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a contextual approach to religious aspects of rural society after the roman conquest Cult Places and Cultural Change in Republican Italy Archaeological Studies Tesse Stek Tesse Amsterdam University Press 14 Amsterdam Amsterdam Cult places and cultural change in Republican Italy 14 Editorial Board: Prof. dr. E.M. Moormann Prof. dr. W. Roebroeks Prof. dr. N. Roymans Prof. dr. F. Theuws Other titles in the series: N. Roymans (ed.): From the Sword to the Plough Three Studies on the Earliest Romanisation of Northern Gaul ISBN 90 5356 237 0 T. Derks: Gods, Temples and Ritual Practices The Transformation of Religious Ideas and Values in Roman Gaul ISBN 90 5356 254 0 A. Verhoeven: Middeleeuws gebruiksaardewerk in Nederland (8e – 13e eeuw) ISBN 90 5356 267 2 F. Theuws / N. Roymans (eds): Land and Ancestors Cultural Dynamics in the Urnfield Period and the Middle Ages in the Southern Netherlands ISBN 90 5356 278 8 J. Bazelmans: By Weapons made Worthy Lords, Retainers and Their Relationship in Beowulf ISBN 90 5356 325 3 R. Corbey / W. Roebroeks (eds): Studying Human Origins Disciplinary History and Epistemology ISBN 90 5356 464 0 M. Diepeveen-Jansen: People, Ideas and Goods New Perspectives on ‘Celtic barbarians’ in Western and Central Europe (500-250 BC) ISBN 90 5356 481 0 G. J. van Wijngaarden: Use and Appreciation of Mycenean Pottery in the Levant, Cyprus and Italy (ca. 1600-1200 BC) The Significance of Context ISBN 90 5356 482 9 F.A. Gerritsen: Local Identities Landscape and community in the late prehistoric Meuse-Demer-Scheldt region ISBN 90 5356 588 4 N. Roymans: Ethnic Identity and Imperial Power The Batavians in the Early Roman Empire ISBN 90 5356 705 4 J.A.W. Nicolay: Armed Batavians Use and significance of weaponry and horse gear from non-military contexts in the Rhine delta (50 bc to ad 450 ISBN 978 90 5356 253 6 M. Groot: Animals in ritual and economy in a Roman frontier community Excavations in Tiel-Passewaaij ISBN 978 90 8964 0 222 T. Derks & N. Roymans: Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity The role of power and tradition ISBN 978 90 8964 078 9 Cult places and cultural change in Republican Italy n x pp p f y f n nq esse . tek n v y p This book meets the requirements of ISO 9706: 1994, Information and documentation – Paper for documents – Requirements for permanence. Cover illustration: courtesy of the Archivio Fotografico della Scuola di Specializzazione in Archeologia di Matera. Cover design: Kok Korpershoek, Amsterdam Lay-out: Bert Brouwenstijn, Grafisch Ontwerp Almere ISBN 978 90 8964 177 9 e-ISBN 978 90 4851 143 3 NUR 682 © Tesse Stek / Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam, 2009 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the written permission of both the copyright owner and the editors of this book. n n acknowledgements IX introduction 1 1 r o m e a n d i ta ly : i d e a s o n c u l t u r a l c h a n g e 9 1.1 Early Roman cultural dominance 10 1.2 Two objections: historiographical constructs and the mechanism of self-romanisation 11 1.3 Conclusion: deconstruction and new perspectives 15 2 ‘ r e l i g i o u s r omanisation ’ a n d t h e f at e o f i ta l i c r u r a l s a n c t ua r i e s 17 2.1 Rome in Italy: modes of intervention and the role of colonies 18 2.1.1 Non-intervention as a policy and its exceptions 18 2.1.2 The senatusconsultum de Bacchanalibus 19 2.1.3 Colonies and cults 21 2.2 The fate of Italic sanctuaries: destruction, desolation and colonisation 28 2.2.1 Did Rome close sanctuaries? 28 2.2.2 Sanctuary, cult and community in warfare 29 2.2.3 The decline and incorporation of rural sanctuaries after the Social War 32 2.3 Conclusion: urbanity and the unaffected countryside 33 3 samnium: t h e s a c r e d c onstruction o f c o m m u n i t y a n d a rchitectural f o r m s 35 3.1 Samnium: research history 35 3.1.1 Modern and ancient views 36 3.1.2 Economy and patterns of settlement 37 3.2 Samnite sanctuaries: new forms and tradition 39 3.3 Monumentalisation: wealth, politics and architectural forms 44 3.3.1 Wealth 44 3.3.2 Politics 46 3.3.3 Style: ‘external’ cultural elements and models 48 3.3.4 Traditionalism in Samnite sanctuaries? 51 3.4 Conclusion: the construction of community 52 4 l ocation a n d f u n c t i o n o f i ta l i c s a n c t ua r i e s i n s o c i e t y : t h r e e m o d e l s 53 4.1 Transhumance: sanctuaries, Hercules and ‘tratturi’ 55 4.2 Sanctuaries as territorial markers 58 4.3 Sanctuaries and the so-called pagus-vicus system 65 4.3.1 Samnite settlement and the pagus-vicus system: an ‘immemorial Italic institution’ 66 4.3.2 The role of sanctuaries within the pagus-vicus system 68 4.3.3 The rise and fall of rural sanctuaries between pagus-vicus system and municipalisation 74 4.4 Conclusion: between images and evidence 76 v 5 n p f : n x n n n y f . v n n n , n ( b ) 79 5.1 Research approach and methodology 80 5.1.1 Choosing the sanctuary of S. Giovanni in Galdo and previous research 80 5.2 Problem-oriented field survey: the sacred landscape project survey (2004, 2005) 82 5.2.1 Survey methodology 83 5.2.2 Results 86 5.3 The excavation data (Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici del Molise, 1974-1976) 96 5.3.1 Black gloss 97 5.3.2 Italian terra sigillata 100 5.3.3 African Red Slip 102 5.3.4 Other finds 102 5.4 Conclusion: a rural community around the sanctuary 104 6 n n p ? p - v y v 107 6.1 The pagus: “die uritalische siedlungsform”? 108 6.1.1 Rome 109 6.1.2 Capua 110 6.1.3 Pre-Roman names of pagi 110 6.2 The pagus: a Roman invention? 111 6.3 The pre-Roman or Roman vicus 112 6.3.1 Archaeology 113 6.3.2 Literary sources: Festus 502-508L 113 6.3.3 The vicus as an ‘anti-urban’ and non-Roman institution (Capogrossi Colognesi) 115 6.3.4 The vicus as a Roman, urban feature (Tarpin) 116 6.3.5 Evaluation I: The vicus as a Roman, urban feature 118 6.3.6 Evaluation II: The vicus as an ‘anti-urban’ and non-Roman institution 118 6.4 The relationship between pagus and vicus 120 6.5 Conclusion: new perspectives on pagus and vicus 120 7 n n n : p , v n n 123 7.1 Pagi and vici in sanctuaries and cults 125 7.2 Pagus and temple at Castel di Ieri: Capitoline aspirations? 129 7.3 Colonies, pagi and vici and the example of Ariminum 133 7.3.1 Roman urban ‘mimic’: the Roman urban model copied in colonial urban centres? 133 7.3.2 The possibility of early rural Roman vici near Latin colonies 135 7.3.3 A hypothetical example: pocola deorum and the Ariminate vici and pagi 138 7.4 Rural vici and sanctuaries in the ager Praetutianus 146 Località Piano Vomano – Colle del Vento 147 Località Case Lanciotti-Masseria Nisii (Comune di Montorio al Vomano) 147 Pagliaroli (Comune di Cortino) 148 Collina di S. Berardino 148 The vicus Strament(arius) or Strament(icius) 148 Contrada S. Rustico (Comune di Basciano) 148 Cellino Vecchio, loc. Valviano, Case Carnevale (Comune di Cellino Attanasio) 151 Vico-Ornano (Comune di Colledara) 151 Colle S. Giorgio (Comune di Castiglione Messer Raimondo) 151 7.5 The rural vici near the Fucine lake 154 v The Aninus vecus or vicus Aninus 154 The vicus Petinus 155 The vicus F(i)staniensis 156 The ‘vicus’ of Spineto, Colle Mariano 157 The vecos supinas or vicus Supinum and its sanctuaries 158 7.6 Conclusion: vici, pagi, sanctuaries and ‘new communities’ 168 8 n n n n y ? p n n p 171 8.1 Pagus and Paganalia: between rusticity and administrative control 171 8.1.1 Paganalia, Sementivae, and lustratio pagi 173 8.1.2 The Paganalia according to Dionysius of Halicarnassus 175 8.1.3 Rustic images of administrative control 177 8.2 Lustratio pagi and Paganalia in Italy outside Rome 177 8.2.1 The location of the festival 178 8.2.2 Lustratio pagi 178 8.2.3 The payment for the rituals and thesauri 180 8.3 Conclusion: the ritual definition of new communities 184 9 n n n n y ? p n n f p 187 9.1 The Compitalia: a paradoxical picture 187 9.1.1 The festival of the Compitalia 188 9.2 Private and public: an integrative cult 190 9.2.1 ‘Private’: a family affair? 190 9.2.2 ‘Public’: the origin of the Compitalia according to Dionysius of Halicarnassus 191 9.2.3 Vicus and compitum 194 9.2.4 ‘Private’ and ‘public’ in city and countryside 194 9.2.5 ‘Public’ and ‘private’, or integration of both? 197 9.3 The development of the Compitalia: from the countryside to the city or vice versa? 200 9.4 The compitum shrines: form and location in city and countryside 203 9.4.1 Crossroads and shrines 203 9.5 Conclusion: Roman institutions and ritual in the Italian countryside 212 1 0 n n 213 b b v n 223 b b p y 227 n x 257 v Acknowledgements This study is based on my PhD thesis which was accepted in 2008 at the University of Amsterdam.
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