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Ancient Egypt (394CE) Hieroglyph BCE CE 5 a Mastaba (Early Dynastic)

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Ancient Egypt (394CE) Hieroglyph BCE CE 5 a Mastaba (Early Dynastic) BACKGROUND TO ECHOES OF EGYPT Curator: Dr. Colleen Manassa Yale Peabody Museum April 13, 2013-January 5, 2014 Slide show prepared by Richard Yanowitz (www.richardyanowitz.com) 1 Lower Egypt “Black land”= Nile Valley “Red land” = desert Upper Egypt Content adapted from Colleen Manassa 2 Upper Egypt Lower Egypt 3 Historical dating (Western style) OLD STYLE NEW STYLE* BC (Before Christ) BCE (Before the Common/Christian/ Current Era) AD (Anno Domini: CE (Common/Christian/ “the year of Our Lord”) Current Era) *“Common Era” goes back at least to 1615 in Latin (European Christian vulgaris aerae) and to 1635 in English (“Vulgar Era”) and 1708 (“Common Era”). Jewish academics introduction “BCE/CE” in the mid-19th century, and the usage has gradually become common in Western academia since about 1980. [Adapted from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Era] 4 PTOLEMAIC NEW PERIOD: EARLY KINGDOM: Alexander books of the the DYNASTIC Roman PERIOD: OLD dead, Great, start of KINGDOM: Nefertiti, Tut, Ptolemaic Empire Ancient first Ramesses, LATE pharaohs, 13BCE- Egypt, pyramids, MIDDLE Moses(?), KINGDOM: Rosetta 476CE royal Sphinx, KINGDOM: Valleys of the mostly Stone (Coptic hieroglyphs burials in pyramid coffin Kings and foreign inscribed, Christians st 1 mastabas texts texts Queens rulers Cleopatra in Egypt) / ~3100/ ~2600- ~2000-1600 332- 3400 3300 3000- ~1500-1100 ~700-332 ~ 2100 30 2600 ) - ) yrs ) yrs 400 yrs rd 3 600 intermediate intermediate intermediate intermediate st period(~ 1 nd period (~100 (~100 period Last known 2 period(~100 Birth of Jesus Ancient Egypt (394CE) hieroglyph BCE CE 5 A mastaba (early dynastic) Step Pyramid of Djoser (Old Kingdom) Giza pyramids and Sphinx (Old Kingdom) 6 Valley of the Kings 7 First pyramid texts (Old Kingdom, ca. 2345 BCE) 8 Coffin texts (Middle Kingdom) Photos are from the British Museum web site 9 A “page” from a Book of the Dead (New Kingdom) http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/aes/p/papyrus_from_the_book_of_the-5.aspx 10 Ostraca 11 12 Animal mummies 13 14 Three broad phases of responses to Egypt 1) Ancient (until 400 CE; includes “Egyptomania” among ancient Egyptians and other ancient societies) 2) Loss of knowledge of hieroglyphs (400- 1822 CE) 3) Modern Egyptology (1822-present) Content adapted from Colleen Manassa 15 “Echoes of Egypt” ) - 1517 ), inter 1799 NEW +) KINGDOM: books of PTOLEMAIC 1270 the dead, PERIOD: Roman - Alexander modern of birth ; EARLY Nefertiti, Empire Egyptology the DYNASTIC OLD Tut, 1095 13BCE- ( PERIOD: KINGDOM: Great, Ramesses Ptolemaic 476CE Christian Crusades Crusades Christian start of first (Moses?), preted MIDDLE LATE pharaohs, (Coptic Ancient pyramids, (1869) opened Canal Suez st Valleys of KINGDOM: Rosetta Columbus lands in Americas; lands in Columbus Americas; 1 KINGDOM: (crowned 800) Charlemagne William the Conqueror the (1066) William Conqueror Egypt: Sphinx, (1492) from Spain driven uslims M the Kings Christians Death of (632) Mohammed Mostly Stone begins ( Reformation Protestant Tut’s tomb found (1922) tomb found Tut’s hiero- ( found Stone Rosetta royal burials pyramid coffin and foreign inscribed, in Egypt) glyphs in mastabas texts texts Queens rulers Cleopatra ~3100/ ~700/ ~3400/ ~2600- ~2000- ~1500 332- 3000- 525- 3300 2100 1600 1100 30 2600 332 ) ) 600 yrs - yrs European 1650) ) - 100 dern” yrs Middle Ages intermediate intermediate Times intermediate intermediate Mo intermediate intermediate European rd (476-~1300) “ st nd European 3 (~1300 Renaissance 1 2 period (~400 period period (~ period Birth Jesus of Birth period (~100 (~100 period ISLAMIC AND LATER RULE IN EGYPT 641-1250 – Arab, Fatimid, Ayyubid 1250-1517 – Mameluke 1517-1867 - Ottoman Ancient Egypt Last known hieroglyph (394CE) 1867-1922 - British control 1922-present - kings, dictators, presidents BCE CE 16 Early Christianity • Resemblances between Isis and the Virgin Mary were common. • The Flight into Egypt was taken to point to Egypt (perhaps Isis) as the source of Jesus’s healing powers. • Easter today in some parts of Sicily: Thousands of Sicilians line the streets awaiting the arrival of the Virgin Mary "in search" of her son. 1st two bullets from James Stevens Curl, The Egyptian Revival: Ancient Egypt as the Inspiration for Design Motifs in the West, London, 2005; Sicily information from exhibit visitor and http://www.thethinkingtraveller.com/thinksicily/guide-to-sicily/all-things-sicilian/easter-in-sicily.aspx. 17 Genealogy of some Egyptian gods 18 Isis and Mary (+?) nursing their sons 19 Segmental pediment with winged globe, uræi, and dentils From James Stevens Curl, The Egyptian Revival: Ancient Egypt as the Inspiration for Design Motifs in the West, London, 2005. 20 • Under possibly suspicious circumstances, emperor Hadrian’s lover, Antinoüs (c. 110– 130), drowned in the Nile. • Hadrian promoted a cult that identified Antinoüs with Osiris, which prompted a new wave of Roman Egyptomania. From James Stevens Curl, The Egyptian Revival: Ancient Egypt as the Inspiration for Design Motifs in the West, London, 2005. 21 Telamones: architectural supporting Antinoüs (at pillars Hadrian’s Villa, 2nd century CE) Content adapted from Colleen Manassa, James Stevens Curl, The Egyptian Revival: Ancient Egypt as the Inspiration for Design Motifs in the West, London, 2005, Erik Iverson, The Myth of Egypt and Its Hieroglyphs in European Tradition, Princeton, 1993, http://idialabprojects.org/hvtest/mission.php. 22 Colossus of Ramesses II 23 Raphael, Leo X’s “dining room” (begun 1514) Content adapted from Colleen Manassa 24 This Paris fountain (a replacement of the 1844 original) transforms Antinoüs into an Egyptian water-bearer by converting the clenched cylinders into the handles of pitchers from which water flows. From James Stevens Curl, The Egyptian Revival: Ancient Egypt as the Inspiration for Design Motifs in the West, London, 2005. 25 16th-century Artemis, (?) Artemis ca. 300 at Hadrian’s BCE Villa, with many breasts with nipples spouting water Content adapted from Colleen Manassa 26 In 1513, a huge 2nd-century Roman statue of the god of the Nile (“Father Nile”) was unearthed near Santa Maria Sopra Minerva in Rome (statue is now in the Vatican). From James Stevens Curl, The Egyptian Revival: Ancient Egypt as the Inspiration for Design Motifs in the West, London, 2005. 27 Last datable hieroglyphic inscription: 394 CE Content adapted from Colleen Manassa 28 • In the 5th century, two Latin writers identified the Pyramids of Giza as the granaries of Joseph. • In 1335, a German pilgrim reported that the pyramids were solid and could not have been storage areas, but this did not stop the tradition. • Within the next century, however, the granaries notion yielded to frequent understanding that the pyramids had been tombs. 29 Islam arrives in Egypt • An Islamic army captures Egypt 641CE. • The Quran urges Muslims to study ancient civilizations such as Egypt. From Okasha El-Daly, “Ancient Egypt in Medieval Arabic Writings,” in Ucko and Champion, eds., The Wisdom of Ancient Egypt, London, 2003 30 Moslem writers asserted numerous links between Egypt and Arabs, including • Ismael, the supposed Father of the Arabs, as the son of Abraham and his Egyptian wife, Hajar • The Arabic name for Egypt supposedly coming from the name of Noah’s son, Misr (also known as “Cham” or “Ham”) • The marriage of Mohammed to an Egyptian • 30 Qur’anic references to Egypt 31 • Encountering mummies in ~641, Muslim conquerors of Egypt thought the dark surface on them was bitumen—Mummiya in Arabic. • Arabs and then medieval (and later) Europeans sought powdered “mummy” or “mummia” 18th century pharmacy vial for medication. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mummia) From Okasha El-Daly, “Ancient Egypt in Medieval Arabic Writings,” in Ucko and Champion, eds., The Wisdom of Ancient Egypt, London, 2003; Christine Hobson, World of the Pharaohs, Thames and Hudson, 1990 32 A fictitious London mummy pill factory (1842) 33 A Muslim account of ancient Egyptian magic • A 10th-century scholar, Al-Mas‘udi tells the story of an ancient Egyptian queen who built temples with magic tools and pictures of potential enemies. • An invading army could later be subjected to wounding via her damaging their pictures. From Okasha El Daly, “Ancient Egypt in Medieval Arabic Writings,” in Ucko and Champion, eds., The Wisdom of Ancient Egypt, London, 2003 34 Medieval Islam and ancient Egyptian sciences • Muslims came to believe that hieroglyphs contained mystical secrets. • Books referred to hieroglyphs as “the Egyptian matter,” al-Keme (from Egyptian Kemet—”Black Land”), which may be the source for the word “alchemy.” • Medieval Arab scholars were interested in Egyptian sciences, especially alchemy. From Christine Hobson, World of the Pharaohs, Thames and Hudson, 1990;.Okasha El Daly, Egyptology: The Missing Millenium, UCL Press, 2005. 35 Medieval Europe and ancient Egyptian sciences Ancient Egyptians were believed to have been… • masters of astronomy… • and hence of astrology… • which in turn was the root of magic… • which was connected with alchemy… • which was associated with the power of hieroglyphs. 36 A few other Medieval European connections • Most beliefs about ancient Egypt stemmed from the Old Testament. • Because of his name, Claudius Ptolemy (the 2nd century CE source of later thinking about geocentrism) was assumed to have been an Egyptian pharaoh in the Ptolemaic period. • Numerous Arabic-to-Latin translations were made in the 10-13th centuries. 37 Cosmati sphinxes (13th century) • Probably the first example of a male-female sphinx couple • Probably not identified with Egypt but with the past in general, antique Roman architecture and sculpture in particular Content adapted from Colleen Manassa 38 Horapollon’s Hieroglyphica • 4th or 5th…or 11th…century CE Greek text, lost and then rediscovered on a Greek island in 1419 • Contains “explanations” of 189 hieroglyphs • Single largest influence on Renaissance approach to hieroglyphs Content adapted from Colleen Manassa 39 The ouroboros “When they wish to depict the Universe, they draw a serpent devouring its own tail… And, as each year it sheds its skin it [represents] old age.
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