilution Assay for Buffer Effectiveness…. 25 Microtiter Broth Dilution Assay with PBS and Nanosep Centrifugal Filter ............................................................ 25 iv Page 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Collection Method ................................................................................. 27 Protein Quantification ............................................................................ 29 Contamination Prevention ..................................................................... 35 Spot on Lawn Assay .............................................................................. 39 Disk Diffusion Assay with Lyophilization ............................................ 41 Disk Diffusion Assay/UV Sterilization of Liquid Sample .................... 46 Disk Diffusion Assay/UV sterilization of Crude Mucus ....................... 51 Disk Diffusion Assay/Chloroform Methanol Precipitation ................... 53 Microtiter Broth Dilution Assay/Minimal Sample Processing .............. 55 Microtiter Broth Dilution Assay with Sodium Acetate ......................... 57 Microtiter Broth Dilution Assay for Buffer Effectiveness .................... 58 Microtiter Broth Dilution Assay with PBS and Nanosep Centrifugal Filter ........................................................................ 60 4. CONCLUSION .................................................................................................. 64 APPENDICES A: Raw Data ................................................................................................................... 74 B: Statistical Analysis .................................................................................................. 101 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 111 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1.1 Anatomical structures of the teleost immune system (Evolution 2016) ......................................................................... 4 1.2 Diagram of immunoglobulin production in teleosts (Flajnik 2005)............................................................................... 5 1.3 Tail line ulceration on tilapia infected with Streptococcus agalactiae ........................................................... 11 1.4 Streptococcus agalactiae colonies on sheep’s blood agar…………......11 1.5 Streptococcus iniae colonies on sheep’s blood agar……………….......12 1.6 Aeromonas salmonicida colonies on sheep’s blood agar……………....13 1.7 Yersinia ruckeri colonies on sheep’s blood agar…………………….....14 3.1 Images of mucus smears for each collection method………………......28 3.2 Curve representing density of crude protein sample per absorbance 280 for three trials ................................................... 30 3.3 Curve representing density of retentate sample per absorbance 280 for three trials ................................................... 31 3.4 Curve representing density of filtrate sample per absorbance 280 for three trials ................................................... 32 3.5 Ladder for the blue standard used from Biorad Precision Protein Plus (left). Electrophoresis results with sample in columns 1 and 3 with blue standard in column 2 (right) ............................ 34 4.1 S. agalactiae growth measured after 12 hours and 24 hours using the minimally processed sample microtiter
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fish and Fishery Products Hazards and Controls Guidance Fourth Edition – APRIL 2011
    SGR 129 Fish and Fishery Products Hazards and Controls Guidance Fourth Edition – APRIL 2011 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION CENTER FOR FOOD SAFETY AND APPLIED NUTRITION OFFICE OF FOOD SAFETY Fish and Fishery Products Hazards and Controls Guidance Fourth Edition – April 2011 Additional copies may be purchased from: Florida Sea Grant IFAS - Extension Bookstore University of Florida P.O. Box 110011 Gainesville, FL 32611-0011 (800) 226-1764 Or www.ifasbooks.com Or you may download a copy from: http://www.fda.gov/FoodGuidances You may submit electronic or written comments regarding this guidance at any time. Submit electronic comments to http://www.regulations. gov. Submit written comments to the Division of Dockets Management (HFA-305), Food and Drug Administration, 5630 Fishers Lane, Rm. 1061, Rockville, MD 20852. All comments should be identified with the docket number listed in the notice of availability that publishes in the Federal Register. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (240) 402-2300 April 2011 Table of Contents: Fish and Fishery Products Hazards and Controls Guidance • Guidance for the Industry: Fish and Fishery Products Hazards and Controls Guidance ................................ 1 • CHAPTER 1: General Information .......................................................................................................19 • CHAPTER 2: Conducting a Hazard Analysis and Developing a HACCP Plan
    [Show full text]
  • Disease of Aquatic Organisms 85:187
    Vol. 85: 187–192, 2009 DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS Published July 23 doi: 10.3354/dao02073 Dis Aquat Org Enhanced mortality in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus following coinfections with ichthyophthiriasis and streptococcosis De-Hai Xu*, Craig A. Shoemaker, Phillip H. Klesius US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Laboratory, 990 Wire Road, Auburn, Alabama 36832, USA ABSTRACT: Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet (Ich) and Streptococcus iniae are 2 major pathogens of cultured Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L). Currently there is no information available for the effect of coinfection by Ich and S. iniae on fish. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of parasite load and Ich development size on fish mortality following S. iniae infection. Low mortality (≤20%) was observed in tilapia exposed to Ich or S. iniae alone. Mortalities increased from 38% in tilapia exposed to Ich at 10 000 theronts fish–1 to 88% in fish at 20 000 theronts fish–1 follow- ing S. iniae exposure. The median days to death were significantly fewer (7 d) in fish exposed to Ich at 20 000 theronts fish–1 than fish exposed to 10 000 theronts fish–1 (10 d). A positive correlation (cor- relation coefficient = 0.83) was noted between tilapia mortality and size of Ich trophonts at the time of S. iniae challenge. Fish parasitized with well-developed trophonts (Day 4, 2 × 107 µm3 in volume) suffered higher mortality (47.5%) than fish (10.0%) infested by young trophonts (Hour 4, 1.3 × 104 µm3 in volume) after S. iniae challenge.
    [Show full text]
  • FIELD GUIDE to WARMWATER FISH DISEASES in CENTRAL and EASTERN EUROPE, the CAUCASUS and CENTRAL ASIA Cover Photographs: Courtesy of Kálmán Molnár and Csaba Székely
    SEC/C1182 (En) FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular I SSN 2070-6065 FIELD GUIDE TO WARMWATER FISH DISEASES IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE, THE CAUCASUS AND CENTRAL ASIA Cover photographs: Courtesy of Kálmán Molnár and Csaba Székely. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular No. 1182 SEC/C1182 (En) FIELD GUIDE TO WARMWATER FISH DISEASES IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE, THE CAUCASUS AND CENTRAL ASIA By Kálmán Molnár1, Csaba Székely1 and Mária Láng2 1Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary 2 National Food Chain Safety Office – Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, Budapest, Hungary FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Ankara, 2019 Required citation: Molnár, K., Székely, C. and Láng, M. 2019. Field guide to the control of warmwater fish diseases in Central and Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular No.1182. Ankara, FAO. 124 pp. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Interaction Between Fish Pathogens and Host Aquatic Animals
    K. Tsukamoto, T. Kawamura, T. Takeuchi, T. D. Beard, Jr. and M. J. Kaiser, eds. Fisheries for Global Welfare and Environment, 5th World Fisheries Congress 2008, pp. 277–288. © by TERRAPUB 2008. Molecular Interaction between Fish Pathogens and Host Aquatic Animals Laura L. Brown* and Stewart C. Johnson National Research Council of Canada Institute for Marine Biosciences 1411 Oxford Street Halifax, NS, B3H 3Z1, Canada Present address: Fisheries and Oceans Canada Pacific Biological Station 3190 Hammond Bay Road Nanaimo, NS, V9T 6N7, Canada *E-mail: [email protected] We have studied the host-pathogen interactions between Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and Aeromonas salmonicida. Sequencing the genome of the bacterium allowed us to investigate virulence factors and other gene products with potential as vaccines. Using knock-out mutants of A. salmonicida, we identified key virulence factors. Proteomics studies of bacterial cells grown in a variety of media as well as in an in vivo implant system revealed differential protein production and have shed new light on bacterial proteins such as superoxide dismutase, pili and flagellar proteins, type three secretion systems, and their roles in A. salmonicida pathogenicity. We constructed a whole ge- nome DNA microarray to use in comparative genomic hybridizations (M-CGH) and bacterial gene expression studies. Carbohydrate analysis has shown the variation in LPS between strains and reveals the importance of LPS in viru- lence. Salmon were challenged with A. salmonicida and tissues were taken to construct suppressive subtractive hybridization libraries to investigate differ- ential host gene expression. We constructed an Atlantic salmon cDNA microarray to investigate the host response to A.
    [Show full text]
  • (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2015/0037370 A1 Corbeil Et Al
    US 2015 0037370A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2015/0037370 A1 Corbeil et al. (43) Pub. Date: Feb. 5, 2015 (54) DIATOM-BASEDVACCINES (86). PCT No.: PCT/US2O12/062112 S371 (c)(1), (71) Applicants: The Regents of the University of (2) Date: Apr. 23, 2014 California, Oakland, CA (US); Synaptic Related U.S. Application Data Research, LLC, Baltimore, MD (US) (60) Provisional application No. 61/553,139, filed on Oct. (72) Inventors: Lynette B. Corbeil, San Diego, CA 28, 2011. (US); Mark Hildebrand, La Jolla, CA Publication Classification (US); Roshan Shrestha, San Diego, CA (US); Aubrey Davis, Lakeside, CA (51) Eiko.29s (2006.01) (US) Rachel Schrier, Del Mar, CA CI2N 7/00 (2006.01) (US); George A. Oyler, Lincoln, NE A6139/02 (2006.01) (US); Julian N. Rosenberg, Naugatuck, A61E36/06 (2006.01) CT (US) A6139/02 (2006.01) (52) U.S. Cl. (73) Assignees: SYNAPTIC RESEARCH, LLC, CPC ............... A61K 39/295 (2013.01); A61K 36/06 Baltimore, MD (US): THE REGENTS (2013.01); A61 K39/107 (2013.01); A61 K OF THE UNIVERSITY OF 39/102 (2013.01); C12N 700 (2013.01); A61 K CALIFORNIA, Oakland, CA (US) 2039/523 (2013.01) USPC .................. 424/2011; 424/93.21; 424/261.1; y x- - - 9 (57) ABSTRACT 22) PCT Fled: Oct. 26, 2012 This invention pprovides diatom-based vaccines. Patent Application Publication Feb. 5, 2015 Sheet 1 of 19 US 2015/0037370 A1 83 : RE: Repests 388x ExF8. Patent Application Publication Feb. 5, 2015 Sheet 2 of 19 US 2015/0037370 A1 Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Lactococcus Garvieae and Streptococcus Iniae Infections in Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss: Similar, but Different Diseases
    DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS Vol. 36: 227-231.1999 Published May 31 Dis Aquat Org NOTE Lactococcus garvieae and Streptococcus iniae infections in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss: similar, but different diseases A. Eldar', C. ~hittino~,' 'Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases. Kimron Veterinary Institute, POB 12, 50250 Bet-Dagan. Israel 2~ishDisease Laboratory, IZS - State Veterinary Institute. Via Bologna 148, 1-10154 Turin, Italy ABSTRACT. Chnical and macroscopic findings (anorexia, haemorrhage, ophthalmitis and congestion (Kusuda lethargy, loss of orientation and exophthalmia) indicate that et al. 1991, Domenech et al. 1996). Con~monsigns Streptococcus ~niaeand Lactococcus garvieae infections of (lethargy, dark pigmentation, erratic swimming and trout share some common features, but histopathology re- veals notable differences between the 2 diseases. Meningitis exophthalmos with clouding of the cornea) are also and panophthalmitis are the main lesions among S. iniae present in Lactococcus garvieae (Collins et al. 1984; infected trout, whereas L. garvieae infection results in a junior synonym: Enterococcus seriolicida IKusuda et hyperacute systemic disease. Differences in the LD,,s of al. 1991, Domenech et al. 1993, Eldar et al. 19961) and the 2 pathogens and the sudden onset of signs and death & correlate with the histopathological findings, indicating the Streptococcus iniae (Pier Madin 1976) infections of severity of L.garvieae infection of trout. rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss reared above 15°C. Our findings now show that these are 2 defined KEY WORDS Trout . Streptococcus iniae . Lactococcus conditions. L. garvieae infection of trout produces a garvieae Pathology . Experimental disease generalized disease and rapid death, while the disease induced by S, iniae results in a more prolonged course with specific lesions.
    [Show full text]
  • Streptococcus Iniae
    Streptococcus iniae What is Streptococcus iniae? Since its isolation from an Amazon freshwater dolphin in the 1970s, S. iniae has emerged as a leading fish pathogen in aquaculture operations worldwide. Since its discovery, S. iniae infections have been reported in at least 27 species of cultured or wild fish from around the world. What kind of germ is Streptococcus iniae? Streptococcus iniae is a species of Gram-positive, sphere-shaped bacterium belonging to the genus Streptococcus. S. iniae has emerged as a leading fish pathogen in aquaculture operations worldwide. S. iniae has occasionally produced infection in humans, especially fish handlers of Asian descent. Human infections include sepsis, toxic shock syndrome, and inflammation of the skin, intervertebral discs, or inner layer of the heart. How can Streptococcus iniae be diagnosed? The site of S. iniae infection and its clinical presentation vary from species to species. In tilapia, S. iniae causes meningoencephalitis, with symptoms including lethargy, dorsal rigidity, and erratic swimming behavior; death follows in a matter of days. In rainbow trout, it is typically associated with septicemia and central nervous system damage. Symptoms are consistent with septicemia and include lethargy and loss of orientation (as in tilapia), exophthalmia, corneal opacity, and external and internal bleeding. S. iniae can cause opportunistic infections in weakened or immunocompromised humans. It is most commonly associated with bacteremic cellulitis, but has been known to cause endocarditis, meningitis, osteomyelitis, and septic arthritis. How can Streptococcus be treated? Antibiotics and vaccines have been proven to help against infections, but only last so long. Vaccines for this only last about 6 months.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Pollution of the Oceans Toxic Chemical Pollutants in the Oceans Have Been Shown Capable of Causing a Wide Range of Human Diseases
    Supplementary Appendix to “Human Health and Ocean Pollution”, Annals of Global Health, 2020 This Supplementary Appendix contains additional references and documentation supporting the information presented in the report, Human Health and Ocean Pollution. Chemical Pollution of the Oceans Toxic chemical pollutants in the oceans have been shown capable of causing a wide range of human diseases. Toxicological and epidemiological studies document that pollutants such as toxic metals, POPs, dioxins, plastics chemicals, and pesticides can cause cardiovascular effects, developmental and neurobehavioral disorders, metabolic disease, endocrine disruption and cancer. Table 1 in this Supplementary Appendix summarizes the known links between chemical pollutants in the oceans and a range of human health outcomes. The strengths of the associations listed in Table 1 vary depending on the nature of the studies establishing these associations. Some associations have been assessed in systematic reviews and meta-analyses of animal and human data.1 2 Some are single cross-sectional or case-control studies. There are now a growing number of relevant epidemiological studies, including powerful prospective cohort studies, such as the Nurses’ Health Study II and the Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS)3 Findings from these investigations are strengthening the evidence base for associations between exposures to organic chemical pollutants and adverse health outcomes. Supplementary Appendix Table 1. Adverse Human Health Outcomes
    [Show full text]
  • Common Diseases of Wild and Cultured Fishes in Alaska
    COMMON DISEASES OF WILD AND CULTURED FISHES IN ALASKA Theodore Meyers, Tamara Burton, Collette Bentz and Norman Starkey July 2008 Alaska Department of Fish and Game Fish Pathology Laboratories The Alaska Department of Fish and Game printed this publication at a cost of $12.03 in Anchorage, Alaska, USA. 3 About This Booklet This booklet is a product of the Ichthyophonus Diagnostics, Educational and Outreach Program which was initiated and funded by the Yukon River Panel’s Restoration and Enhancement fund and facilitated by the Yukon River Drainage Fisheries Association in conjunction with the Alaska Department of Fish and Game. The original impetus driving the production of this booklet was from a concern that Yukon River fishers were discarding Canadian-origin Chinook salmon believed to be infected by Ichthyophonus. It was decided to develop an educational program that included the creation of a booklet containing photographs and descriptions of frequently encountered parasites within Yukon River fish. This booklet is to serve as a brief illustrated guide that lists many of the common parasitic, infectious, and noninfectious diseases of wild and cultured fish encountered in Alaska. The content is directed towards lay users, as well as fish culturists at aquaculture facilities and field biologists and is not a comprehensive treatise nor should it be considered a scientific document. Interested users of this guide are directed to the listed fish disease references for additional information. Information contained within this booklet is published from the laboratory records of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Fish Pathology Section that has regulatory oversight of finfish health in the State of Alaska.
    [Show full text]
  • NASCO Scientific Working Group
    N A S C O NORTH AMERICAN COMMISSION PROTOCOLS FOR THE INTRODUCTION AND TRANSFER OF SALMONIDS by NAC/NASCO Scientific Working Group on Salmonid Introductions and Transfers Edited by T. Rex Porter Canadian Co-chairman Department of Fisheries and Oceans P O Box 5667 St John's, NF A1C 5X1 NAC(92)24 i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 1 PART I SUMMARY OF PROTOCOLS BY ZONE .............................................. 3 1 ZONING OF RIVER SYSTEMS ......................................................................... 5 2 DESCRIPTION OF ZONES ................................................................................. 5 3 PROTOCOLS ......................................................................................................... 6 3.1 Protocols applicable to all three Zones ..................................................... 6 3.2 Protocols applicable to Zone I ................................................................... 7 3.2.1 General within Zone I ................................................................................... 7 3.2.2 Rehabilitation ................................................................................................ 7 3.2.3 Establishment or re-establishment of Atlantic salmon in a river or part of a watershed where there are no salmon ........................................ 7 3.2.4 Aquaculture ..................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Table S5. the Information of the Bacteria Annotated in the Soil Community at Species Level
    Table S5. The information of the bacteria annotated in the soil community at species level No. Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species The number of contigs Abundance(%) 1 Firmicutes Bacilli Bacillales Bacillaceae Bacillus Bacillus cereus 1749 5.145782459 2 Bacteroidetes Cytophagia Cytophagales Hymenobacteraceae Hymenobacter Hymenobacter sedentarius 1538 4.52499338 3 Gemmatimonadetes Gemmatimonadetes Gemmatimonadales Gemmatimonadaceae Gemmatirosa Gemmatirosa kalamazoonesis 1020 3.000970902 4 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sphingomonas indica 797 2.344876284 5 Firmicutes Bacilli Lactobacillales Streptococcaceae Lactococcus Lactococcus piscium 542 1.594633558 6 Actinobacteria Thermoleophilia Solirubrobacterales Conexibacteraceae Conexibacter Conexibacter woesei 471 1.385742446 7 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sphingomonas taxi 430 1.265115184 8 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sphingomonas wittichii 388 1.141545794 9 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sphingomonas sp. FARSPH 298 0.876754244 10 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sorangium cellulosum 260 0.764953367 11 Proteobacteria Deltaproteobacteria Myxococcales Polyangiaceae Sorangium Sphingomonas sp. Cra20 260 0.764953367 12 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sphingomonas panacis 252 0.741416341
    [Show full text]
  • Scholars Academic Journal of Biosciences
    Scholars Academic Journal of Biosciences Abbreviated Key Title: Sch Acad J Biosci ISSN 2347-9515 (Print) | ISSN 2321-6883 (Online) Zoology Journal homepage: https://saspublishers.com A Comprehensive Review on the Prevalence and Dissemination of Some Bacterial Diseases in Ornamental Fishes and Their Preventive Measures Arnab Chatterjee1#, Sucharita Ghosh2#, Ritwick Bhattacharya1#, Soumendranath Chatterjee2, Nimai Chandra Saha1* 1Fishery and Ecotoxicology Research Laboratory (Vice-Chancellor’s Research Group), Department of Zoology, the University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India 2Parasitology & Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, the University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal, India #Authors contributed equally DOI: 10.36347/sajb.2020.v08i11.005 | Received: 06.11.2020 | Accepted: 17.11.2020 | Published: 20.11.2020 *Corresponding author: Nimai Chandra Saha Abstract Review Article As a consequential sector within the fisheries segment, ornamental fisheries have become a billion-dollar industry. At current, it is estimated that the aquarium industry is worth about 15 billion dollars. In ornamental aquaculture and aquarium keeping, the incidence of diseases is the main quandary that emerges during culture and deplorably affects the profitability of the ventures. Diseases are caused by viruses, protozoa, bacteria, fungi, and parasites under profound culture conditions, and the likelihood of stress elevates in an immensely colossal portion of the stock. Of these, the most paramount causes of sudden fish death are infectious and bacterial diseases. Nowadays, veterinary antibiotic treatment of contaminated fish is being applied in most of the States of India. Disease obviation is often less costly than treating disease outbreaks when it is subsisting. Adopting and implementing a health management strategy would not assure a disease-free facility that ultimately leads to considerably decremented chances of dissemination of diseases.
    [Show full text]