Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-07986-1 — Pliny the Elder and the Emergence of Renaissance Architecture Peter Fane-Saunders Index More Information

Home , Bergamo Cathedral, Casinum, Cinyras, De mulieribus claris, Jonah (Lorenzetto), Pietro Donato

INDEX

Note: named buildings and other structures are entered under the relevant place name, e.g., Ephesus, Temple of Diana (Artemision); page numbers in italics refer to ﬁgures; notes are indicated by the page number followed by the note number, thus: 355n60

Abbondi, Antonio (“lo Scarpagnino”) De re aediﬁcatoria 93–109, 348nn1,2 383n193 architectural ornamentum 105–7, 137, 138, Accademia della Virtù 172, 195, 196–7, 257 139, 162 Accademia Olimpica, Vicenza 378n81 column genera 156–7, 164, 167, 262, 317 Accademia Romana 55, 56, 77 column as ornamentum 317, 407n44 Accademia Venetiana 379n115 editio princeps 108–9 Acciaiuoli, Donato 61 house as microcosm of city 103, 217 Acciaiuoli, Jacopo 325n22 intended audience 95, 108–9, 349n13 acoustics 179–80 literary sources 94, 95, 315 Acta Sanctorum 48, 354n36 nature’s pleasure in circular forms 279 ad quadratum 257, 271, 273, 275, 280 Pliny as encyclopaedic tool 95–6 Adrian VI (pope) 285, 367n149 Pliny as expert on natural phenomena 318 aedile 20, 329n81 Pliny as “history of architecture” 96–105 Aemilius Paullus (Lucius Aemilius Paullus) 121 Pliny as source of architectural wonders 95–6 agriculture 3 on Rome’s architectural primacy 98–9, 101–5 Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius 7, 118, 126. See also as source for Sagredo 164 Rome, ancient monuments, Agrippa’s on specula (watchtower) 271 Ballot Oﬃce; Baths of Agrippa tailoring Plinian material to suit his argument founder of Pantheon 64, 80, 341n57 97, 100, 109, 314–15, 407n25 geographical commentaries 333n63 on unusual stones 95, 320 system of water supply 15, 19, 38, 63, 106 and varietas 94, 156, 317 alabaster 141, 147 Della famiglia 351n93 Albano 364n67 Della pittura 7, 116 tomb of the Horatii and Curiatii 272, 316, Descriptio urbis Romae 49, 62 397n151, 401n23 and Filarete 111, 112–13, 125–6 Alberti, Francesco d’Altobianco 94 and Hypnerotomachia 129, 139, 143–4 Alberti, Giovanni di Francesco d’Altobianco 94 Momus 350n43 Alberti, Leon Battista Profugiorum ab aerumna 101 architectural works Theogenius 349n34 Palazzo Rucellai 108, 341n62 Albertini, Francesco 67, 77, 89, 178 San Francesco (Tempio Malatestiano) 108, 190 Opusculum de mirabilibus novae et veteris urbis Romae San Pancrazio, Cappella Rucellai 108 67–8, 69 San Sebastiano 104, 108, 253 Albertus Magnus 131, 143 Santa Maria Novella 108, 190, 367n145 Aleria 4 Sant’Andrea 104, 108 Alexander Neckam 23, 331n121 and Bernardo Rucellai 61–2, 63, 64 Alexander the Great 12, 18, 118–20, 301, 303 copy of Naturalis historia 94, 349nn18,36, Palace of 114 350n38 Alexandria 18, 119–20, 178, 209, 244 and Daniele Barbaro 197, 199–200 Column of Pompey 241, 387n62 De equo animante 351n84 obelisk (brought by Ptolemy II Philadelphus) 237, De pictura 116 387n63

465

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-07986-1 — Pliny the Elder and the Emergence of Renaissance Architecture Peter Fane-Saunders Index More Information

466 INDEX

Alexandria (cont.) architect Library 12 definition of 18–19, 97 Pharos (Lighthouse) 6, 13, 19, 21, 100, 134, 256, fame and talent in antiquity 121, 239. See also 314, 327n5, 328n20, 329n78, 331n116, fama; ingegnio, ingegno; ingenium 385n10 architectural excess. See luxuria temple dedicated to Arsinoë II 23, 232, 233, 235, architectural expense 14, 39, 49, 60, 61, 68, 98, 103, 238, 387nn63,64 108, 114, 120, 177, 303, 311, 351n91, Temple of Serapis 330n114 384n205 Alfonso V of Aragon 338n56, 389n99 architectural histories 15–16, 94, 96–9, 100–5, 200 Aliotti, Girolamo 3 architectural motifs. See compositional motifs Alvisio, Giovanni 323 architectural ornament. See ornamentum Amadeo, Giovanni Antonio 340n33 architectural patronage. See patronage amber 244, 388n99 architectural profession 18–19, 97, 111, 120, 147, Ammannati, Bartolomeo 303, 304, 381n149, 199, 314 404n100 architectural theory 93, 146, 161–2, 199–200, 219, Ammianus Marcellinus 33, 48, 53, 70, 351n94 316–18 Ampelinus, Basilius 152, 205, 248, 363n56 architectural vocabulary. See terminology amphitheatres 39, 59, 107, 122, 135, 139–41, 153, Architectural Wonders of the World 2, 6, 12–13, 188, 205, 206, 247, 377n66 135. See also Opera mirabilia in terris; Romae analemmata 213–14 miracula operum XVIII; Seven Wonders of Anatolia. See Asia Minor the World ancient Latin column (Composite) 167 architecture Ancona, Arch of Trajan 130 imitating nature 97, 102, 160–1 “andracine” (marble) 134, 360n57 as liberal art 1, 13, 97, 147, 192 Andrea, Zoan 186 taming nature 96–7, 98, 200 Androuet du Cerceau, Jacques, the Elder 373n140 architectus 18, 20, 151, 232, 349n30, 387nn62,63 Angarano, Giacomo 224, 384n200 Aretino, Pietro 207 Anonymous Einsiedeln 57 Argonauts 22 Anthologia Palatina 12 Ariosto, Alessandro 244 anthracites (gemstone) 360n57 Aristotle 95, 173, 197, 199, 217, 238, 315, 374n13, anthropology 3 375n34 Antiochus 237 concept of magnificence 19, 102, 125 Antipater of Sidon 12 Nicomachean Ethics 357n152 antiquarian movement 55–6, 88, 89 Politics 103, 351n97 Antonietto delle Medaglie (Antonio Conteschi) Rhetorica 199 268, 396n132 Armenia 41, 139 Antoninus Pius 270 Arnold of Saxony 23 Apelles 21, 54, 147, 408n73 Arnolfo di Cambio 288 Apion 13 Arsinoë II 23, 387n63 Apuleius 160, 359n36 art 3, 54, 174. See also gem carving; ornamentum; aqua ardente 138 paintings/painters; sculpture/sculptors aqueducts 13, 15, 22, 29, 36, 38, 50, 53, 61, 98, 99, Artemisia 70, 107, 114, 134, 269, 298, 301, 306, 135, 162, 177, 350n42 372n131, 397n135, 403nn59,80, Aquilius, Gaius (Gaius Aquilius Gallus) 38 405nn104,112 Aquino, arch of 401n19 artifex 20, 232, 241, 242, 249, 314, 387n63 Arabian earth 95 artist Aragazzi, Bartolomeo 47 ability in antiquity 125, 147 archaeological evidence. See also compositional fame in antiquity 120–2. See also fama motifs Ashmole, Bernard 388nn89,93 classical texts as means of identifying ruins 49, Asia. See Asia Minor 56–7, 57–8, 62, 231, 237, 316 Asia Minor 12, 19, 22, 36, 40, 41, 42, 95, 100, 101, gap between text and reality 35, 49, 53–4, 313 143, 149, 200, 235, 237, 242, 311. See also relating Naturalis historia to ruins 42, 56–7, 65–6, Cyzicus; Ephesus; Halicarnassus 77–9, 80–1, 85–6, 167, 184, 230, 231, 232, Assyria 41 235–44, 257, 314, 316, 321 astronomy 214, 379n115. See also gnomones; horologia use in reconstructions on paper 206–7, 249–50, Athens 164, 178, 209, 234, 381n141 259, 262, 263–5, 266–7, 268, 270, 271, Choragic Monument of Lysicrates 234 272, 273, 277, 278, 279–80, 316 first temples on Acropolis 102

INDEX 467

Parthenon (Temple of “Pallas”; church of Maria Predica de i sogni 198, 375n28 Panaghia) 232, 235, 238–9, 240, 278, as Venetian envoy to Milanese court 370n26 387nn63,66,69, 388n74 Barbaro, Ermolao, the Younger 128 Street of Tripods 234 Castigationes plinianae et in Pomponium Melam “Temple of Apollo” 267 148–52, 155, 166–7, 320, 323 Tower of the Winds 136, 176, 232, 316, 385n19 copy owned by Castiglione 162 atizoe (gemstone) 139 on “didoron” brick 149, 155, 181, 201 atria 9, 37, 63, 64, 85, 103, 160, 192, 193, 214–18, praised for his prose style 199 220–5, 334n106, 346n55, 356n109, solution to operation of Curio’s rotating 381nn146,149, 382nn154,163, 383n195, theatres 151–2, 203, 205, 208, 248, 279, 391n52 378n73 atriolum 85, 347n58 on Temple of Diana at Ephesus 149, 150–1 Attendo, Pietro di Andrea 303 textual emendations to Pliny 148–51, Attic column 17, 146, 155–66, 167–8, 173, 182–6, 362n22 196, 202–3, 218, 219, 225, 318, 365n106, use of Vitruvius 148–51, 315 367nn145,159, 369nn189,190, 370n15, in Milan 173 371n108, 372n115, 374nn2,6, 377n57, Barbo, Pietro (cardinal). See Paul II (pope) 384n212, 408nn54,55 Baroque architecture 8 Attwood, Philip 280 Bartholomew the Englishman (Bartholomaeus Augustine, De civitate Dei 38, 128 Anglicus) 24 Augustus 7, 37, 49, 50, 53, 65, 69, 71, 121, 210, 291, barycephalus column 156, 157, 364n89 322, 333nn63,66 Barzizza, Gasparino 326n24 Aurelian 34 Basilio dalla Scola 363n56 Aurispa, Giovanni 115, 230 Basilio della Vigna 363n56 avaritia 6, 44, 315 Bassiano, Alessandro 405n103 Averlino, Antonio di Pietro. See Filarete (Antonio Basternae (tribe) 41, 335n134 di Pietro Averlino) Baths of Apollonius of Tyana 22 Avogaro, Pietro Donato 339n9 Battagio, Giovanni 190 awnings 107, 363n50 Beagon, Mary 8, 132 Beaufort, Henry (cardinal) 48 Babylon 316 Beccadelli, Antonio 3 Hanging Gardens 6, 12, 14, 176, 331n115 Bellerophon, ﬂoating statue of 23, 244, 389n100 Walls 12, 256 Belli, Valerio 280, 297 baluster column 156, 166, 368nn166,179 Bellincioni, Bernardo 246, 247 Bambalione family 404n94 Benali, Bernardino 323 Bande Nere, Giovanni delle. See Medici, Giovanni Benevento, Arch of Trajan 308 de’ (Giovanni delle Bande Nere) Benvenuto della Volpaia 381n140 Bandinelli, Baccio 283–4, 285, 287, 288, 401n10, Berga, Vicenza, theatre at 206–7, 378nn78,80 404n100 Bergamo 306 Bandini, Domenico 332n20 Cappella Colleoni 373n142 Barattolo, Andrea 388n93 Cathedral 120 Barbaro, Daniele 8, 87 Berlin 234, 299 collaboration with Palladio 197, 206–7, 214–15, Bernardo della Volpaia 342n70 217–18 Bernini, Gian Lorenzo 404n88 De horologiis describendis libellus 210 Beroaldo, Filippo, the Elder 173, 323, 362n18 Dieci libri dell’architettura 196–218, 225–6, 315, Berones (tribe) 150 321, 324 Berosus 212–13, 214, 380nn129,137 dedication to Cardinal d’Este 378n75 Bert, Mathilde 370n36 literary sources 197, 199, 374n13, 375n25 beryl (gemstone) 142, 143, 361n111 on Pliny copying from Vitruvius 201 Bessarion, Basilius (cardinal) 32 Pliny marginalised/integrated into Vitruvian Betts, Richard 125 discourse 198, 199, 200–3, 225–6 Bevilacqua, Simone 172, 324 reconstructions of Plinian marvels 203–18 Biagio di Bona (Ragugeo) 268, 396n132 and technological developments in Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana 56, 234 Veneto 197 Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana 198, 210 other texts by 375n22, 377n57 Biblioteca Trivulziana 118 and Pirro Ligorio 206, 379n108 Biﬃs, Mattia 380n121 portrait by Veronese 212–13, 380n137, Plate V Bigazzini, Giano 324

468 INDEX

Biondo, Flavio 30–4, 333n59 Bramantino (Bartolomeo Suardi) 373n138 access to manuscript of Naturalis historia 34 Brancati, Giovanni 406n8 contact with humanists 34 Brescia 173, 306, 307, 323 Historiarum ab inclinatione Romani imperii decades 44 bricks 16, 17, 149, 155, 181–2, 201, 363n37 Italia illustrata 44, 352n103 bridges 154, 207, 384n200 Roma instaurata 31–45, 313, 315, 332n29 Britannico, Angelo and Giacomo 323 account of ancient Rome 34–40 bronze. See also Corinthian bronze; gilt-bronze Christian Rome 31–3, 40–2 capitals 6, 63, 67, 86, 167, 193–4, 400n195 contrast with Alberti’s approach 106 doors 33, 106, 110, 113, 120, 239, 356n97 idea of city’s renewal 31–3 shields 223 literary sources 33–4 statues 19, 37, 39, 79, 118, 215, 253, 345n17, on moral degeneracy of ancient Rome 33, 356n84 36–40, 44 Brooke, Irene 405n117 on pagan collapse and Christian renewal Broussa 241 44–5, 65 Brown, Beverly Louise 372n118 on theatres 38–40, 205, 248 Brunelleschi, Filippo 93–4, 158, 159, 239, translation by Lucio Fauno 31, 78 365nn103,106 on walls and gates of Rome 34–5, 74, 77, Bruni, Leonardo 3, 48, 103, 234, 365n106, 385n5 333n64 Brusantino, Vincenzo 207, 378n88 Roma triumphans 36, 44, 87, 335n122, 351n91 Bruschi, Arnaldo 373n138 bitumen 328n14 Bryaxis 187 Boccaccio, Giovanni 29–30, 336n4 Budé, Guillaume 154, 362n22, 364n79, 382n158 Amorosa visione 129 building materials 16, 147, 149. See also glass; metals; De mulieribus claris 306, 332n18 stone; wood Bologna 34 building practices 81, 89, 96, 146, 151–2 Palazzo del Podestà 372n117 buildings without nails 14 San Domenico, Cappella Ghisilardi 403n75 Council Chamber, Cyzicus 21, 22, 180, 328n32 San Petronio 320 Sublician Bridge, Rome 14, 33, 176, 180, 328n32 Bonﬁni, Antonio 126–7 Buondelmonti, Cristoforo 231, 385n8 Boniface IV (pope) 288 Descriptio insulae Cretae 231 Boniface VIII (pope) 45 Liber insularum archipelagi 231 Bonino da Campione 289 Burlington collection 222 Bono, Mauro 171, 173 Burns, Howard 302, 309, 365n103 Bonsignori, Bonsignore 244 Bussi, Giovanni Andrea 4, 128, 162, 323 Bordon, Benedetto 131 Buzyges 174 Borghini, Vincenzo 294–5 Bossi, Gian Alberto 59, 340n32 Caesar, Julius 4, 28, 29, 40, 41, 114, 207, 272, 301, botany 3, 22, 132, 139, 141, 144, 146, 166, 360n88, 302, 384n200 376n43 Calcagnini, Celio 162, 366n139 Botticelli, Sandro 131, 168, Plate III Calderini, Domizio 128 braccio 257 Caligula 3, 50, 86 Bramante, Donato 71, 161, 189, 190, 246 Ionic column likened to his wife 161 and Antonio da Sangallo the Younger 255 Palace of 15, 63 Attic column 163, 168, 183 and Vatican Circus 49 and Cesariano 171, 172, 188 Callimachus (sculptor) 166 New St Peter’s 255, 402n33 Callimachus of Cyrene 12 tegurio 189–90, 373n144 Calmo, Andrea 207 Palazzo Caprini 222, 278, 368n166 Calvesi, Maurizio 130 Santa Casa, Loreto 189 camara 387n64 Santa Maria della Pace 168 Camillus, Marcus Furius 106, 352n117 Santa Maria delle Grazie 340n33 Campania 406n8. See also Naples Santa Maria presso San Satiro 168, 175, 185, Canali, Ferruccio 8 186, 318 Cansignorio della Scala (Scaliger) 288, 289 Sant’Ambrogio Capelli, Pasquino 114 Canonica 369n190 Capello, Guglielmo 354n52 Ionic cloister 168 capitals. See columns, capitals Tempietto, San Pietro in Montorio 277–8, Capodimonte, Isola Bisentina 368n166 tempietti 267, 282

INDEX 469

Caporali, Giovan Battista 172, 324, 371n93, 374n12 Chares of Lindos 135 Cappadocia 41 Charlemagne 158 Capranica, Domenico (cardinal) 31 Charles V (Holy Roman emperor) 76, 288, 291, Caprarola, Palazzo Farnese 219, 382n171 306, 402n34 Caracalla 64 Chemmis, Temple of Apollo 392n59 Cardano, Gerolamo 205, 208, 378n73, 390n20, chernites (stone) 147, 349n18 408n64 Chersiphron 18, 20, 96, 101, 150, 174, 249 Carey, Sorcha 8 Chiarlo, Carlo 236 Caria 107, 251, 304 Chigi, Agostino 298 Caron, Antoine 405n112 Chigi, Sigismondo 298 Carpaccio, Vittore 131 Chimaera 23 carri 298–9 Chios 231, 237 carsatides 148 Chrieger, Johann 324 caryatides 148 Christian iconography 310, 320 Cassiodorus 33, 36, 38 synthesising Christian and non-Christian forms Cassius Dio 22, 48, 390n37 282, 285–8, 293–4, 300–1, 303, 309 Castelleone, Santa Maria in Bressanoro 373n145 Christian Rome. See also Rome, Christian and Castigationes plinianae et in Pomponium Melam. Renaissance monuments See under Barbaro, Ermolao, the Younger Pliny’s miracula and miracles of 45, 336n156 Castiglione, Baldassarre 161, 162, 253, 295, 300, primacy of 40–2, 44–5, 55, 65, 67, 68, 88 381n151, 405n103 chryselectrum 244, 388n99 copies of Naturalis historia 162, 301 chrysocolla 57 copy of De architectura 366n133 Chrysoloras, Manuel 391n58 Il libro del cortegiano 295, 300–1, 402n53 Ciapponi, Lucia 155 tomb of 300–1, 304, 306, 405n103, Plate VIII Cibo, Innocenzo (cardinal) 283 Cataneo, Pietro 218 Cicero 4, 28, 36, 47, 94, 174, 197 Catanorchi, Olivia 350n43 and Albertian concept of ornamentum 105 Cato the Elder 33, 37, 95 De oﬃciis 38, 99, 326n44 Cattaneo, Danese 304, 307–9, 405n116 description of domus antiqua 85 Catulus, Quintus (Quintus Lutatius Catulus) 38, notion of decorum 94, 107 334nn105,106 Somnium Scipionis 129 Cavalcanti, Guido 24 use of word “atriolum” 347n58 Cave of Sejanus 350n47 use of word “insania” 351n68 Cellauro, Louis 380n121 Cilicia 41 Cellini, Benvenuto 396n132 Cinyras 97 Centelles, Antonio 114 Cipreste. See Chersiphron Cesariano, Cesare di Lorenzo 170, 171–2 Ciriaco d’Ancona (Ciriaco di Filippo de’ Pizzicolli) edition of Vitruvius 171–92, 259, 262, 279, 313, 230–44, 314, 315, 320, 386n49 314, 315, 318, 320, 324, 369nn6,7 architectural vocabulary 232–4 critical reception 172 Commentaria 231, 234, 235, 236, 244, 278 literary sources 172, 172–3, 175 copies of drawings made by Giuliano da and philological debate over Pliny’s text 173 Sangallo 238, 387n68, 388n74 Plinian marvels used to explain Vitruvian drawings as early evidence of Greek art 385n10, terminology 177–80 387n69 on Pliny’s architectural marvels 174–7 possible inﬂuence on Hypnerotomachia 359n42 on Pliny as guide to ancient ornament and copy of Vita Plinii 406n3 design 373nn162,163 despair at loss of antiquities 236, 241 and north Italian antiquarianism 192 Itinerarium 234, 237 and north Italian architectural design 182, 185–6, knowledge of Latin and Greek 231, 385n5 189, 190–1, 192–4 literary sources 231, 234–5, 237, 238, reconstruction of Plinian architecture and 385nn8,9,18, 386n31 architectural components 181–94 manuscript with passages copied from Naturalis on Attic column 168, 182–6 historia 234–5, 237–8, 387n64 on “didoron” brick 181–2 personal library 386n31 on Mausoleum at Halicarnassus 186–90, 257 sylloge 341n64 Cesati, Alessandro 280 and Wonders of the World 231, 232, 244, Chalcondyles, Demetrius 188–9 389n100, 407n30 Chantilly, Musée Condé 4 Clarke, Georgia 381n147

470 INDEX

classical literary sources 315. See also under the names adorned with vines 156, 242 of individual authors capitals 184, 316, 317 as means of recovering lost architecture 30, 49, 231 bronze 6, 63, 67, 86, 167, 193–4, 400n195 Pliny’s 2, 6, 13 copper 80 Poggio’s searches for 47, 338n63, 343n103 gold/gilt 4, 194 Claudian, Epithalamium de nuptiis Honorii et commemorative 180, 356n101 Mariae 141 ﬂuted 158, 160, 164, 165, 184, 284, 365n106 Claudius 15, 98, 135 genera and proportions 16–17, 149, 156–66, clay 16, 44, 97, 150, 151, 352n102 182–4, 202, 318, 319, 364n95, 366n128, clay pipes (tubuli) 149 394n86, 407n54 Clement VII (pope) 69, 72, 76, 217, 283, 286, 287 marble 19, 37, 39, 83, 217 Cleopatra 301 rendered in stucco 384n205 pearl of 408n73 “comites” stone 95, 349n18 Clodius (Publius Clodius Pulcher) 355n82 Commandino, Federico 213–14 Cluny, abbey 47 commonplace books 95, 320 Clusium 118 Como 5, 115, 171, 324, 326n37 Coates-Stephens, Robert 347n57 Cathedral 5, 173, 190, 191 Codex Arcerianus 71, 72 Pliny claimed as former citizen 5 Codex Ashmolensis 387n68 Composite order 163, 167, 184, 218–19, 220, 222–3, Codex Atlanticus 246 225, 318, 366n128, 368n173, 371n108, Codex Barberini 255, 267, 271, 272, 279, 316 383n195 Codex Coner 60, 342n70 compositional motifs Codex Escurialensis 359n41 Plinian, used in Renaissance architectural designs Codex Rootstein-Hopkins 275, 277, 278 193–4, 215–17, 219, 222–5, 253–4, 255, Codex Stosch. See Codex Rootstein-Hopkins 282–7, 288–96, 297, 298–309, 310–11, Codex Strozzi 367n145 406n123, Plate VIII Codussi, Mauro 168, 372n117 Renaissance, used in Plinian reconstructions Coecke van Aelst, Pieter 374n2 185–6, 189–91, 267, 268–71, 275, coins, ancient 42, 48, 71, 230, 280, 347n60 277–8, 279 of Corinthian bronze 383n177 Roman ruins and sculpture, used in Plinian depicting Circus Maximus 123 reconstructions 206–7, 249–50, 259, 262, depicting “incised bronze doors” of Nero’s palace 263–5, 266–7, 268, 270, 271, 272, 273, (Temple of Janus) 113, 354n37 277, 278, 279–80, 316 depicting Meta Sudans 344n136 concinnitas 130, 350n66 depicting rearing horses 273, 278 Constantinople 22, 32, 51, 230, 231, 232, 234, 235, depicting rogi 270, 280, 397n139 238, 330n108, 367n146 depicting Temple of Concordia 394n94 imperial chapel, church of the Monastery of depicting Temple of Diana at Ephesus 394n89 Christ Pantocrator 238 with head of Colossus of Rhodes 385n6 seven towers near Thracian Gate 22 with quadriga motif 42, 280, 396n130, 399n174 Constantius II 70 Colin, Jean 234 Contarini, Alessandro 304, 305, 405n104 Colle di Val d’Elsa, Santa Maria di Fabbricciano 168 Contarini, Pietro 374n2 Collenuccio, Pandolfo 361n2 Conteschi, Antonio. See Antonietto delle Medaglie Colocci, Angelo 161–2 (Antonio Conteschi) Colonna, Francesco (Dominican friar) 130, 360n55 convivium 335n142 Colonna, Francesco (lord of Palestrina) 130 copper 80, 278, 395n94 Colonna, Giovanni (cardinal) 29 Corallo, Stefano 323 Colonna, Prospero (cardinal) 42, 332n29 Corbinelli, Antonio 325n20 Colonna da Tivoli, Giovanni 298 Cordini, Antonio. See Sangallo, Antonio da, the colonnettes 368n166, 378n80 Younger colossus 136, 173 Cordoba y Figueroa, Doña Elvira de 295 columns. See also ancient Latin column Corinthian bronze 220, 383n177 (Composite); Attic column; baluster Corinthian order 16, 17, 56, 80, 137, 156, 158, 160, column; barycephalus column; Composite 161, 162, 163, 164, 166, 167, 168, 182, 183, order; Corinthian order; Doric order; 184, 189, 193, 200–1, 202–3, 212, 217, Ionic order; Phrysian/Phrygian column; 220, 224, 242, 264, 277, 284, 285, 378n75, Syracusan column; Tuscan dispositio; 379n120, 384n204, 395n96, 408n55 Tuscan genus; Tuscan order Corner family 326n32

INDEX 471

Corso, Antonio 8, 394n89 formae, schemata 21, 154, 330n102 Cortesi, Paolo, De cardinalatu 160 manuscripts 47, 155, 172, 181, 248–52, 310, 315, Corvinus, Matthias 126 330n102, 336n4 Cosmas of Jerusalem 330n112 in relation to Naturalis historia 312–13 Cosmico, Niccolò Lelio 130 acknowledged as source by Pliny 2, 16, 315 cosmology 3 content from De architectura taken by Pliny Cotrone 114 16–17, 149, 155, 201, 315 Council of Constance 47 De architectura used for interpreting and Council of Ferrara-Florence 31–2, 41, 45, 51, 53 augmenting Pliny 148–51, 152, 153, Council of Trent 303 166–7, 202, 315 Counter-Reformation 320 illustrated with help of Pliny 248–52, 257, country villas 8, 85, 160, 309 281, 310 Crassus, Lucius (Lucius Licinius Crassus) 37, 38, Naturalis historia used for interpreting and 334nn105,106 augmenting Vitruvius 152, 153–4, 154–5, Crema, Santa Maria della Croce 190 200, 247, 313, 315 cremation 30, 306 Pliny as authority on aspects not covered by Cremona, Palazzo Raimondi 381n147 Vitruvius 97, 156, 166, 170–1 Cretan labyrinth 13, 134, 256 Pliny’s divergences from Vitruvius 17–21 Crete 41 rise of Vitruvian “orthodoxy” 195–6, 321–2 “Temple of Apollo” 256 treated as a parallel text 174, 198, 249–52, 257, Cristoforo da Rieti 386n31 315–16 Cristoforo de’ Pensi 324 subsequent editions 154, 195–6, 197, 279, 324, Ctesias of Cnidus 12 369n15, 374n12 Ctesibius 174 translations 71, 146, 156, 161, 170, 171–2, 191–2, Curia (papal) 31, 34, 46, 49, 51, 337n40, 387n68 195, 197–9, 202, 257, 259, 279, 324, Curio, Gaius Scribonius, rotating theatres. See 343n118, 364n76, 375n22, 379n120, Rome, ancient monuments, theatres 392n67 (rotating) of Gaius Scribonius Curio use of text (summary) 315–16, 321 Cyprus 143 De re aediﬁcatoria. See under Alberti, Leon Battista Cyrus, Palace of 22, 114, 330n110 Decembrio, Angelo 337n23 Cyzicus 14, 22, 100, 180, 235 Decembrio, Pier Candido 115 Council Chamber (buleuterium) 21, 22, 180, decor 19, 21 328n32 decorum (Ciceronian) 94, 107 Fugitive/Runaway Stone 14, 22 Dei, Benedetto, Cronaca 230 seven echoing towers 22, 176, 179 Delﬁno, Federico 197 shrine with gold threads/tubes 7, 20, 22, 101, 241, deliciae 19, 37 242, 249, 387n63, 388n84 Delos, Temple of Apollo 392n59 Temple of “Proserpina” (Temple of Hadrian) Demodamas 237 240–2, 243, 244, 278, 310, 388n86 Demoteles 13 as one of the Seven Wonders 385n11, 391n58, Desiderio da Settignano 365n106 392n59 d’Este, Borso 353n142 d’Este, Ercole I 59, 152, 196 Da Persico, Giovanni Battista 304 d’Este, Ippolito (cardinal) 206, 378n75 da Porto, Ippolito 306 d’Este, Isabella 152, 311 da Porto, Iseppo 222, 224 d’Este, Leonello 42, 93, 95, 108, 332n29, 336n146, da Porto, Leonida 224 348n1, 349n14 Daedalus 118, 175, 364n79 d’Este, Meliaduse 348n1 Daly Davis, Margaret 159, 373n140 d’Este, Niccolò III 356n101 Damascus 147 D’Evelyn, Margaret 8, 378n73 Damasus I (pope) 34 Di Teodoro, Francesco Paolo 161 Dante (Dante Alighieri) 24, 129 Diana 136, 330n114 Darius 95 diatonos masonry 17 Dati, Leonardo 244, 391n53 “didoron” brick 149, 155, 181–2, 201, 364n76 Davies, Paul 399n165 Didyma, Temple of Apollo 237 De Angelis d’Ossat, Guglielmo 309 Dieci libri dell’architettura. See under Barbaro, Daniele De architectura 1, 8, 11, 322. See also headings for subjects dignitas 94 treated by Vitruvius Dinochares, Dinocrates 18, 119 editio princeps 4, 58, 145, 154, 257, 324, 326n34 Dio, Cassius 22, 48, 390n37

472 INDEX

Diodorus Siculus 12, 48, 49, 81, 95, 96, 131, 134, epistylia 150, 180, 232 175, 315, 346n44, 390n23 foundations 7, 121, 351n77 Diogenes of Athens 63, 80, 347n61 raising of architraves 96, 101, 150–1, 180 Dionysius of Halicarnassus 48, 72, 87 recalling Hanging Gardens 331n115 disegno as liberal art 147 reconstructions on paper 8, 249–50, 257–61, dispositio 16, 17, 18, 21, 366n123 310, 316 distributio 21 epictylia 148 Dolcino, Stefano 59 Epigrammata antiquae urbis 64–5 domestic architecture 36–8, 83, 84, 85, 102–3, 106, epistylia 148, 150, 180, 232 117, 160, 180, 214–18, 220–5 Epitoma Plinii Secundi in Historia Naturali 4 Domitian 85, 123, 327n65, 337n24, 387n62 Essen, Carel van 385n10 Dona, abbey 173 ethnography 3 Donatello (Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi) 158, Etruria 104, 118, 284, 352n102, 392n65 239, 365n106 Etruscan labyrinth. See Porsenna, Lars, Donato, Pietro 234, 239, 385n19, 388n74 labyrinth-tomb Dondi dall’Orologio, Giovanni 332n20 Etruscan legends 285 Donetti, Dario 398n165, 399n171 Etruscans 6, 13, 14, 20, 104, 107, 112, 257, 391n53, Doni, Anton Francesco 211, 220, 378n86 392n65 door types 155, 202–3. See also bronze, doors Eugenius IV (pope) 31, 32, 33, 41–2, 45, 46, 47, Doric order 16, 17, 156, 158, 160, 161, 162, 163, 152, 234 164, 167, 182, 183, 184, 190, 203, 219, 220, Eupompus 147, 362n9 224, 252, 262, 292, 318, 366n128, 394n94, Euryalus 97 395n96 eurythmia 21, 192 Dosio, Giovanni Antonio 298–9, 403nn68,72 Downes, Kerry 8 Fabio Calvo, Marco 70–5, 76, 162 drawings (in general) 111, 154, 163, 188, 245, 318. Antiquae urbis Romae cum regionibus simulachrum See also reconstructions on paper 71–5 Du Bellay, Joachim 374n2 Rome at the time of Augustus 73 Durantino, Francesco Lucio 259, 324, 369n15, Rome at the time of Pliny the Elder 73–5 371n93, 374n12 Rome at the time of Romulus 72 Rome at the time of Servius Tullius 71 Eastern marvels 13, 95–6, 229–44, 385n11. See also translation of De architectura 71, 161, 195, 279, Opera mirabilia in terris 343n118, 364n76 Ecbatana 98 fabrefactus 232 Palace of Cyrus 22, 114, 330n110 Fabri, Felix 244 Egypt 12, 65, 81, 112, 120, 121, 127, 135, 153, 244. fabulae Etruscae 285 See also Alexandria; Thebes (Egyptian) facies 350n66 campus Taneos 392n59 Facundus, Novius (“Manilius”) 20, 69, 178, 212, obelisk in Temple of Jupiter 135 314, 343n103 Pyramids 6, 12, 13, 22, 100, 107, 135, 234, 236, Fagiolo, Marcello 293 256, 301 Falconetto, Giovanni Maria 383n193, 406n119 shrine of Leto 96 fama 111, 120, 121, 144 Egyptian labyrinth 6, 13, 135, 256 Fanum, Basilica 382n163 elegantia 134 Farnese, Alessandro (cardinal). See Paul III (pope) Eleonora of Aragon 59, 314 Fauno, Lucio (Giovanni Tarcagnota) 31 Elis, shrine 96 Delle antichità della città di Roma 78–9, 87, 211 eloquentia 18 Fava, Nicolò 357n152 emerald 135, 138, 142–3, 161, 361n111 Faventinus 24 entasis 139, 183, 219 De diversis fabricis architectonicae 16 Ephesus, Temple of Diana (Artemision) 7, 12, 14, Federico da Montefeltro 146 18, 19, 20, 23, 100–1, 120–1, 127, 174, Feliciano, Felice 359n42 202, 241, 315, 385n11, 390n32, 393n73 Fera, Vincenzo 129 carved columns (“columnae caelatae”) Ferarii, Giorgio 34 121, 140, 156, 180, 249, 251, 261, 317, Feretta, Giulia 375n28 372n130 Fernández, Henry Dietrich 368n166, 399n173 Ciriaco’s visit 232 Fernando I of Naples 4, 338n56 compared to New St Peter’s 68 Ferrara 34, 76, 115, 128, 146, 152, 310, 311, 349n13. cypress roof 17 See also under d’Este

INDEX 473

Arco del Cavallo 356n101 San Pancrazio, Cappella Rucellai 108 Palazzo dei Diamanti 372n117 Santa Croce Ferrara Vitruvius 167, 248–52, 261, 278, 279, 310, tomb of Bruni 365n106 339n19 tomb of Marsuppini 365n106 Festus 359n36 Santa Maria del Fiore (Cathedral) 93–4, 146, Ficino, Marsilio 352n139 239, 293 Filarete (Antonio di Pietro Averlino) Santa Maria Maddalena di Cestello 168 access to material from Naturalis historia Santa Maria Novella 108, 190, 367n145 114–16 Santa Trinita, Cappella Sassetti 387n68 and Alberti 110, 111, 112, 113, 116, 121, 125–6 Santo Spirito, sacristy 316, 381n149 architectural works 111–12, 120 sculptor–architects 239 Bergamo Cathedral 120 Spedale degli Innocenti 158 bronze doors of Old St Peter’s 33, 110, 356n97 florilegia 95, 139, 320 memorial chapel to Francesco I Sforza 190, 192 fluted columns 158, 160, 164, 165, 184, 284, Ospedale Maggiore 111–12, 356n109 365n106 castello in form of a labyrinth 118, 119 Fontana, Domenico 70 and Filelfo 114–16 Fonzio, Bartolomeo 243, 387n68 interest in the Orient 230–1 formae 21, 154 Libro architettonico 110–27, 190, 313, 314, 315, 318, France 8, 47, 154, 164, 306, 337n13, 366n132 353nn6,12 Francesco da Tolentino. See Filelfo (Francesco da on architectural patronage 110–11, 112–13, Tolentino) 116–18, 118–20, 407n26 Francesco de’ Franceschi 213–14 on ancient artist’s/architect’s ingegno and fama Francesco di Giorgio Martini. See Martini, 111, 112–13, 121–2, 314 Francesco di Giorgio on columns at tabernacle of the Veronica 156 Fregoso, Ercole 307 Pliny as authority on ancient art 318 Fregoso, Giano II 307, 405n115 Plusiapolis 111, 114, 115, 121, 123, 125 frescoes 295, 348n67, 380n124, 399n175, 406n125 and possible link to Hypnerotomachia 130 Frommel, Christoph 253, 285, 291 on qualità 122 Frontinus, Justinus 49 Sforzinda 111, 112, 118, 120, 121, 122, 123, Frontinus, Sextus Julius 16, 21, 22, 36, 38, 48, 49 125, 126 De aquaeductu urbis Romae 1, 53, 145, 154, 338n63 translation into Latin 126–7 frugalitas 102 Filelfo (Francesco da Tolentino) 114, 115, Fufidius 1 125, 230, 310, 354nn43,51, 357n152 Fugazza, Giovan Pietro 185 and Filarete 114–16, 357n136 Fugitive/Runaway Stone, Cyzicus 14, 22 Sforziad 126, 356n101 Fulda, abbey 23 Filippo di Pietro 323 Fulvio, Andrea 68–70, 76, 87, 342n94 Fiore, Francesco Paolo 172, 186 Antiquaria Urbis 69 firmitas 21 Antiquitates Urbis 69–70, 87 Flaccus, Valerius 47 funerary monuments 282–8, 291, 294–6, 298, Florence. See also under Medici 300–9, 401n23. See also Halicarnassus, Baptistery of San Giovanni 164, 165, 190, 239, Mausoleum at; Porsenna, Lars, 365n106 labyrinth-tomb catafalques of Cosimo I and Francesco I de’ Medici 288 Gabriele, Mino 138 and Ciriaco 234 Gaius Cestius (Gaius Cestius Epulo) 28, 48 Orsanmichele 288, 365n106 Gaius Marius 36, 60 Palazzo Rucellai 108, 341n62 Galen 330n103, 376n43 Palazzo Scala 391n52 Gallaccini, Teofilo 374n6 Piazza del Duomo 365n106 Galle, Philippe 399n172 Piazza della Signoria 402n48 Gallo, Agostino 171 Romanesque revival 320 garden architecture 139, 160 San Lorenzo 146, 255, 283 Gaul 135, 137 Sagrestia Vecchia 158, 159 Gaza, Theodore 128, 237, 348n7, 372n131, San Marco 282 387n64 San Miniato al Monte Gellio. See Gellius, Aulus Tabernacle of the Crucifix 365n106 Gellius, Aulus 53, 54, 97, 130, 188, 189, 235, 359n36, tomb of the Cardinal of Portugal 403n57 372n131

474 INDEX

gem carving 7, 232, 303 Gonzaga, Francesco II 152, 253–4, 282, 294, 300, gemstones 3, 132, 138, 139, 142–3, 144, 230, 319, 403n76 326n43, 361n111, 374n2 Gonzaga, Ludovico III 108, 253, 353n142 generazioni 182, 183 Gothic style 288, 320 genere 157 Gottardo da Ponte 324 genero 164 granite 6, 14, 134 Genga, Bartolomeo 404n86 Grapaldo, Francesco Maria 146, 160–1, 166, 182 Genga, Gerolamo 381n149 De partibus aedium 160–1 Genoa 307 Graphia aureae urbis 28, 145, 332n21 genus, genera 16, 17, 156, 157, 160, 182, 183, 317, Grassi, Achille (cardinal) 65 318, 366n123 Grassi, Leonardo 130 geography 3, 13, 333n63 Grassi, Liliana 353n6 German style (maniera tedesca) 71, 293, 299 Greece 9, 38, 229, 236, 237. See also Athens; Germany 2, 143, 343n103. See also Berlin; Munich Olympia gesso 408n56 Greek architecture 6–7, 15, 19, 100–1, 105, 158, Gherardi da Prato, Giovanni 352n102 200, 287, 304, 317 Ghiberti, Lorenzo 239 Greek art 235, 385n10 Ghirlandaio, Domenico 359n41, 374n164 appropriation of 7, 50–1, 121–2 Giamberti, Antonio. See Sangallo, Antonio da, the Greek artists 314 Elder Greek house 9, 64 Giamberti, Giuliano. See Sangallo, Giuliano da Greek magniﬁcentia and ingenium 100–1 Gibbon, Edward 5 Greek theatre 207, 208 gilt bronze 57, 79, 177, 178, 253 Greenhalgh, Michael 8 Giocondo, Fra Giovanni 146, 154, 167, 189, Gregory of Nazianzus 315 364n67 De septem mundi spectaculis 231, 330n112, 407n30 on Curio’s rotating theatres 152, 205, 248, 279 Gregory of Tours 175, 231 and Daedalus 364n79 De cursu stellarum ratio 331n118, 407n30 editions of De architectura 154–5, 157, 164, 172, Gros, Pierre 8 181, 184, 195–6, 197, 198, 209, 214, 226, Guarino, Niccolò 326n26 259, 279, 315, 324 Guarino da Verona (Guarino Guarini) 34, 95, 115, balusters 368n166 128, 152, 230, 310, 326n26, 333n59, barycephalus column 156, 157 337n23, 350n42, 354n52 gnomon 209, 214 Guglielmo della Porta 299 types of brick including “didoron” 155, 181, 201 Guichard, Claude 268–70, 280 work at New St Peter’s 364n68 Guinigi, Paolo 4 Giovanni Antonio and Pietro da Sabio 324 Günther, Hubertus 9 Giovanni da Camerino 398n157 Giovanni da Tolentino 67 Hadrian 73, 180, 241, 339n8 Giovanni da Tridino 324 Halicarnassus, Mausoleum at Giovanni di Balduccio Plate IV as backdrop for a literary contest 372n131 Giovio, Benedetto 171, 173 Boccaccio’s reference to 30 Giovio, Paolo 246, 247 Bonﬁni’s reference to 127 Giuliano, Andrea 333n59 Bonsignori’s sketch of site 244 Giulio Romano. See Romano, Giulio “carved column” 188, 372n130 Giunta, Filippo 324 Cesariano’s analysis of 174, 186–91 Giustiniani, Bernardo 115 as depicted on Renaissance medals 262, 268–70, Giustiniani-Banca, Andreolo 231, 232, 237, 238 280, 297–8, 395nn100,101, 396n131 Giza 244 evoked in Hypnerotomachia 134 glass 38, 39, 61, 67, 106, 123, 137, 153, 205. See also Filarete’s account of 127, 355n64 mosaics with four equilateral porticoes 262, 263, 280, 309, Gnaeus Cossutius Agathangelus 392n68 406n124 Gnaeus Octavius 56 as inspiration for architectural designs 253–4, 282, gnomones 14, 20–1, 33, 57, 65–6, 178, 179, 208–12, 283, 284, 285, 289, 290, 291, 293, 294, 296, 381nn140,141 298, 299, 300, 300–1, 302, 303, 304–6, gold 39, 44, 61, 95, 123, 139, 205, 239, 361n94 307, 309, 311, 319–20, 392n60, 402n33, gold thread 7, 20, 22, 101, 241, 242, 249, 388n84 404n86, 406n123, Plate VIII Gonzaga, Federico II 296, 300 interpreted as temple 262–3, 395n97 Gonzaga, Francesco (cardinal) 116 as one of the opera mirabilia in terris 14

INDEX 475

as one of the Seven Wonders 7, 12 Inghirami, Tommaso 60 reconstructions on paper 251–2, 256–7, 261–71, Innocent VIII (pope) 58 275–8, 280, 296, 298, 309, 310, 316, insania 19, 67, 100, 106, 151, 176, 351n68 395n100, 398n165, 400n4, Plate VII inventio 18, 20 sculptors as artiﬁces 20 inventors of tools of civilisation 97, 174 as topos for Renaissance funerary structures 253–4 Ionia 236, 237 harbour foundations 150 Ionic order 16, 17, 149, 156, 158, 160–1, 162, 163, harmonia 134, 239, 360n57 164, 167, 182, 183, 184, 203, 207, 218, 220, Hart, Vaughan 8 249, 251, 284, 379n120 Hawksmoor, Nicholas 8, 226 Iris 138 Hay, Denys 335n135 Isabella of Aragon 59, 246 Heavenly Jerusalem. See Zion Isager, Jacob 8 Heemskerck, Maarten van 47, 399n172 Iseo, Polissena 303 Helios 278, 399n175 Iseo, Sigismondo 303 Hellenistic canons of architectural wonders 6 Isidore of Seville 23, 123, 130–1, 331n116 Hemsoll, David 393n76 Etymologiae sive origines 23, 157 Henri II 306 Heraclea, theatre at 22, 175, 231 Jacks, Philip 71 herbs 139, 201 Jacopo della Pergola 353n141 Hercules, statue of 79, 122, 135, 345n19, 357n125 Janiculum Hill 34, 335n141, 392n68 Hermes, sculpture of 251 jasper (gemstone) 142, 361n111 Hermias 143 Jenson, Nicolas 4, 323 Herodotus 6, 12, 13, 48, 49, 96, 107, 131, 315, Jerome 34, 333n52 341n64, 392n65 Jerusalem 293 histories of architecture 15–16, 94, 96–9, 100–2, 102, Temple of Solomon 52, 120, 395n110 158, 200 Johannes of Speyer, editio princeps of Naturalis historia Holanda, Francisco de 296–8, 374n2, 406n124 4, 128, 323, 398n155 Os Desenhos das Antigualhas 296, 298 Jonah 23 Diálogos em Roma 297–8 Jones, Inigo 345n33, 384n205 Homer 231 Josephus, Flavius 52, 81, 392n63 Hooke, Robert 8 Juba 13 Horace 33, 37 Julius II (pope) 61, 65, 68, 189, 307 horologia 178, 210, 212–14, 380nn129,137,140 Jupiter horticulture 3 statues of 135, 239, 249 Hülsen, Christian 131, 398n165 as tutelary deity of Cyzicus 241 Huyon, Guillaume 324 Justinian 22 Hyginus, Fabulae 22 Juvenal 150 Hyginus Gromaticus, De limitibus constituendis 71 Hymettian marble 37, 334n106 Kleeﬁsch-Jobst, Ursula 283 Hyperbius 97 Kretzulesco-Quaranta, Emanuela 130 Hypnerotomachia Poliphili 129–44, 167, 176, 273, Krinsky, Carol 172, 190 313–14, 315, 320 amphitheatre 139–41 Labacco, Antonio 253, 292, 345n22 author’s identity 130, 359nn26,30 labyrinths 13, 256, 331n116 Fountain of Venus 141–3 Cretan 13, 134, 256 garden peristyle 139 Egyptian 6, 13, 135, 256 illustrator’s identity 131, 359n42 Etruscan. See Porsenna, Lars, labyrinth-tomb Isle of Cytherea 138–9 Lemnian 13, 139, 256 literary sources 129, 130–1, 359n36 quarries as 232, 236, 386n52 Pyramid 132–6, 360nn51,55 Laconia 236 Temple to Venus Physizoa 136–8, 360n71 Lactantius 47 use of Naturalis historia 131–2 Ladislao I of Naples (“il Magnanimo”) 288 Lanciani, Rodolfo 344n135 Ianziti, Gary 126 Landi, Agostino de’ 197, 380n125 Iberia 41 Landino, Cristoforo 4, 229, 247, 323, 406n8 Iliad 126, 231 Lapi, Nicolò 34 ingegnio, ingegno 111, 116, 121–2, 175, 178, 246, 247 lapidaria 139, 140, 361n111 ingenium 20, 100, 101, 103, 174, 214, 232, 247 lapis lazuli 132, 139

476 INDEX

Lascaris, Giovan Giorgio (“il Pirgotele”) 303 Lombardo family 372n117 Lascaris, Janus 189 Lorenzetto 268, 295, 296, 396n132 Lastricati, Zanobi 400n4 Loreto, Santa Casa 189 Latin Vulgate 361n111 Loschi, Antonio 49 Latini, Brunetto, Li livres dou Tresor 24 Losito, Maria 379n102 Latium 148 Lotti, Lorenzo (Lorenzetto). See Lorenzetto Lauro, Giacomo, Antiquae urbis splendor 88 Lübeck 3 Lefaivre, Liane 130 Lucca 4 Legenda aurea 29 Lucullan marble 39, 85, 103, 217 Lelio, Antonio (“Podager”) 65–6, 70, 342n72 Lucullan stone 117–18, 124, 355n78 Lemnian labyrinth 13, 139, 256 Lucullus, Lucius (Lucius Licinius Lucullus) 117, 126, Leo I (pope) 335n135 174, 355n74, 407n26 Leo X (pope) 59–60, 64, 69, 71, 157, 256, 283, 284 Lucullus, Marcus (Marcus Terentius Varro Leochares 187 Lucullus) 79, 117, 135 Leonardi, Giovan Giacomo 197 Ludovico da Ponte 361n2 Leonardo da Vinci Ludovico de’ Guasti 4 and Cesariano 171, 188, 190 luxuria 6, 16, 19, 33, 36–8, 39–40, 94, 97, 99, 102–3, copy of Naturalis historia 312 106, 123, 176, 314–15 and Milanese theatre architecture 246, 389n3 Lycia 13 reservations concerning Pliny’s account 248 Lydia 149, 392n65 solution to operation of Curio’s rotating theatres Lydion/Lydium brick 149, 363n40 208, 246–8, 278–9, 310, 315–16, Plate VI Lysimachia 357n122 Leoniceno, Niccolò, De Plinii et plurium aliorum in medicina erroribus 146 Maccaneo, Domenico 370n43 Lepidus, Marcus Aemilius 15, 62, 223 Madrid Codex 246, 278 Leto, Pomponio 55, 56–8, 178, 314, 321, 338n3, Maecenas 37, 44, 174 339nn9,14, 341n48 Maffei, Raffaele, Commentaria urbana 67, 159–60, 164 Excerpta 56–7, 339n15 Maffei, Scipione 161 interpolated regionary catalogue 56, 62, 339n7 Magister Gregorius, De mirabilibus urbis Rome libella (level) 364n79 330n112 Liber pontificalis 34, 48 magnetic forces 23, 238, 330n114, 389n100 Liberi, Antonio 404n96 magnificentia 19, 100, 102, 108, 125, 174, 175, Libo, Lucius Scribonius 118 329n81, 351n88, 352n139, 357n152 Libro architettonico. See under Filarete (Antonio di Magno, Stefano 207 Pietro Averlino) Mainz 23 licentia 383n175 Malatesta, Sigismondo Pandolfo 108 Lichas (architect) 134 Malatesta Novello (Domenico Malatesta) 353n141 lichas (unit of measurement) 149 Mamurra 62 lichum 149 Mancini, Girolamo 94 lidoron 149, 181 Manetti, Antonio di Tuccio 158, 182, 318 Ligorio, Pirro 83–6 Vita di Ser Filippo Brunelleschi 158, 365n101 Anteiquae urbis imago 85, 347n60 Manetti, Giannozzo 391n58 Antichità romane 83–6 maniere 163, 202–3, 377n57 and Barbaro 206, 379n108 Manilius. See Facundus, Novius (“Manilius”) on double theatre of Curio 83 Mantegna, Andrea 41, 131, 374n164 on “House of Marcus Scaurus” 83–5 Mantova Benavides, Marco 303–4 Libro […] delle antichità di Roma 206 Mantua. See also under Gonzaga on Mausoleum at Halicarnassus 395n97, 406n124 Giulio Romano in 295, 300, 310, Plate VIII and Palladio 378n75 Palazzo Ducale 302 on Pantheon 85–6, 347n61, Plate II Palazzo Te 302 on Vatican obelisk 86, 347n65 San Francesco 390n45 linage 164 catafalque erected to Francesco II Gonzaga literary topoi 36, 38, 46, 48–9, 55, 131, 237, 314, 403n76 328n39 San Sebastiano 104, 108, 253 “litharmenos” (stone) 139 Santa Maria delle Grazie Livy 28, 29, 33, 48, 51, 56, 72, 87, 338n50 tomb of Baldassarre Castiglione 300–1, 304, Llewellyn, Nigel 166 306, 405n103, Plate VIII lodestone 238 Sant’Andrea 104, 108

INDEX 477

Manuzio, Aldo 129, 145 Medici, Giovanni de’ (Giovanni delle Bande Nere) Manzolo, Michele 323 294–5, 296 marble 17–18, 30, 37, 51, 62, 68, 78, 83, 96, 103, 132, Medici, Giuliano di Lorenzo de’ 60 134, 138, 147, 182, 186, 278, 374n2 Medici, Giulio de’ (cardinal). See Clement VII (pope) “andracine” 134, 360n57 Medici, Lorenzo de’ (“il Magniﬁco”) 61, 109 Hymettian 37, 334n106 Medici, Lorenzo di Piero de’ 60 Lucullan 39, 85, 103, 217 Medici, Piero de’ (“il Gottoso”) 112, 126, 353n17, Parian 63, 236 358n156 Phrygian 368n175 Medici, Piero de’ (“lo Sfortunato”) 282, 400n4 marble growing in quarry 95 Medicina Plinii 22 Marbode of Rennes 361n111 medicinal plants 3 Marcanova, Giovanni 43, 386n49 Mela, Pomponius 231, 234 Marcellus (nephew of Augustus) 107 Melanthius 147 Marcellus, Marcus Claudius 36 melilot 142, 143 Marcellus, Nonius 359n36 Memnon 22, 135 Marche 126 memoria 18, 111, 121, 125, 354n30 Marco Polo 231 Memphis 135, 236 Marcolini, Francesco 197, 204, 206, 207–8, 211, 324, merones 151, 363n49 378nn73,85,86,88, 379n115 Merosotis (pharaoh) 69 Marconi, Paolo 73 Merula, Giorgio 128 Marcus Aurelius 120 Mesphres (pharaoh) 20 Maria of Trebizond 238 metals 6, 23. See also bronze; copper; gold Mariano da Firenze, Fra, Itinerarium urbis Romae 68 Metella (Caecilia Metella Dalmatica) 107 Marliani, Bartolomeo, Antiquae Romae topographia Metella, Caecilia 294 77–8, 87, 314 Michelangelo Buonarroti Marsuppini, Carlo 365n106, 389n100 catafalque of 400n4 Martial 12, 54, 56, 327n65 in Holanda’s Diálogos em Roma 297 Liber de spectaculis 129, 135, 136, 138, 175, 315, intervening in design of tomb for duke and 327n65, 340n32 duchess of Sessa 295–6 Martini, Francesco di Giorgio 64, 146–7, 156, 158, limited use of Pliny 254 161, 167, 279, 312, 362n7, 368nn167,179 New St Peter’s 292–3, 299, 382n160 copy of Naturalis historia 362n7 Palazzo dei Conservatori 382n160 translation of De architectura 146 tomb of Julius II 253, 268, 282, 285, 304 Trattato 146–7 Michelozzi, Bernardo 244 Mascarino, Niccolò 196, 374n8 Michelozzo di Bartolomeo 365n106 Maser Michiel, Marcantonio 162 Tempietto 225, 384n206 Milan. See also under Sforza Villa Barbaro 212, 380n124, 406n125 Biblioteca Trivulziana 118 Master of the London Pliny Plate I Cathedral 146, 192, 320 materials. See building materials as centre of Plinian and Vitruvian studies 173, 174 Matociis, Giovanni de (Mansionario) 326n37 and Cesariano 171, 172, 190 Mausolus 187, 251, 253, 278, 301, 306, 309. See also and concept of magniﬁcentia 351n88 Halicarnassus, Mausoleum at and Filarete 111, 112, 120, 126 Maxentius 337n24 humanists 188 Maximilian I (Holy Roman emperor) 307 Ospedale Maggiore 111–12, 356n109 Mazenta, Giovanni Ambrogio 408n60 Romanesque revival 320 Mazzocchi, Giacomo 64 San Lorenzo, Cappella di Sant’Aquilino 190 measurement units 257, 383n190, 392n68, 399n167 Santa Maria delle Grazie 190–1, 340n33 mechanicus 151, 329n84 Santa Maria presso San Celso 193–4, 373n145 medals. See Renaissance medals Santa Maria presso San Satiro 168, 175, 185, 186, mediaeval legends 28, 30 190, 318, 371n53 mediaeval use of Pliny 3, 22–4, 27–30 Sant’Ambrogio 168, 369n190 Medici, Catherine de’ 306, 405n112 Sant’Eustorgio, Cappella Portinari 189, Plate IV Medici, Cosimo de’ 3, 234, 337n14, 339n9 structures for union of Gian Galeazzo Sforza and Medici, Cosimo I de’ 288, 294 Isabella of Aragon 59, 246, 355n62 Medici, Francesco Armellini Pantalassi de’ Milanesi, Gaetano 401n8 (cardinal) 287 Miletus 237 Medici, Francesco I de’ 288, 294–5 “palaces” of 232

478 INDEX

military roads 98 largely textual approach towards 320 Milo (Titus Annius Milo) 117, 126, 355n82 more “analytical” approach towards 320–2 mineralogy 3, 6, 220 relationship to other classical texts 315–16 minerals 17, 95, 97, 132, 138, 141, 142, 147. See also study of work in Ferrara 115, 128, 146, 152, gemstones; marble; stone 248, 310, 354n52, 363n58 Mira, Villa Foscari (La Malcontenta) 405n107 study of work in Florence 3, 234, Mirabilia urbis Romae 28, 29, 30, 34, 45, 67, 87, 121, 325nn17,19,20, 337nn13,14, 339n9, 145, 332n21, 337n23 354n52, 391n58 Mitchell, Charles 359n42 study of work in Mantua 353n142 Mithridates 41 study of work in Milan 173, 174 Montecassino study of work in Naples 3, 338n56, 406n8 mausoleum for Piero de’ Medici 282–3, 400n4 study of work in Rimini 353n141 monastery library 33, 338n63 study of work in Venice 128, 196, 303, 310 Monteﬁascone, Santa Maria di Monte Moro versions of text 312 267, 282 editio princeps 4, 94, 128, 312, 323, 398n155 Montepulciano 255, 391n53 epitomes 3–4, 23, 116, 326n24 San Biagio 255, 400n188 manuscripts 3–4, 28–30, 34, 35, 48, 57, 94, 114, moral dimension of architecture 6, 15, 19, 33, 38, 39, 115–16, 148, 149, 150, 151, 162, 181, 196, 40, 44, 67, 94, 99, 100, 102–5, 105–7. 234–5, 265, 276, 310, 312, See also luxuria; virtù 325nn17,19,20,22, 326n24, mosaics 37, 38, 39, 57, 137, 341n46, 362n14 337nn13,14,40, 339n9, 343n103, 349n36, Mount Athos, Iveron monastery 234 350n38, 354n52, 366n132, 386n39 Mount Bagistanus 135 printed editions 4, 57, 72, 116, 128–9, 162, 173, Mount Juktas, tomb of Zeus 231 181, 196, 261–2, 303, 310, 323, 330n103, Mucianus, Gaius Licinius 2, 13, 187, 328n27 388n99, 398nn155,157, Plate I Mudania 241 translations 4, 116, 229, 232, 233, 247, 323, Mühlberg, Battle of 306 326n28, 406n8, Plate I Munich 161 nature, relationship of architecture to 19, 20, 96–7, Münster, Sebastian 380n140 98, 102, 132, 136–43, 144, 160–1, 166, Murano 207 200, 331n118, 349nn34,35 Murphy, Trevor 8 Naucrates 372n131 Myron 79 Near East 98, 126, 131, 229–44. See also Asia Minor; Eastern marvels Naas, Valérie 8 Necepso 137 Nalda, Margherita 304, 305–6 Nencoreus (pharaoh) 86, 347n66 Nanni di Baccio Bigio 287 Neoclassical architecture 8 Naples 3, 83 Neoplatonism 300–1 Castel Nuovo 406n8 Nepi, San Tolomeo 402n45 San Giovanni a Carbonara Nero 3, 7, 38, 39, 81, 107, 113, 140. See also Rome, memorial to Ladislao I 288 ancient monuments, Domus Aurea Nardini, Cristoforo 211 (Golden House of Nero) Naturalis historia 2–7, 173. See also headings for subjects Niccoli, Niccolò 3, 48, 231, 234, 244, 325n19, treated by Pliny; Opera mirabilia in terris; 337nn13,14, 386n39 Romae miracula operum XVIII Niccolò di Aristotele 324 general aspects Nicholas V (pope) 51, 99, 108, 110, 337n40, 348n1 architectural inﬂuence and inspiration 8–9 Nicomachus 54 architectural references 6–7 Notitia urbis Romae regionum XIIII cum breviariis compositional structure 3, 7, 326n43 suis 56 intellectual programme 5–6, 18–19 Notturno Napoletano 61 literary sources 2, 13, 315, 362n19 numerus 350n66 purpose 2 Numidian stone 61 readership 3–4, 21–4 Praefatio 4, 5, 173, 326n44 obelisks 6, 20, 49–50, 69–70, 134, 135, 153, 162, 178, reception and reputation 3–5 179. See also under Rome, ancient considered leading authority on architecture 28, monuments 53, 72, 88, 135, 170, 196, 312–13, 318–20 Odyssey 231 doubted as reliable source of information 79, oeci 180, 262 89, 145–6 Oettingen, Wolfgang von 120

INDEX 479

Olympia Pisanello 336n146 sevenfold echo (portico) 14, 179 Raphael statue of Zeus 12, 239 Judgement of Paris 399n175 Onians, John 105, 114–15, 158 Transﬁguration 295 Opera mirabilia in terris 6–7, 11, 13–14, 19, 22, 144, Signorelli 176, 230, 248, 279, 288, 297, 312, 316 Annunciation 374n164 opifex 232, 239 Deeds of the Antichrist 395n110 opus reticulatum 70, 182 temporary arches for entry of Charles V into Orcagna (Andrea di Cione) 288 Rome 288 ordinatio 21 Veronese 380n124 ordo, ordine, ordini 156–7, 161, 162, 163, 167, 173, da Porto portraits 224, 384n199 318, 319, 350n66 Family of Darius before Alexander 405n106 oriental buildings 100 Harbour Scene (fresco) 406n125 ornamentum 101, 102, 105–7, 177, 316–17 Portrait of Daniele Barbaro 212–13, 380n137, Orosius 335n135 Plate V Orvieto Verrocchio Cathedral 275, 395n110 Virgin Adoring the Christ Child 168 Palazzo Pucci 381n149 Palaeologus, John VIII 31, 51, 232, 233, 237, 238 well constructed by Antonio da Sangallo the Palestrina. See Praeneste Younger 298 Palladio, Andrea 86–8, 219–25, 226 Osiris 95 L’antichità di Roma 87–8 Ostia, harbour works 15 architectural works Ottomans 238, 288, 306, 311 commissions of Giacomo Angarano 384n200 Ovid 33, 42, 56, 241, 359n36 Convento della Carità 224–5 Loggia del Capitaniato 223 Pacioli, Luca 167, 188 Palazzo Angarano 224, 384n201 Padua 86, 234 Palazzo Barbarano 223, 383n195 Basilica del Santo 304, 365n106, 406n123 Palazzo Contarini dalle Figure 383n193 memorial to Alessandro Contarini 304, Palazzo della Ragione 215 305, 306 Palazzo Porto 222–4, 383n195, 384n201 memorial to Luigi Visconti 406n123 Palazzo Valmarana 223, 383n195 Miracle of the Miser’s Heart 365n106 Il Redentore 225, 384n206 church of the Eremitani, memorial to Marco San Francesco della Vigna 225, 406n123 Mantova Benavides 303–4, 307 Tempietto, Maser 225, 384n206 Museo Civico, monument to Claudia Toreuma temporary wooden theatre, Vicenza 378n81 368n170 Villa Almerico Capra (La Rotonda) 309, 311 Porta Savonarola 383n193 Villa Barbaro 212, 380n124, 406n125 University of 31, 196, 197 Villa Foscari (La Malcontenta) 405n107 pagan motifs in Christian context 282, 285–8, and Daniele Barbaro 197, 206–7, 220 293–4, 300–1, 303, 309 drawings of antiquities painting 7, 15, 21, 29, 116, 147 Forum of Nerva 393n76 of bronze (or gilt) capitals 194 Porta Aurea, Ravenna 383n193 misinterpretation of stylobate as form of 156 Temple of Clitumnus 225, 378n75 paintings/painters 53, 54, 103, 174, 235, 314 Temple of Fortuna Primigenia 406n124 Apelles 21, 54, 147 Temple of Mars Ultor 382n163 Forum of Augustus 408n73 Temple of Venus Genetrix 382n163 Botticelli, Adoration of the Magi 168, Plate III theatres 206–7, 378nn78,80 Cesariano 170 on House of Marcus Scaurus 214, 217, 218, depicting square columns 168, 369n187 382n163 Eupompus 147, 362n9 I quattro libri dell’architettura 220, 221, 224, 321–2 Ghirlandaio, Adoration of the Magi 374n164 use of Plinian motifs in designs 220–5, 309, Mantegna 131 406n123 St Sebastian 374n164 Palladius 24 Triumphs of Caesar 41 De re rustica 16 Nicomachus, Rape of Proserpina 54 Palliolo, Paolo 60–1, 314 Peruzzi 60 Palmieri, Giovanni Battista 323 Villa Farnesina 396n130, 399n167 Palmieri, Matteo 348n1 Pinturicchio, Apollo and his Children 399n175 Pamphilus 362n9

480 INDEX

Pandoni, Giannantonio Porcellio de’ 59, 314, interest in Pliny 399n179 355n62 New St Peter’s 255 De arte fuxoria 116 paintings in Villa Farnesina 396n130, 399n167 Pannartz, Arnold 129, 323 Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne 381n149, 382n154 Panormita. See Beccadelli, Antonio temporary arches for entry of Charles V into Panvinio, Onofrio 343n106 Rome 288–91, 296 Paphlagonia 41 temporary theatre on Campidoglio 60 Parian marble 63, 236 tomb of Adrian VI 285, 287 Paris 154 Peruzzi, Sallustio 397n139, 401n23 Parma 323 Pesaro Paros 232, 236 Palazzo Ducale 404n86 Passarotti, Bartolomeo 401n29 Sforza library 234 Pasti, Matteo de’ 190 Villa Imperiale 381n149 Patrizi, Francesco 391n58 Petosiris 137 patronage 100, 102, 110–11, 112–13, 116–20, 125–6, Petrarch, Francesco 28, 29, 336n4 353n18, 381n147, 407n26 drawing of a fortiﬁed tower 28–9, 331n11, Paul II (pope) 335n126 336n156 Paul III (pope) 77, 216, 288, 292, 299, 303 manuscript of Naturalis historia 3, 28, 29, 114, Paul the Deacon 359n36 337n13, 354n45 Paulina, Lollia 161 vision of Rome 28–9, 45, 331n12 Pausanias 12, 201 petriﬁcation 13, 200 Pauwels, Yves 374n2 Petronius 121 Pavia Petrucci, Antonello 3 Cathedral 320 Pheidias 121, 232, 235, 238–9, 240, 278, 387n63 Sforza library 114, 115 phengites (stone) 38, 137, 362n13 Payne, Alina 109 Philandrier, Guillaume, Annotationes 195–6, pearl 143, 161 211, 318 Pedretti, Carlo 246 philological reconstructions. See reconstructions on Pegasus 23 paper “pegasus” capital 316, 398n156 Philostratus 174 Pellecchia, Linda 9, 192 Phrygian marble 368n175 Pendaglia, Bartolomeo 349n13 Phrysian/Phrygian column 78, 167, 318 Penni, Gianfrancesco 295, 296, 297 Physica Plinii 22 pentadoron (brick) 149, 181 physiology 3 Pergamum, pavement at 137, 141 Piacenza 275 periaktos 123, 178–9 San Sepolcro 190 peristylium 160, 220, 224 Santa Maria di Campagna 189 perones 150–1, 363nn44,49 Santa Maria in Tempio 398n159 Perotti, Niccolò Picardo 164 Cornucopiae 129, 135–6, 137, 138, 139, 141, 143, Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni 196, 362n23 173, 175, 358n15 Pico Master 196 edition of Naturalis historia 128–9, 162, 323, piede antico 257 358nn8,15 Pinturicchio (Bernardino di Betto) 399n175 Rudimenta grammatices 389n15 Pippi, Giulio (Giulio Romano). See Romano, Persepolis 81 Giulio Perugia 324 Pirovano, Aloisio 171 Rocca Paolina 271 Pisa, Baptistery 190 Peruzzi, Baldassarre 195 Pisanello (Antonio di Puccio Pisano) 336n146 drawings of antiquities 79 Pittoni, Girolamo 404n94 Arch of Titus 401n14 Pius IV (pope) 298 Colosseum 167 plaster 96, 384n205. See also stucco Pantheon 280 Platina, Bartolomeo 326n24 “pegasus” capital 316 Pliny the Elder (Gaius Plinius Secundus) 2–3. Temple of Antoninus and Faustina 393n76 See also Naturalis historia tomb at Albano 397n151, 401n23 Dubii sermonis octo [libri] 338n58 tomb of Lars Porsenna 272, 398n156 family ties with Como 115, 326n37 and Fra Giocondo 279 as model for note-taking 95 interest in Etruria 392n65 statue of 5, 173

INDEX 481

Pliny the Younger (Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus) private extravagance 36–8, 106, 117–18, 217. See also 2, 126, 154, 326n35, 338n58, 352n137 luxuria country villas 8, 85, 160, 217, 320 private houses 103, 180, 215, 220, 221, 225, 226. Plusiapolis 111, 114, 115, 121, 123, 125, 407n23 See also under Rome, ancient monuments; Plutarch 87 Rome, Christian and Renaissance Moralia 234 monuments Poggio Bracciolini, Giovanni Francesco (Poggio Procopius 22, 345n22 Bracciolini) 46–51, 247, 336nn8,10, pronuntiatio 18 364n67, 385n5 Propertius 12 access to manuscript of Naturalis historia 48, Propontis 22, 236, 240, 241 337nn13,14 Proserpina 241 De avaritia 48 “Prositeles”. See Praxiteles De varietate fortunae 47–51, 313 Pseudo-Aristotle Poliziano, Angelo 3, 4, 128, 253, 362n22, 389n8 De mundo 238 Pollaiuolo, Simone del 381n149 Mechanica 374n13 Pollio, Asinius (Gaius Asinius Pollio) 121 Pseudo-Bede 22–3, 175, 231, 315, 331n115, 407n30 Pollio, Publius Vedius 350n47 Psyche 361n94 Polycleitus 122 Ptolemy 162, 213, 214, 231, 234, 385n9 “Polycretus”. See Polycleitus Ptolemy I Soter 329n78 Pompey 38, 40, 41, 64, 79 Ptolemy II Philadelphus 6, 19, 23, 100, 237, 238, Pontani, Anna 235, 385n11, 387n64 387n63 Pontano, Giovanni 101 Puppi, Lionello 379n121 Pontus 41 pyramides 104, 118, 134, 253, 255, 271–5, 282, 283, Porsenna, Lars 14 285, 291, 293, 295, 299, 400n4, 403n72. as founder of Montepulciano 255, 391n53 See also ziggurat motif as ideal patron 118 Pyramids (Egypt) 6, 12, 13, 22, 100, 107, 135, 234, labyrinth-tomb (Etruscan labyrinth) 6, 104, 107, 236, 256, 301 114, 118, 121, 174, 256, 314, 354n41, Pyrgoteles 303 355n83 pyrrhopoecilos (stone) 134 bells attached to 134, 136, 272, 293, 295 Pytheos, Pythis 187, 267 as inspiration for architectural designs 253, 254, 255, 282, 283, 284, 285, 291, 293, 299, quadrangular column. See Attic column 300, 319–20, 392n60, 400nn1,3, quadrifrons 285, 291, 293, 401n15 402nn33,45 quadriga 42, 251, 267, 268, 270, 278, 280, 396n130, Pliny’s source for 13, 355n84 399nn174,175 as precursor to Rome’s architectural glory quarries 6, 18, 95, 147 103–4, 352n102 as labyrinths 232, 236, 386n52 reconstructions on paper 118, 256–7, 271–5, Quintilian 47 280, 284, 294, 295, 316, 321 and “winged horses” 273, 356n84 Ra 20 Portilia, Andrea 173, 323, 330n103 Rabanus Maurus, De universo 23, 157 portrait busts 36–7, 121, 215, 216, 356n109, 383n178 Rafaello (goldsmith) 268, 396n132 portrait medals 190, 192, 267, 270, 284, 297–8, Raﬀarin-Dupuis, Anne 8, 34 397n135 Raimondi, Eliseo 381n147 portrait paintings. See paintings/painters Raimondi, Marcantonio, Judgement of Paris portrait shields 21, 223, 383n193 (engraving) 399n175 Portus, Temple of Portunus 267, 268 Raphael (and circle) positus 350n66 architectural works pozzolana 17 monument to Francesco II Gonzaga 253–4, Praeneste 282, 294, 300, 319 pavement at 137 New St Peter’s 154, 254, 270 Temple of Fortuna Primigenia 137, 406n124 Palazzo Branconio dell’Aquila 383n193 Prato Santa Maria del Popolo, Cappella Chigi 285, Cathedral 365n106 298, 300, 302, 403n66, 404n88 Santa Maria delle Carceri 398n156, 400n187 tomb of duke and duchess of Sessa 295–6, 297 Praxiteles 121, 278 Villa Madama 217, 267, 295, 298, 381n151 Prisciani, Pellegrino 152, 167, 248 work after Raphael’s death 295 Spectacula 152–4, 363n53 on column orders 157, 161–3, 182, 183

482 INDEX

Raphael (and circle) (cont.) Riario, Raffaele (cardinal) 58 and Fabio Calvo 161, 195 Ridolfi, Niccolò (cardinal) 283 familiarity with non-Roman architecture Riegel, Nicole 193 367n146 Rimini 197, 353n141 graphic interpretations of Pliny’s text 253–4, Arch of Augustus 130 318–19 San Francesco (Tempio Malatestiano) 108, 190 graphic survey of Rome 71, 162–3, 275 Ripa, Ottaviano 172 Letter to Leo X 71, 157, 161–3, 275, 318, 344n147 road construction 98, 350n42 paintings Robert of Cricklade, Defloratio pliniana 23 Sala di Costantino 295 Robertson, Charles 373n150 Transfiguration 295 Rocca d’Anfo, Battle of 307 ratio 19, 97, 239, 329n68 rock crystal 6, 138, 142, 143 Ravenna Rodari, Giovanni 5 Porta Aurea 383n193 Roma instaurata. See under Biondo, Flavio tomb of Theoderic 293 Romae miracula operum XVIII 7, 14–15, 19, 27, 30, 45, reconstructions of “Plinian” architecture on paper 67, 89, 176–7, 229, 297 181–91, 229, 230, 245–80, 296, 298, Roman Church 31–2, 40–2, 44–5, 293–4, 303 309–10, 390n37 Roman de la Rose 129 Attic column and base 166, 182–6 Roman empire 33, 36, 44, 50, 73, 102, 122, 158, 176, “didoron” brick 155, 181–2 335n135, 337n37 double theatre of Curio 151–2, 203–8, 218, Romano, Giulio 254, 295–6, 297, 299, 300–1, 302, 246–8, 310, 390n20, Plate VI 310–11, Plate VIII “Horologium” of Augustus 208–14 Rome. See also Christian Rome House of Marcus Scaurus 83, 84, 85, 214–18 architectural apogee 75, 100, 315, 344n147 incorporating motifs found in contemporary as architectural marvel 7, 11, 14–15, 18, 19, 35–6, architecture 185–6, 189–91, 267, 268, 176–7 270, 275, 277–8 architectural miracula 14–15, 30, 45, 67, 89, 176, incorporating motifs from Roman ruins and 229, 297 sculpture 249–50, 259, 262, 263–4, 265, depictions 266–7, 271, 272, 273, 277, 278, 279, 316 at time of Augustus 73 Mausoleum at Halicarnassus 186–91, 251–2, at time of Pliny the Elder 73–5 261–71, 275–8, 296, 298, 310, 316, at time of Romulus 72 Plate VII at time of Servius Tullius 71 “Romanisation” of foreign marvels 249–50, 259, map of Alessandro Strozzi 31, 32 263–4, 265, 266–8, 270–1, 272–3, 277–8, detrimental effect of fortuna on architecture 49, 281, 316 50–1 temple at Cyzicus 249, 310 disappearance of early farmers 37, 44 Temple of Diana (Artemision) 8, 150–1, 249–50, evidence of Rome’s former ornamentation 50–1, 257–61, 310, 316 54, 63, 68, 121–2, 153, 177 tomb of Lars Porsenna 271–5, 284, 294, 295, as hanging city (urbs pensilis) 18, 36, 44, 313 316, 321 as ideal city 71, 100 reeds 102, 150 as literary construct 36, 46, 49, 55, 131 Reeve, Michael 3, 326n24, 337n13 moral degeneracy 31, 33, 36–8, 38–40, 44 Reformation 293 pleasure gardens 37 regionary catalogues 33, 40, 48, 56, 58, 62, 63, 73, private houses 15, 36–7, 37–8, 62–3, 85, 102–3, 333nn50,66, 339n10, 343n125 106, 341n49, 351n91. See also under Reinelde of Nijmegen 323 Rome, ancient monuments Renaissance architectural designs as microcosm of city 103 employing Plinian compositional motifs 193–4, recognition of artists by patrons 121–2 215–17, 219, 222–5, 253–4, 282–7, regiones 33, 56, 62–3, 73, 344n135 288–96, 297, 298–309, 310–11, 406n123, Sack of 76, 196 Plate VIII topographical information 34–5, 50, 67, 72–4, Renaissance medals 190, 192, 336n146 77–8, 87, 313 depicting Mausoleum 262, 268–70, 280, 297–8, city’s circumference 34–5, 77–8, 87 395nn100,101, 396n131 mathematical plan of city 49, 62 Rhodes 13, 178, 209, 270, 311, 405n104 utilitarian architecture 7, 13, 19, 35–6, 98 Colossus of 12, 135, 174, 327n5, 385n6 Rome, ancient monuments Rhodopis 107 Agrippa’s Ballot Office (Diribitorium) 14, 118

INDEX 483

Altar of the Vicomagistri 73, 75, 339n8, 343n125 Curia Julia 78, 122 Amphitheatrum Castrense 77 Domus Augustana 84, 85 Antonine Baths. See below Baths of Caracalla Domus Aurea (Golden House of Nero) 15, 38, Aqua Alexandrina 99 50–1, 63–4, 69, 75, 136, 327n65, 337n37, Aqua Claudia 15 391n51 aqueducts of Quintus Marcius Rex (Aqua Anio colossus of Nero 69, 87, 135 Vetus; Aqua Appia; Aqua Marcia) 15 Temple of Fortune 38, 69, 96 Arch of Constantine 309, 343n121, 344n147 triple colonnade 63–4 Arch of Malborghetto 401n15 equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius 253 Arch of Septimius Severus 163, 219, 288 Flavian amphitheatre. See above Colosseum Arch of the Silversmiths 185 (Flavian amphitheatre) Arch of Titus 52, 54, 163, 185, 219, 285, 288, Forum Boarium 54, 79, 196 289, 293 Forum of Augustus 7, 14, 19, 50, 54, 81, 273, 316, Aurelian Walls 77, 229, 337n24, 341n46 346n36, 408n73 Basilica Aemilia 7, 14, 19, 50, 78, 81, 167, 293, Forum of Caesar 14, 54 318, 367n145 Forum of Nerva 47, 54, 262, 393n76 Basilica of Junius Bassus (Sant’Andrea Forum of Trajan 54, 346n36, 382n163, 383n193 Catabarbara) 259 Forum Piscarium 54 Basilica of Maxentius. See below “Temple of Forum Romanum 36, 53, 54, 75, 78, 107, 293, Peace” (Basilica of Maxentius) 314, 336n10 Basilica of Neptune 131 funerary altar of Gnaeus Cossutius Agathangelus Baths of Agrippa 38, 67, 106 392n68 Baths of Caracalla 61, 113, 250, 280, 284 funerary altar of Titus Statilius Aper 392n68 Baths of Diocletian 280, 354n36 “Horologium Augusti”. See above Campus Campus Martius 65, 73, 78, 177 Martius, obelisk Campus Martius, obelisk (“Horologium Horti Maecenatis 37, 42, 44 Augusti”; solar clock of Augustus) 14, Horti Sallustiani 37, 211 20–1, 33, 53, 57, 65–6, 67, 68, 69–70, 73, Horti Serviliani 37 77, 178, 208–14, 314, 342n70 House of Augustus 121 bronze rods set into marble pavement 57, 58, House of Clodius 14 65, 67, 209–10, 340n27 House of Lepidus 15, 62 crowned with orb 57, 178, 212 House of Lucullus 114, 117, 407n26 inscription 65, 66 House of Mamurra 62 interpretations of gnomon 65–6, 178, 179, House of Marcus Scaurus 83–5, 103, 214–18, 220, 208–12, 339n21 223, 225, 346n55, 382n163, 383n178 Capitol 28, 36, 49, 54, 79, 102, 113, 136, 253, 256 House of Milo 117 Capitoline Hill 15, 49, 50, 61, 73, 79, 288, 339n8 House of Pompey 79 Circus Flaminius 73, 122 House of Romulus 36 Circus Maximus 7, 14, 56–7, 61, 69–70, 106, 112, Markets of Trajan 249 280, 353n22, 400n194 Mausoleum of Augustus 70, 293, 294, 346n49 obelisks 61, 69–70 Mausoleum of Hadrian 28, 42, 177, 289, 290, 293 Circus of Gaius and Nero (Vatican Circus) Mausoleum of Romulus 267 42, 49, 53 Meta Remi (Pyramid of Gaius Cestius) 28, 48 Circus of Maxentius 30, 112, 123, 337n24 Meta Romuli (Vatican pyramid) 42, 67, 290, Clivus Scauri 85, 347n56 397n144 Cloaca Maxima 104 Meta Sudans 73, 293, 344n136 Colosseum (Flavian amphitheatre) 75, 112, 122, “Meta Veneris”. See above Meta Sudans 135–6, 139, 167, 175, 196, 271, 280, Miliarium Aureum 73, 75 327n65, 363n50, 369n184 Monte Testaccio 44 colossus of Apollo 79, 135 Palace of Caesar 114 colossus of Constantine 79, 345n17 Palace of Caligula 15, 63 colossus of Jupiter 135 Palace of Nero (Golden House). See above Domus colossus of Nero 69, 87, 135 Aurea (Golden House of Nero) column of Antoninus Pius 180 Palace of Octavian 114 “column of Hadrian” 180 Palatine Hill 36, 50–1, 63, 64, 79, 85, 103, 106, column of Marcus Aurelius 120, 262 217, 264 column of Trajan 82, 120, 180, 262 Domus Augustana 84, 85 Crypta Balbi 222, 271 palazzo maggiore 113

484 INDEX

Rome, ancient monuments (cont.) Temple of Mars Ultor 382n163, 408n73 Pantheon Temple of Minerva (Capitol) 54 Agrippa as founder 64, 80, 341n57 Temple of Minerva (Forum of Nerva) 262, bronze roof trusses 177 393n76 caryatids carved by Diogenes of Athens 63, Temple of Minerva Chalcidica 40, 335n131 80–1, 156, 321, 346n36 “Temple of Peace” (Basilica of Maxentius) 29, 81, caryatids sculpted by Scopas 85–6 82, 88, 89, 113, 160, 217, 321, 382n159 column capitals of Syracusan bronze 63, 67, 86, Temple of Peace (Vespasianic) 7, 14, 19, 50, 121, 167, 400n195 357n118 evoked in Hypnerotomachia 136, 141 Temple of Quirinus 390n37 inﬂuence on drawings of opera mirabilia in terris Temple of Saturn 336n10 249, 270 Temple of Tellus 336n10 interpreted as Temple of Jupiter Ultor/Victor Temple of Venus Genetrix 382n163 57, 339n19 Temple of Vesta 36 praise for design 80 theatre covered by Valerius of Ostia 118 and reliefs from Temple of Divine Hadrian 86, Theatre of Marcellus 48 Plate II Theatre of Marcus Scaurus 83, 124, 140, 314, statuary 143, 280, 408n73 392n62 Porta Capena 63 date of construction 334n110 Porta Flaminia 182 Filarete’s interpretation 122–5 Porta Maggiore (Porta Praenestina-Labicana) 271 as point of reference for Renaissance courts 59, Porta Pinciana 211 60–1 Porta Rhomanula/Romana 344n143 Prisciani’s interpretation 153–4 Porta Triumphalis 73 wastefulness and insania 39, 67, 106 Porta Tiburtina 350n42 Theatre of Pompey 38, 39, 122, 140, 334n110 Portico of Octavia 225, 357n117 theatres (rotating) of Gaius Scribonius Curio Portico of Octavius 56, 193, 317 appreciation of ingenuity 176 Portico of Pompey 357n114 Bonﬁni’s reference to 127 Porticus Vipsania 333n63 Cataneo’s solution 218 Pyramid of Gaius Cestius. See above Meta Remi Daniele Barbaro’s interpretation 203–8 (Pyramid of Gaius Cestius) date of construction 334n114 Quirinal Hill, Dioscuri statues 273, 278, 357n115, Ermolao Barbaro’s interpretation 151–2 396n130 Leonardo’s solution 246–8, 278–9, 310, Rostra 338n50 315–16, 320, Plate VI San Macuto obelisk 337n26 Ligorio’s interpretation 83 “seats of the senators”. See above Curia Julia as point of reference for Renaissance Septizonium (Septizodium; School of Vergil; courts 59 Septem Solia) 63–4, 85, 263–4, 265, 280, Prisciani’s interpretation 153 288, 341n62 reconstructions on paper 203–8, 218, 246–8, Serapeum (Quirinal Hill) 232, 393n76 310, 390n20, Plate VI Servian Wall 333n66 wastefulness and insania 19–20, 39, 67 Temple of Antoninus and Faustina 78, 259, tomb of Marcus Antonius Lupus 283 393n76 tomb of the Cercenii 300 Temple of Castor and Pollux 277, 344n9, tomb of the Servilii 267 399n172 Tower of Maecenas 37, 67 Temple of Ceres 56 Trophies of Marius 290 Temple of Concordia 395n94, 408n73 Vatican Circus. See above Circus of Gaius and Temple of Divine Hadrian (Hadrianeum) 86, Nero (Vatican Circus) 393n76 Vatican obelisk 33, 42, 43, 48, 52, 335n141, Temple of Fortuna Huiusce Diei 121 337n23 “Temple of Fortuna Virilis” (Temple of belief that it formed one of a pair 86, Portunus) 196 347nn65,66 Temple of Hercules Aemilianus 345n19 belief that it was broken in antiquity 86, Temple of Hercules Pompeianus 79 347n67, 348n68 Temple of Janus (Forum Holitorium) 357n121 capped by orb (supposedly containing Caesar’s Temple of Janus (Forum Romanum) 113 ashes) 29, 178, 272, 301–2 Temple of Juno Regina 121 inscription 50 Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus 49, 352n102 as inspiration for architectural designs 292, 301

INDEX 485

Vatican pyramid. See above Meta Romuli (Vatican wooden model 217, 255, 282, 292–4, 296, pyramid) 299, 320 Vatican Rotunda. See Rome, Christian and St Peter’s Basilica (Old) 29, 32, 42, 156, 288, 291, Renaissance monuments, Santa Maria 336n156, 397n144, 402n42 della Febbre bronze doors 33, 110, 356n97 Via Appia 30, 50, 267, 284, 288, 300 Tempietto, San Pietro in Montorio 277–8, Via Nomentana 259, 267 368n166 Via Ostiensis 283 temporary arches for entry of Charles V into Via Portuensis 98 Rome 288–91, 299 Viminal Hill 103, 313, 334n105 temporary theatre for marriage of Ercole I d’Este Rome, Christian and Renaissance monuments and Eleonora of Aragon 59, 314 Campo de’ Fiori 58 temporary theatre in Palazzo Riario 58 Castel Sant’Angelo 76, 255, 289, 299 temporary theatre on Campidoglio 60–1, 314 House of Gregory the Great 85 Vatican Palace 32, 76, 255, 288, 291, 295 Lateran Baptistery 399n172 Borgia apartments 399n175 Lateran Palace 79 Casino of Pius IV 83 Ospedale di San Giacomo degli Incurabili 267 Cortile del Belvedere 400n194 Palazzo Branconio dell’Aquila 383n193 Cortile della Pigna 177 Palazzo Caprini 222, 278, 368n166 Sala di Costantino 295 Palazzo dei Conservatori 60, 79, 382n160 Villa Celimontana 337n25 Palazzo Farnese 216, 279, 381nn148,149 Villa Farnesina 396n130, 399n167 Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne 381n149, 382n154 Villa Madama 217, 267, 295, 298, 381n151 Palazzo Senatorio 60 Rome, engineering projects 15, 29, 35–6, 98, Passetto di Borgo 76 329n74 Piazza Montecitorio 66 Agrippa’s system of water supply 15, 19, 38, Piazza San Marco 291 63, 106 Porta San Sebastiano 291 aqueducts 13, 15, 22, 29, 36, 38, 50, 53, 61, 98, 99, Porta Santo Spirito 402n33 135, 162, 177, 350n42 San Celso 94 city walls and gates 35, 50, 53, 72, 73–4, 77, 78, San Giacomo a Scossacavalli 267 87–8, 333nn64,66, 341n46, 344n143 San Giovanni dei Fiorentini 254, 282 draining of Fucine Lake 15 San Giovanni in Laterano, Basilica 70 harbour works at Ostia 15 San Lorenzo fuori le Mura 131 rampart 14, 35, 62 San Lorenzo in Lucina 57, 65 sewers 7, 13, 15, 21, 36, 104–5, 177 San Sebastiano fuori le Mura 288 Sublician Bridge 14, 33, 176, 180, 328n32 Sancta Sanctorum 367n145 Rome, ruins. See archaeological evidence Santa Costanza 267, 360n71 Rosselli, Pietro 60 Santa Maria del Popolo, Cappella Chigi 285, 298, Rossellino, Antonio 403n57 300, 302, 403n66, 404n88 Rossellino, Bernardo 365n106 Santa Maria della Febbre 335n137 Rossi, G. B. de’ 359n26 Santa Maria della Pace 168 Rouveret, Agnès 8 Santa Maria dell’Anima 285, 287 Rovetta, Alessandro 173, 189 Santa Maria di Loreto 267, 282 Rowland, Ingrid 183 Santa Maria Maggiore 254, 283, 285 Rucellai, Bernardo 61–4, 341nn46,48 Santa Maria sopra Minerva 335n131 De urbe Roma 62–4 tombs of the Medici popes 283–4, 285, 287 Rucellai, Giovanni 61, 108 Santa Marta al Collegio Romano 335n131 Ruﬃnière du Prey, Pierre de la 8 Sant’Anastasia 79 ruins. See archaeological evidence Sant’Andrea (on Palatine) 85 Rusconi, Giorgio 398n157 Santi Apostoli 40, 59, 392n68 Rusconi, Giovanni Antonio 393n75 Santo Stefano Rotondo (“Temple of Russell, Sue 348n67 Bacchus”) 259 Rustici, Cencio de’ 47 St Peter’s Basilica (New) 86, 154, 156, 189–90, Rutledge, Steven 8 216–17, 226, 255, 270, 279, 285 Ryﬀ, Walther 370n15 architect’s inspiration from Pliny 229, 278, Rykwert, Joseph 350n47 292–3, 294, 392n60 compared with ancient marvels 68, 321 Sabba da Castiglione, Fra 311 tegurio 189–90, 373n144 Sack of Rome 76, 196

486 INDEX

Sagredo, Diego de 163–4, 367nn149,151, 368n170 Santa Maria Maddalena di Cestello 168 Medidas del Romano 164–6, 318, 368n166 Santa Trinita, Cappella Sassetti 387n68 Raison d’architecture 164 Santo Spirito, sacristy 316, 381n149 Saint-Denis, Basilica 405n112 temporary theatre on Campidoglio 60 Sala, Andrea 402n34 work for New St Peter’s 154, 285 Salutati, Coluccio 3, 325n17, 367n157 Sangallo workshop, drawing of Mausoleum at Salviati, Giovanni (cardinal) 283 Halicarnassus 275–8, 398n165, Salviati, Giuseppe 207, 378n85, 380n121 399nn167,169 Samos, Heraeum 232, 252 Sanmicheli, Michele 215, 216, 299–300, 302, 304, sand 96, 101, 147, 150 305, 369n192, 405n103 sand-lime 16 Sanseverino, Giulio. See Leto, Pomponio Sangallo, Antonio da, the Elder 168, 254, 255, 264, Sansovino, Andrea 391n53 279, 300, 367n145, 400n188 Sansovino, Jacopo 172, 207, 225, 295–6, 307 San Biagio 255, 400n188 Santi, Giovanni 362n9 Santa Maria di Fabbricciano 168 sapphire 138, 142, 361n111 Sangallo, Antonio da, the Younger 255, 312, 316, sarcophagus stone 95, 349n18 318–20 Sarrazin, Marin 323 and Architectural Wonders of the World 256–7 Sassocorvaro, Rocca Ubaldesca 368n179 architectural works 255, 281–2 Sassuolo da Prato 354n51 mausoleum for Piero de’ Medici 282–3, 400n4 Saturn (planet) 137 Palazzo Farnese 216, 279, 381nn148,149 Satyrus 135, 187 temporary arches for entry of Charles V into Savelli, Sperandio 190, 192 Rome 288, 291, 299, 310 scaenae frons (stage backdrop) 123, 139, 153–4, 206, tombs of the Medici popes 283–5, 286, 287–8, 208, 264, 378n80 293, 296, 299, 310, 311 Scalamonti, Francesco 234, 236, 240–1 Villa Madama 217, 267 Scamozzi, Vincenzo 226, 348n80 well in Orvieto 298 Scaurus, Marcus (Marcus Aemilius Scaurus) wooden model of New St Peter’s 217, 255, accused of damaging drains of Rome 103 282, 292–4, 296, 299, 320 House of. See Rome, ancient monuments, work for New St Peter’s 216–17, 255, 282, House of Marcus Scaurus 292–4, 296, 298, 299, 392n60 Theatre of. See Rome, ancient monuments, atrium motif in drawings 216–17, 381n149 Theatre of Marcus Scaurus column ordini 167, 318 villa of 123 “Ionic” baluster 156 Schedel, Hermann 358n2 and Palladio 217 schemata 21, 154, 330n102 projected edition of De architectura 257, 392n67 Schioppo, Nicolò 304–6 reconstructions on paper 256–7, 279, 280, 316, Schoﬁeld, Richard 389n18, 398n156 393n76 scientia 18, 174, 175 Mausoleum at Halicarnassus 188, 261–71, 273, scintule 139, 361n94 309, 394n94, 395n96, 399nn170,171, Scipio (Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus) 291 400n4, 401n18, 402n40, Plate VII Scipio, Lucius (Lucius Cornelius Scipio Temple of Diana at Ephesus 257–61 Asiaticus) 36 tomb of Lars Porsenna 271–5, 398n157 Scopas 85, 121, 122, 187, 372n130 Sangallo, Bastiano (“Aristotile”)da275, 276, 291, Scotus, Michael 399n175 400nn1,3 Scriptores Historiae Augustae 33, 34 Sangallo, Francesco da 254, 294, 296 sculpture/sculptors 6, 7, 13, 15, 21, 29, 53, 54, 116, Sangallo, Giovan Francesco da 167, 255–6, 258, 275, 120, 135, 232, 235, 239, 314. See also 318, 367n145, 396n131, 398n160 bronze, doors; columns, capitals; funerary Sangallo, Giovanni Battista (“il Gobbo”)da monuments; portrait busts 195, 214, 257, 275, 277, 368n171, appropriation of foreign works 50–1, 121–2 371n75 depicting winged horses 23, 244, 273, 316, Sangallo, Giuliano da 254–5 356n84, 389n100, 398n156 drawing of Temple of “Pallas” on the Acropolis earthen, superiority of 44 238, 388n74 for particular buildings, etc. interest in the Orient 230–1 Agrippa’s system of water supply 19 reconstructions on paper 255, 259, 264, 267, 268, Arch of Constantine 343n121 271, 272, 279, 316, 317, 367n145, 401n15 Arch of Titus 52 Santa Maria delle Carceri 398n156, 400n187 Capitol 28, 54

INDEX 487

Forum of Augustus 273, 316, 346n36 Myron, Hercules 79 Forum of Caesar 54 Orcagna, Tabernacle, Orsanmichele 288 Hadrian’s Villa 396n130 Pheidias Mausoleum at Halicarnassus 7, 20, 187, 268 Athena 121 Ospedale Maggiore 356n109 Dioscuri 273, 278, 357n115 Palazzo Barbarano 223 Venus 121, 357n117 Palazzo Porto 222, 224 Zeus 12, 239 Pantheon 63, 67, 80, 85–6, 143, 156, 167, 193, Pisanello 336n146 280, 400n195, 408n73, Plate II Pliny the Elder, Como Cathedral 5, 173 Parthenon 238–9, 240, 278, 387n69 Polycleitus, Mercury 122, 357n122 Piazza Ducale, Vigevano 356n109 “Polycretus”. See above Polycleitus Plusiapolis, House of the Architect 121 Praxiteles Sforzinda, hospital 356n109 Dioscuri 273, 278, 357n115 Temple of Concordia 408n73 Venus 121, 357n118 Temple of Diana (Artemision) 121, 140, 156, Venus of Cnidus 357n118 180, 249, 251, 261, 317, 372n130 “Prositeles”. See above Praxiteles Temple of Peace (Vespasianic) 7, 81, 121, Pyrgoteles 303 357n118 Pytheos, Pythis 187, 267 Theatre of Marcus Scaurus 39, 106, 123 Sarcophagus with Mercury and the Gates of Hades particular sculptors and works 365n106 Aesclepius 121 Scopas 85, 121, 122, 187, 372n130 Apollo Belvedere 278 Venus 122 Arca di San Pietro Martire 189, Plate IV Serapis 135 Arsinoë II 23 St Peter 293 Bellerophon 23, 244, 389n100 “Tesicrates”. See below Tisicrates Bryaxis 187 Thanatos 251, 394n89 Callimachus 166 Timotheus 187, 269 colossus at Halicarnassus 269 Tisicrates, Maia 122, 357n123 colossus at Taranto 135 Venus (Pantheon) 408n73 colossus in Gaul 135 Xenodorus 135 colossus of Apollo (on Capitol) 79, 135 Zeus (at Olympia) 12, 239 colossus of Constantine 79, 345n17 quadriga 251, 267, 268, 270, 278, 280, 396n130, colossus of Jupiter (near Theatre 399nn174,175 of Pompey) 135 statues rising by means of magnetic forces 23, 238, colossus of Nero 69, 87, 135 330n114, 389n100 Colossus of Rhodes 12, 135, 174, 327n5, 385n6 statues with bells round their necks 28 Cupid (floating in air) 330n114 Scythia 301 Diana 121 Sebastiano del Piombo 296 Diogenes of Athens 63, 80, 347n61 Segovia 137 Dioscuri 273, 278, 357n115, 396n130 Seleucus 237 Donatello 158, 239 Sellaio, Leonardo 295 Miracle of the Miser’s Heart 365n106 Semiferreus (pharaoh) 70 Pulpit of the Holy Girdle 365n106 Semiramis 98, 135, 301 Tabernacle of the Guelph Faction 365n106 Seneca the Younger 36 Filarete 33, 110 septem miracula. See Seven Wonders of the World Hadrian 73 Septimius, Publius 1 Hercules 79, 122, 135, 345n19, 357n125 Septimius Severus 64, 86, 264, 291 Hermes 251, 394n89 Serapis, emerald statue of 135 Janus 121, 357n121 Serlio, Sebastiano Jupiter 135, 249 Antiquità di Roma 79–82, 399n172 Laocoön 254, 391n51 on column genera and proportions 157, 163, 184, Leochares 187 318, 319, 364n95, 366n121, 368n173, Lysippus 135 378n85, 407n54 Michelangelo, Slaves 304 Regole generali di architetura sopra le cinque maniere de Michelozzo di Bartolomeo gli edifici 157, 207, 318, 383n175 Pulpit of the Holy Girdle 365n106 Tutte l’opere d’architettura 82, 319 Tabernacle of the Crucifix 365n106 Serra, Giovanni 338n56 Tabernacle of the Guelph Faction 365n106 Servius 16, 53, 338n50

488 INDEX

Sesosis (pharaoh) 86 square column. See Attic column Sesotis. See Sesosis (pharaoh) statues. See sculpture/sculptors Sessa, duke and duchess of 295–6, 297 Steinitz, Kate 247 setta sangallesca 254, 275, 282–95, 321 Stewering, Roswitha 130 “Seven Miracles of the World” 256 stone 6, 17, 95, 147. See also gemstones; marble; Seven Wonders of nature 331n118 minerals Seven Wonders of the World 7, 12, 22, 174–5, 186, chernites 147, 349n18 192, 244, 288, 321, 327n5, 328n26, “comites” 95, 349n18 330n110, 331n118, 391nn58,59 cutting and polishing 96 sevenfold echo (portico at Olympia) 14, 179 gold-speckled 139, 361n94 Sextus Rufus 33, 36, 62, 72, 333n50 granite 6, 14, 134 Sforza, Bona 405n103 “litharmenos” 139 Sforza, Francesco I 111, 112, 114, 117, 120, 121, 190, Numidian 61 192, 353n17 phengites 38, 137, 362n13 Sforza, Galeazzo Maria 120, 122, 190 pyrrhopoecilos 134 Sforza, Gian Galeazzo 59, 246, 247 sarcophagus 95, 349n18 Sforza, Ludovico (“il Moro”) 171, 190, 246 translucent 33, 38, 69, 137 Sforza court 111, 144, 173, 186, 190, 246, 278, Strabo 12, 13, 131, 201, 231, 315 354n43 Geographia 234, 350n42, 351n81 Sforzinda 111, 112, 118, 122, 123, 125, 353n7, straw 102 356n109 Strozzi, Alessandro 31, 32 Sgarbi, Claudio 248 stucco 16, 184, 223, 225, 288, 384n205 Shearman, John 296 stylobate 156 Sidonius Apollinaris 16, 150 Suda 188 Siena 288, 326n24, 365n95 Suetonius 5, 48, 51, 54, 63–4, 150, 326n35, 338n50, Cathedral 285 406n3 Sant’Antimo, abbey 147 Vita Plinii 326n35 Signorelli, Luca 374n164, 395n110 Sulla 107 Signorili, Nicolò 336n155 Sulpizio da Veroli, Giovanni 4, 58, 145, 154, 257, Silber, Eucharius 324 279, 324, 326n34 Simandris 135 Summerson, John 125 Simonetta, Cicco 115 Sweynheym, Konrad 129, 323 Sixtus IV (pope) 58 sylloges 46, 64, 341n64 sketchbooks 9, 249, 296, 316 symmetria 21, 63, 160, 180, 184, 192, 373nn140,156 Smith, A. C. G. 388n93 Syracusan column 167, 318 social function of architecture 98–9, 100, 107. See Syria 13, 32, 41, 147 also utilitarian architecture Solari, Cristoforo 190, 191, 193, 318 tablina 215, 218, 224, 381n146 Solinus, Gaius Julius 130, 330n105 tabule 125, 149, 151, 153 De mirabilibus mundi (Collectanea rerum Taccone, Baldassarre 67 memorabilium) 22 Taccuino senese 255, 272, 288–91 sollertia 18 Tacitus 2, 38, 329n62 Sommi, Leone de’ 340n41 Tafuri, Manfredo 159 Sostratus of Cnidus 134, 314 Tampeso 164 Spain Taranto, colossus at (by Lysippus) 135 Attic column in 367n159 Tarcagnota, Giovanni. See Fauno, Lucio (Giovanni temple with rafters made of juniper 96 Tarcagnota) Sparta, Persian Portico 304 Tarquinius Priscus 7, 15, 105 species 160, 364n89 Tarquinius Superbus 14, 35, 62 spectacula 19–20, 39, 106–7, 123, 152–4, 352n123 Tatti, Jacopo (Sansovino). See Sansovino, Jacopo specula (watchtower) 271, 279 Taxius. See Toxius Spencer, John 116, 120–1, 353n6, 356n104 Tebaldi, Tommaso 349n14 Sperulo, Francesco 217 Tempesta, Antonio 219 spezie 158 temple, types of 16, 180, 258–9 Sphinx 6, 13, 244 temple doors 155, 156, 182, 202, 203 Spini, Gherardo 384n212 Temple of Diana at Ephesus. See Ephesus, Temple Spoleto, Temple of Clitumnus 225, 378n75 of Diana (Artemision) spolia 52, 156, 216, 223, 284 templum etruscum 104

INDEX 489

terminology 18, 20, 21, 85. See also headings for Tivoli particular terms; Vitruvian terminology Hadrian’s Villa 396n130 glossaries 154, 155, 160 Tempio della Tosse 267 philological recovery of 148–9, 150–1 tombs 401n5 Terracina 401n15 unidentiﬁed temple with rectangular piers terracotta 106 367n145 “Tesicrates”. See Tisicrates Toledo 164 tetradoron (brick) 149, 181 Cathedral 163 theatres 38–9, 122–5, 153–4, 206–7. See also under Tolomei, Claudio 172, 195, 197, 203, 257, Rome, ancient monuments 380n125 acoustics 179 tombs. See funerary structures all’antica 58–9 Tommaso da Vicenza 354n52 awnings 107, 363n50 Tommaso de Blavis 323 at Berga 206–7, 378nn78,80 Tomyris 301 construction materials 205 tools of civilisation and their inventors 97, 174 at Heraclea 22, 175, 231 topasion (gemstone) 143 Leonardo’s interest in 246 topaz 138, 142, 361n111 Renaissance architectural designs 58, Torelli, Ippolita 301 60, 314 Torelli, Marcantonio 354n43 scaenae frons (stage backdrop) 123, 139, 153–4, Torri di Quartesolo, Villa Da Porto 306 206, 208, 264, 378n80 Tortelli, Giovanni 51–4, 337n40 sculpted from a single stone 22, 175 De orthographia 51–4, 313, 338nn49,50, 339n19, stage apparatus 178–9 394n93 temporary theatre on Campidoglio 60–1 Tower of Babel 397n144 Thebes (Egyptian) Toxius 97 as hanging city 14, 176 Trajan 80 obelisk transported from 237 Tramello, Alessio 190 with one hundred gates 6, 114, 354n41 translatio imperii 335n135 as one of the Seven Wonders 256, 392n59 translucent stone 33, 38, 69, 137 twin golden temples 95–6 Traso 350n38 where alabaster is found 147 Treviso 323, 359n26 Theodectes 372n131 triclinia 160, 262 Theodorus (architect) 139, 317, 364n79 Trincadini, Nicodemo 116 “Theodorus” (writer) 188, 189, 372n131 Triptolemus 174 Theophrastus 13, 22, 95, 173 Trissino, Gian Giorgio 87, 188 Theopompus 372n131 triumphal arch motif 283–7, 288–91, 292, 293, 296, Thiene, Alessandro 301 297, 299, 304, 307, 308 Thiene, Lavinia 301 Trivulzio, Cesare 391n51 Thoenes, Christof 9 tubuli 149 Tholus 139, 317 turquoise 142 Thomas, Edmund 365n109 Tuscan Thomas de Cantimpré 23 dispositio 16–17, 79, 257, 318, 366n123 Thraso 97 genus 17, 156, 160, 182, 183, 184 Tiberius 50 order 161, 162, 163, 164, 167, 218 tiburio 59, 247, 389n18 Tuscany 118, 168 Tifernate, Gregorio 114, 350n42 Tyre 135 Tigranes 41 Timochares 238, 387n63 ubi sunt tradition 113 Timotheus 187, 269 Uﬃzi, Galleria degli 255, 276, 278, 299, 309, 392n67 tintinabula 272, 293, 295 units of measurement 257, 383n190, 392n68, Tiphinchius 97 399n167 Tisicrates 122 Uranus 97 Titian (Tiziano Vecellio) 131 Urbino titular churches 40–1, 335n126 Cathedral 368n179 tituli of Pompey 40, 41, 64–5, 335n129 Palazzo Ducale 146 titulus 40 utilitarian architecture 7, 13, 19, 31, 35, 94, 98, Titus 2, 4, 52, 327n65, 362n19 350n54 Titus Statilius Aper 392n68 utilitas 16, 19, 21, 94, 101, 105, 107

490 INDEX

Valentini, Roberto 333n50 San Zeno Maggiore Valeriano, Giovanni Pierio 335n142 monument to Nicolò Schioppo 304–6 Valerius Maximus 87 Santa Maria Antica Valerius of Ostia 118 Scaliger tombs 288, 289 Valesio. See Valerius of Ostia Sant’Anastasia Valla, Lorenzo 34, 53, 338n56 monument to Giano II Fregoso 307–9 Valois court 306, 405n112 Sant’Eufemia varietas 94, 156, 218, 316–17, 407n54 tomb of Verità family 405n107 Varone, Nicolò 115 Veronese, Paolo (Paolo Caliari) 212, 224, 379n121, Varro, Marcus Terentius 1, 33, 51, 56, 72, 95, 123, 380nn124,137, 384n199, 405n106, 315, 338n50, 357n136, 359n36 406n125, Plate V Antiquitates rerum humanarum et divinarum 69 Verrocchio, Andrea del 168 De novem disciplinis 1, 13, 271, 329n67 Verzone, Paolo 172 musaeum at Casinum 267, 396n126 Vespasian 7, 13, 15, 73, 81, 121 on Seven Wonders of the World 328n26 Vespasiano da Bisticci 3, 325nn19,22 as source for Pliny 2, 6, 13, 273, 285, 315, 355n84 Le vite 3, 325n19 on three gates of Romulus 35, 333n64 Vesuvius 2 on tomb of Lars Porsenna 118, 271–2, 285 Vibenna, Caeles 391n53 Vasari, Giorgio 172, 225, 253, 254, 255, 288, 292, Vicenza 295, 298, 307, 309, 402n51, 406n120 theatre at Berga 206–7, 378nn78,80 Le vite 292, 351n102 Cathedral vatrachio (ﬂower) 143 tomb of Lavinia Thiene 301–2, 304, 306 Vegio, Maﬀeo 335n141 Loggia del Capitaniato 223 velum 107 Palazzo Angarano 224, 384n201 Veneto 196–226, 300, 303, 310 Palazzo Barbarano 223, 383n195 Venice 130, 151, 200, 234, 306, 307, 324, 381n141 Palazzo della Ragione 215 and Hypnerotomachia 129–30 Palazzo Porto 222–4, 383n195, 384n201 incunable editions of Naturalis historia 4, 128, Palazzo Thiene 302 196, 323 Palazzo Valmarana 223, 383n195 neo-Byzantine projects 320 San Lorenzo particular buildings monument to Ippolito da Porto 306–7, 309 Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana 198, 210 tomb of Brunoro Volpe 406n123 Convento della Carità 224–5 Santa Corona 404n94, 406n123 Convento di Santi Giovanni e Paolo 130, Santa Maria dei Servi 302 359n26, 360n55 Villa Almerico Capra (La Rotonda) 309, 311 Palazzo Contarini dalle Figure 383n193 Vico, Enea 383n177, 397n135 Il Redentore 225, 384n206 Vienne, Plan de l’Aiguille 401n15 San Francesco della Vigna 225, 406n123 Vigenère, Blaise de 347n67 San Giovanni Crisostomo 168 Vigevano, Piazza Ducale 356n109 San Marco, Basilica 278, 374n2 Vignola, Giacomo Barozzi da 218, 219, Sant’Eufemia 369n192 382n171 Santi Biagio e Cataldo 369n192 Regola delli cinque ordini d’architettura 218–19, Scuola Grande di San Marco 360n55 382n170, 407n54 study of Naturalis historia in 128, 196, villa suburbana 37, 302, 334n92 303, 310 Vincent of Beauvais 123, 131, 361n111 venustas 21, 184 Speculum maius 23, 331n118, 361n111 Vergerio, Pier Paolo, the Elder 30 virtù 101, 102, 117, 119, 126, 308 Vergil 28, 29, 49, 150, 298 virtus 101, 125, 223 Verità family 405n107 Visconti, Filippo Maria 349n14, 357n152 Verona Visconti, Luigi 406n123 Arch of Jupiter Ammon 406n119 Visconti court 114 Arch of the Gavi 130, 405n103 Vita beati Petri 34 Arena 139, 363n50 Vitruvian terminology 85, 131, 147, 148–9, 154, Giocondo in 154 155, 160, 177–80, 197, 315, 321. See also Loggia del Consiglio 5 headings for particular terms Palazzo Canossa 215, 216, 381n147 Vitruvius 1, 6, 9, 12, 135. See also De architectura Pliny claimed as former citizen 5 Vittorino da Feltre 353n142 San Bartolomeo in Monte 304 vocabulary. See terminology

INDEX 491

Volpe, Brunoro 406n123 Xenocrates 143 Vopiscus, Flavius 34, 78. See also Scriptores Historiae Xenodorus 135 Augustae Zanchettin, Vitale 392n61 wall, types of 202 Zanchini, Lucrezia 60 weathervane 132 Zani, Bartolomeo 323 Weiss, Roberto 230 Zen, Nicolò 207 Westfall, Carroll William 349n13 Zeno, Apostolo 359n26 window in form of a wheel 59, 247, 340n33 Zeno, Jacopo 244, 388n99 wind-rose (regiones ventorum) 73, 330n102, 344n138 Zenobia 301 winged horses (sculpture) 23, 244, 273, 316, 356n84, Zenocrates 118–20. See also Dinochares, Dinocrates; 389n100, 398n156 Timochares Wolfenbüttel 71 Zeus, tomb of 231 Wonders of the World. See Architectural Wonders Ziegler, Jacob 366n139, 380n140 of the World ziggurat motif 134, 251, 253, 264, 267–71, wood 16, 17, 147 277, 284, 289, 291, 293, 296, 300–2, wooden models 303–4, 305, 307, 308, 309, New St Peter’s 217, 255, 282, 292–4, 296, 299, Plates VII, VIII 320 Zion 141 Pavia Cathedral 185 Zogalia 125 World War II 118 zoology 3 Wren, Christopher 8, 226 Zucchetti, Giuseppe 333n50