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The Nymphaeum Ponari in Cassino CAA Arturo Gallozzi et al. 2017 http://dx.doi.org/10.15496/publikation-43143 3D Models and Interactive Communication for 3D Models and Interactive Archaeology: Te Nymphaeum Ponari in Cassino Communication For Ar- Arturo Gallozzi Abstract University of Cassino and Tis study is part of a broader research project on Roman Casinum archaeolog- South Latium; Department ical heritage and includes tangible and intangible heritage. In the mid-twentieth of Civil and Mechanical En- century, a nymphaeum dating from the second half of the frst century B.C. was gineering, [email protected] found not far from the core of Casinum, an archaeological site, located in the modern town of Cassino in South Latium, Italy. Te nymphaeum Ponari is part Leonardo Paris of a Roman villa still completely buried underground. Te excavations had been Sapienza University of Rome carried out so far have gradually unearthed a well-preserved environment con- [email protected] sisting of a rectangular hall with niches topped by a barrel vault. Te metric data acquired in a recent digital survey made it possible to develop a virtual model Wissam Wahbeh reconstruction of the nymphaeum and to design an interactive communication University of Applied system, on-site and of-site, linked to the nearby museum complex present at Sciences and Arts North- the archaeological site. Te present article is focused on the documentation, western Switzerland interpretation, valorization and communication of archaeological heritage of [email protected] the Roman Casinum city site. Keywords: nymphaeum, Casinum, Cassino, Ponari, 3D models, cultural heritage Appellantur quidem ita erosa saxa in aedifciis, quae musaea vocant, dependetia ad imaginem specus arte reddendam Introduction period, which should stimulate a deeper, organized study of the town planning system. Te part of the Tis work is part of a broader research project on Ro- domus, which was discovered some time ago, is the man Casinum archaeological heritage. Even though so-called Ponari nymphaeum. this archaeological area contains monuments of con- siderable interest and importance, it has never been archaeologically documented enough to enable the Te Environmental Context researcher to analyze the individual fndings and the environment of the site through a well-struc- Today, Cassino is a modern town lying between Rome tured survey that would allow one to fully explore and Naples. Te city was completely rebuilt afer its it. Te main fnds of the ancient urban layout are destruction during World War II and is quite famous the remains of the Via Latina, the amphitheater, the for the Montecassino Abbey. Cassino is located just theater and the mausoleum attributed to the Roman below the mountain where the Montecassino Abbey matron Quadratilla, part of gens Ummidia. Tere is situated. Te history of the city and of the Benedic- have been some interesting, very recent discoveries tine monastery of Montecassino are closely linked. related to parts of a Roman domus of the imperial Te city appears to have been historically consolidat- CAA Arturo Gallozzi et al. 2017 3D Models and Interactive Communication For Archaeology Figure 1. Te city of Cassino, the Rocca Janula and the Abbey of Montecassino. On the lef, archaeological area with nym- phaeum Ponari. (Engraving of F. de Grado, in Gattola 1734). On the right: Roman Casinum city, archeological area today. ed up to the Second World War when any traces of its theater; the core of the Augustan town plan, brought past were lost. Te earliest settlement of the site dates to light in 1935-36; the amphitheater dating back to back to the sixth century BC when frst the Volsci the second half of the frst century AD, which has an and then the Samnites permanently settled in the elliptical shape of modest dimensions; the so-called Liri valley, building the frst houses of Casinum (the tomb of Ummidia (1st century BC - 1st century AD), name of the ancient city). From a Roman prefecture, a building planned on a Greek cross, with the central Casinum became municipium and in the third centu- part covered by a hemispherical dome intersected by ry it was granted the right of citizenship. It fourished four arms; and the nymphaeum called Ponari, which reaching the peak of development towards the end was built on a rectangular plan with a barrel-shaped of the republic and during the imperial period, and roof, closed at three sides and fully open at the front then it gradually sank into insignifcance. In AD 529, (Figure 1). Te building is connected to a well-struc- with the settlement of St. Benedict (founder of Mon- tured foorplan of a rich domus (Polito 2013) with tecassino Abbey and of the Benedectine monastic or- valuable foor mosaics, as well as fragments of walls der) among the ruins of the pre-Roman and Roman of the rooms, preserved at the height of more than 2 fortifed acropolis, the city’s history became inextri- m, whose wall decorations are articulated in archi- cably linked to that of the Abbey. tectural schemes with small paintings of mytholog- Around the frst century BC, afer the city of ical-symbolic subjects or idyllic-naturalistic themes. Casinum had become a Roman town, there began a process of consolidating its urban structure that nec- essarily took into account the particular topography Te Nymphaeum Ponari of the places and the existing conditions, as well as a circuit of pre-Roman walls. Te organization of the Te word nymphaeum has a double meaning: the frst city was mainly developed on three terraces lying on is of Greek origin and refers to a place (ofen caves) the hilly topography of the site, of which a large part consecrated to the nymph goddess; the other one is of the original substructures still exists, expanding of Latin origin and refers to a place with water and the city to the east, outside the city walls, down the fountains. In the course of centuries, the architecton- steepest area. Te settlements already existing during ic sense of nymphaeums in relation to the position the Augustan period and the late imperial period and their typology has changed signifcantly. By and when the city (at the end of the frst century AD) large, the architectural evolution of the nymphae- reached an area of about 10 hectares, led scholars to ums in relation to their position can be the follow- hypothesize an urban network was structured in the ing: public nymphaeums (monumental intentions shape of a square of two actus. - II-IV century AD), located along the main roads Te monumental structures of the present ar- or at crossroads; composite nymphaeums: interiors chaeological area are (Ghini and Valenti 1995): the for public buildings; private nymphaeums, for rich 402 02 Arturo Gallozzi et al. CAA 3D Models and Interactive Communication For Archaeology 2017 Figure 2. Similar Nymphaeums in Italy: a. nymphaeum “Q. Mu- tius” in Segni (Rm); b. nymphaeum “Dorico” in Castelgandolfo near Lake Albano (Rm); c. nympha- eum “Egeria” in the park of Cafarella (Rm); d. nymphaeum triclinium in a Roman villa in Minori (Sa). domus decoration. Te main typological models of sentially has a rectangular layout, in most cases en- the Roman nymphaeums are: environments in nat- riched by niches in the walls, with a recess or an apse ural caves; environments in artifcial caves; environ- in the bottom wall, while open at the front and gen- ments in rooms without niches but with functioning, erally with a barrel -vaulted roof. Initially, the “cham- real monumentalized fountains, sometimes with a ber” building constituted a direct development of the bottom apse; environments in rooms with niches in ‘natural grotto’ model, which is connected to the re- the walls; the basilica plan environments; and other current use of rustic symbolism. Because of its loca- forms. tion, the nymphaeum Ponari recalls Specus estivus as Another renowned typological classifcation, described by Mingazzini (1955, 1957) and, owing to proposed by Mingazzini (1955, 1957), distinguishes its geometric and typological characteristics, can be these buildings according to their location and size. considered to belong to the ‘chamber’ variety. Te subdivision is essentially split into three catego- In Italy, there are some examples of nymphae- ries: nymphaeum for buildings related to monumen- ums similar to that of Cassino in shape and state of tal public fountains; musaeum for structures with conservation (Figure 2): nymphaeum “Q. Mutius” in natural grottoes, even if artifcially modifed; specus Segni (Rm); nymphaeum “Dorico” in Castelgandolfo estivus for all artifacts with specially designed foun- near Lake Albano (Rm); nymphaeum “Egeria” in the tains. Te latter can be divided into three sub-catego- park of Cafarella (Rm); nymphaeum triclinium in a ries: semi-underground, i.e. partially constructed in Roman villa in Minori (Sa). the ground; completely constructed above ground; or Te “nymphaeum Ponari,” identifed in the 1940s, conceived as an integral part of a villa, or a building thanks to the investigations carried out by the archae- (Neuerburg 1965: 27-29). A further category for the ologist Gianflippo Carettoni (1912-1990) (1940), typology related to villas is found in sub-types linked was the subject of a subsequent intervention by Mas- to the layout and architectural type. Among these, a similiano Valenti (1992) in the 1990s, especially in particular typological category referring to nymphs, 1998, removing the land fallen meanwhile due to the is the so-called “chamber”. Chambers appeared at the steep slope of the ground on which it stands. More end of the III century BC and took on more varied recently, in 2009 and 2014, the monument was the and articulated forms over time. Te “chamber” es- subject of work that ensured its preservation (Figure 02 403 CAA Arturo Gallozzi et al.
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