Hawass, Zahi. “The Great Sphinx at Giza: Date and Function.”
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In Ancient Egypt
THE ROLE OF THE CHANTRESS ($MW IN ANCIENT EGYPT SUZANNE LYNN ONSTINE A thesis submined in confonnity with the requirements for the degm of Ph.D. Graduate Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civiliations University of Toronto %) Copyright by Suzanne Lynn Onstine (200 1) . ~bsPdhorbasgmadr~ exclusive liceacc aiiowhg the ' Nationai hiof hada to reproduce, loan, distnia sdl copies of this thesis in miaof#m, pspa or elccmnic f-. L'atm criucrve la propri&C du droit d'autear qui protcge cette thtse. Ni la thèse Y des extraits substrrntiets deceMne&iveatetreimprimCs ouraitnmcrtrepoduitssanssoai aut&ntiom The Role of the Chmaes (fm~in Ancient Emt A doctorai dissertacion by Suzanne Lynn On*, submitted to the Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations, University of Toronto, 200 1. The specitic nanire of the tiUe Wytor "cimûes", which occurrPd fcom the Middle Kingdom onwatd is imsiigated thrwgh the use of a dalabase cataloging 861 woinen whheld the title. Sorting the &ta based on a variety of delails has yielded pattern regatding their cbnological and demographical distribution. The changes in rhe social status and numbers of wbmen wbo bore the Weindicale that the Egyptians perceivecl the role and ams of the titk âiffefcntiy thugh tirne. Infomiation an the tities of ihe chantressw' family memkrs bas ailowed the author to make iderences cawming llse social status of the mmen who heu the title "chanms". MiMid Kingdom tifle-holders wverc of modest backgrounds and were quite rare. Eighteenth DMasty women were of the highest ranking families. The number of wamen who held the titk was also comparatively smaii, Nimeenth Dynasty women came [rom more modesi backgrounds and were more nwnennis. -
Celtic Egyptians: Isis Priests of the Lineage of Scota
Celtic Egyptians: Isis Priests of the Lineage of Scota Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers – the primary creative genius behind the famous British occult group, the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn – and his wife Moina Mathers established a mystery religion of Isis in fin-de-siècle Paris. Lawrence Durdin-Robertson, his wife Pamela, and his sister Olivia created the Fellowship of Isis in Ireland in the early 1970s. Although separated by over half a century, and not directly associated with each other, both groups have several characteristics in common. Each combined their worship of an ancient Egyptian goddess with an interest in the Celtic Revival; both claimed that their priestly lineages derived directly from the Egyptian queen Scota, mythical foundress of Ireland and Scotland; and both groups used dramatic ritual and theatrical events as avenues for the promulgation of their Isis cults. The Parisian Isis movement and the Fellowship of Isis were (and are) historically-inaccurate syncretic constructions that utilised the tradition of an Egyptian origin of the peoples of Scotland and Ireland to legitimise their founders’ claims of lineal descent from an ancient Egyptian priesthood. To explore this contention, this chapter begins with brief overviews of Isis in antiquity, her later appeal for Enlightenment Freemasons, and her subsequent adoption by the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn. It then explores the Parisian cult of Isis, its relationship to the Celtic Revival, the myth of the Egyptian queen Scota, and examines the establishment of the Fellowship of Isis. The Parisian mysteries of Isis and the Fellowship of Isis have largely been overlooked by critical scholarship to date; the use of the medieval myth of Scota by the founders of these groups has hitherto been left unexplored. -
4 Days Tour to Alexandria and Siwa Oasis from Cairo
MARSA ALAM TOURS 00201001058227 [email protected] 4 days tour to Alexandria and Siwa oasis from Cairo Type Run Duration Pick up Private Every Day 4 days-3 nights 06:00 A.M We offer 4 days tour package to Alexandria and Siwa oasis from Cairo, Vist Alexandria attractions overnight in Alexandria. Visit El Alamein on the way to Siwa oasis, discover Siwa oasis Inclusions: Exclusions: All Transfers by Private A/C Latest Personal expenses and extras at model Vehicle the hotels or tours 1-night hotel accommodations in Entry visa Alexandria Alcoholic drinks An expert tour guide will start from Any other item non-mentioned Cairo above 1-night hotel accommodations on Tips a Half board basis Lunch at Local restaurant or Picnic Prices Quoted Per Person in U.S.D Lunch Water and Snacks Single occupancy 990 $ Required Entry fees Double and Triple occupancy 630 Taxes and Services $ 1 night in the Camp on half board basis Rate is fixed all year round (Except Mid-Year school vacations, Xmas, New Year &Easter) Children Policy : Children from 0 to 5.99 Years Free Child from 6 to 11 years old Pay 50% of the adult rate sharing parent`s room Note: The Program Can be extended to be 5 days 4 Nights with 75 $ Per Person Extra Itinerary: page 1 / 12 MARSA ALAM TOURS 00201001058227 [email protected] We offer 4 days tour package to Alexandria and Siwa oasis from Cairo, Vist Alexandria attractions overnight in Alexandria. Visit El Alamein on the way to Siwa oasis Visit the Fortress at Shali, Cleopatra`s Bath, The temple of the Oracle, Gebel, and Mawta, and the great sand sea with 4x4 and, know more about Siwa oasis with your Private tour guide page 2 / 12 MARSA ALAM TOURS 00201001058227 [email protected] Days Table First Day :Day 1-Cairo-Alexandria Start your private tour to Alexandria from Cairo, starts at 7:00 am with Pickup from your hotel by our Egyptologist, and transfer by Private A/C Vehicle to Alexandria, The distance is 220 k/m Northwest of Cairo. -
On the Orientation of the Avenue of Sphinxes in Luxor Amelia Carolina Sparavigna
On the orientation of the Avenue of Sphinxes in Luxor Amelia Carolina Sparavigna To cite this version: Amelia Carolina Sparavigna. On the orientation of the Avenue of Sphinxes in Luxor. Philica, Philica, 2018. hal-01700520 HAL Id: hal-01700520 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01700520 Submitted on 4 Feb 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. On the orientation of the Avenue of Sphinxes in Luxor Amelia Carolina Sparavigna (Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino) Abstract The Avenue of Sphinxes is a 2.8 kilometres long Avenue linking Luxor and Karnak temples. This avenue was the processional road of the Opet Festival from the Karnak temple to the Luxor temple and the Nile. For this Avenue, some astronomical orientations had been proposed. After the examination of them, we consider also an orientation according to a geometrical planning of the site, where the Avenue is the diagonal of a square, a sort of best-fit straight line in a landscape constrained by the presence of temples, precincts and other processional avenues. The direction of the rising of Vega was probably used as reference direction for the surveying. -
Archons (Commanders) [NOTICE: They Are NOT Anlien Parasites], and Then, in a Mirror Image of the Great Emanations of the Pleroma, Hundreds of Lesser Angels
A R C H O N S HIDDEN RULERS THROUGH THE AGES A R C H O N S HIDDEN RULERS THROUGH THE AGES WATCH THIS IMPORTANT VIDEO UFOs, Aliens, and the Question of Contact MUST-SEE THE OCCULT REASON FOR PSYCHOPATHY Organic Portals: Aliens and Psychopaths KNOWLEDGE THROUGH GNOSIS Boris Mouravieff - GNOSIS IN THE BEGINNING ...1 The Gnostic core belief was a strong dualism: that the world of matter was deadening and inferior to a remote nonphysical home, to which an interior divine spark in most humans aspired to return after death. This led them to an absorption with the Jewish creation myths in Genesis, which they obsessively reinterpreted to formulate allegorical explanations of how humans ended up trapped in the world of matter. The basic Gnostic story, which varied in details from teacher to teacher, was this: In the beginning there was an unknowable, immaterial, and invisible God, sometimes called the Father of All and sometimes by other names. “He” was neither male nor female, and was composed of an implicitly finite amount of a living nonphysical substance. Surrounding this God was a great empty region called the Pleroma (the fullness). Beyond the Pleroma lay empty space. The God acted to fill the Pleroma through a series of emanations, a squeezing off of small portions of his/its nonphysical energetic divine material. In most accounts there are thirty emanations in fifteen complementary pairs, each getting slightly less of the divine material and therefore being slightly weaker. The emanations are called Aeons (eternities) and are mostly named personifications in Greek of abstract ideas. -
Added Value from Industries, Introduced in Villages, Oases and Reclaimed Lands
Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, ISSN 2375-9402, USA February 2017, Volume 3, No. 1-2, pp. 1-10 Doi: 10.15341/mast(2375-9402)/01.03.2017/001 Academic Star Publishing Company, 2017 www.academicstar.us Added Value from Industries, Introduced in Villages, Oases and Reclaimed Lands Hamed Ibrahim El-Mously1, 2 1. Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams, Egypt 2. Egyptian Society for Endogenous Development of Local Communities, Egypt Abstract: A considerable portion of the agricultural resources are being treated as valueless waste! This leads to the loss of sustainable resources as a comparative advantage and the associated opportunity of sustainable development. This can be attributed to the narrowness of the angle, by which we are accustomed to view these renewable resources, as well as the absence of the appropriate means to turn this waste to wealth. The first aspect is associated with the level of the R&D activities. The role of the researchers is, proceeding from the understanding and valorization of the traditional technical heritage of use of these resources, to issue a contemporary edition for the use of these resources, to rediscover them as a material base for the satisfaction of human needs: on the local, national and international levels. The second aspect is associated with industry. Industry here is understood in broad terms as these activities, conducted under defined conditions to transform the state, shape or properties of the agricultural resources to satisfy a certain criterion or requirement along a predetermined path of transformation to a final product. Proceeding from this definition industry includes a wide spectrum of activities including: sorting (to various sizes or quality levels), packaging, drying, freezing, pressing, squeezing, filtering, threshing, baling, etc. -
THE DESTINY of the WORLD : a STUDY on the END of the UNIVERSE in the Llght of ANCIENT EGYPTIAN TEXTS
THE DESTINY OF THE WORLD : A STUDY ON THE END OF THE UNIVERSE IN THE LlGHT OF ANCIENT EGYPTIAN TEXTS Sherine M. ElSebaie A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Graduate Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations University of Toronto O Copyright by Sherine M. ElSebaie (2000) National Library Bibliothèque nationale of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographic Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON KfA ON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or seil reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la fome de microfiche/nlm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. The Destiny of The World: A Study on the End of The Universe in The Light of Ancient Egyptian Texts Sherine M. ElSebaie Master of Arts, 2000 Dept. of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations University of Toronto ABSTRACT The subject of this thesis is a theme that has not been fully çtudied until today and that has long been thought to be overlooked by the ancient Egyptians in a negative way. -
Nefertkauw, the Eldest Daughter of Sneferuw. 97
Sonderabdruck aus ZEITSCHRIFT FOR AGYPTISCHE SPRACHE UND ALTERTUMSKUNDE HERAUSGEGEBEN VON GEORG STEINDORFF 64. BAND ZWEITES HEFT MIT DREI TAFELN UND EINER ABBILDUNG IM TEXT LEIPZIG J. C. HINRICHS’SSCHE BUCHHANDLUNG 1929 Band 64.] G. REISNER:Nefertkauw, the eldest daughter of Sneferuw. 97 Nefertkauw, the eldest daughter of Sneferuw. Von GEORGE REISNER. Hierzu die Tafeln II und III. Prof. SETHEin Vol. 50, page 57, of this journal, printed an article entitled, “Das Fehlen des Begriffes der Blutschande bei den alten Ägyptern”, in which he concluded that Prince Neferma’at (of Giza) was the son of Sneferuw andhis eldest daughter, Nefertkauw. The conclusion was based on an emendation of the text above the false door in the tomb of Sneferuwkhaf at Giza to read: “The king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Sneferuw; his eldest daughter, Nefertkauw ; their son, Neferma’at; his son, Sneferuwkhaf”“. The con- clusion is maintained in a further article, “Zum Inzest des Sneferu” in Vol. 54, p. 54. During the month of February 1926, the Harvard-Boston Expedition excavated the area which contains the tomb of Sneferuwkhaf. From the secret tomb of Hetep- heres southwards runs the great street which we call “Queens Street’’ which separates the mastabas of the sons and daughters of Cheops from the pyramids of his queens. The CEM.G7000 WEST SIDE three small pyramids and the northernmost row of mastabas were built by Cheops and bear the name of one of the working crews found in the king’s pyramid. The casings of the royal mastabas in the second row and southwards were constructed in the time of Chephren. -
Sphinx Sphinx
SPHINX SPHINX History of a Monument CHRISTIANE ZIVIE-COCHE translated from the French by DAVID LORTON Cornell University Press Ithaca & London Original French edition, Sphinx! Le Pen la Terreur: Histoire d'une Statue, copyright © 1997 by Editions Noesis, Paris. All Rights Reserved. English translation copyright © 2002 by Cornell University All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or parts thereof, must not be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher. For information, address Cornell University Press, Sage House, 512 East State Street, Ithaca, New York 14850. First published 2002 by Cornell University Press Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Zivie-Coche, Christiane. Sphinx : history of a moument / Christiane Zivie-Coche ; translated from the French By David Lorton. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8014-3962-0 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Great Sphinx (Egypt)—History. I.Tide. DT62.S7 Z58 2002 932—dc2i 2002005494 Cornell University Press strives to use environmentally responsible suppliers and materials to the fullest extent possible in the publishing of its books. Such materi als include vegetable-based, low-VOC inks and acid-free papers that are recycled, totally chlorine-free, or partly composed of nonwood fibers. For further informa tion, visit our website at www.cornellpress.cornell.edu. Cloth printing 10 987654321 TO YOU PIEDRA en la piedra, el hombre, donde estuvo? —Canto general, Pablo Neruda Contents Acknowledgments ix Translator's Note xi Chronology xiii Introduction I 1. Sphinx—Sphinxes 4 The Hybrid Nature of the Sphinx The Word Sphinx 2. -
The Corrosive Well Waters of Egypt's Western Desert
The Corrosive Well Waters of Egypt's Western Desert GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1757-O Prepared in cooperation with the Arab Republic of Egypt under the auspices of the United States Agency for International Development The Corrosive Well Waters of Egypt's Western Desert By FRANK E. CLARKE CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF AFRICA AND THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1757-O Prepared in Cooperation with the Arab Republic of Egypt under the auspices of the United States Agency for International Development UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1979 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR CECIL D. ANDRUS, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY H. William Menard, Director Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Clarke, Frank Eldridge, 1913 The corrosive well waters of Egypt's western desert. (Contributions to the hydrology of Africa and the Mediterranean region) (Geological Survey water-supply paper; 1757-0) "Prepared in cooperation with the Arab Republic of Egypt, under the aus pices of the United States Agency for International Development." Bibliography: p. Includes index Supt. of Docs. no. : I 19.16 : 1757-0 1. Corrosion resistant materials. 2. Water, Underground Egypt. 3. Water quality Egypt. 4. Wells Egypt Corrosion. 5. Pumping machinery Cor rosion. I. United States. Agency for International Development. II. Title. III. Series. IV. Series: United States. Geological Survey. Water-supply paper; 1757-0. TA418.75.C58 627'.52 79-607011 For sale by Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government -
Avaris, Which Had Been Considered As the Main Capital of Hyksos (Dynasty XV) from 1650 to 1542 B.C
Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 11, No.1, pp. 51‐58 Copyright © 2011 MAA Printed in Greece. All rights reserved. GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATION AT TELL EL‐DABAA ʺAVA RISʺ ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE A.I. Taha,1, G. El‐Qady1, M.A. Metwaly1,2, U. Massoud1 1National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics (NRIAG), 11722, Helwan, Cairo, Egypt 2King Saud University, Saudi Arabia Received: 06/04/2010 Accepted: 24/04/2010 Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT Tell El –Dabaa is one of the important archaeological sites in the Eastern part of the Nile Delta. It is located at about 7 km north of Faqous city, Sharqiya governorate, Egypt. The ancient name of El‐ Dabaa area was Avaris, which had been considered as the main capital of Hyksos (Dynasty XV) from 1650 to 1542 B.C. The whole area was covered by the deltaic deposits during the successive flood events along Nile Delta. Geomagnetic and geoelectric surveys have been carried out in order to outline the subsurface archaeological remains in this area. The target area, which is about 10000 m2, was surveyed in grid pattern each of 20x 10 m for magnetic survey and 20 × 20 m for geoelectri‐ cal resistance survey. Integrated results of the magnetic and geoelectric data analysis have suc‐ ceeded in delineating a clear subsurface picture of archaeological remains. The results show many linear anomalies, which may represent buried walls, as well as some small archaeological remains detached from the main walls. Also, we could notice some rectangular features with different sizes, which might be described as remains of different archaeological buildings. -
The Inventory Stele: More Fact Than Fiction
Archaeological Discovery, 2018, 6, 103-161 http://www.scirp.org/journal/ad ISSN Online: 2331-1967 ISSN Print: 2331-1959 The Inventory Stele: More Fact than Fiction Manu Seyfzadeh1, Robert M. Schoch2 1Independent Researcher, Lake Forest, CA, USA 2Institute for the Study of the Origins of Civilization, College of General Studies, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA How to cite this paper: Seyfzadeh, M., & Abstract Schoch, R. M. (2018). The Inventory Stele: More Fact than Fiction. Archaeological The Inventory Stele tells a story about Khufu and the Great Sphinx which Discovery, 6, 103-161. contradicts the current mainstream narrative of when the Sphinx was carved. https://doi.org/10.4236/ad.2018.62007 The story’s historical relevance has long been challenged based on its mention of names and certain details which are believed to be anachronistic to the time Received: March 6, 2018 Accepted: April 16, 2018 of Khufu. Here, we address the elements commonly cited by the critics one by Published: April 19, 2018 one and find that they are largely based on misconceptions in part due to er- rors and oversights contained in the two commonly referenced translations Copyright © 2018 by authors and and based on a missing context which relates to the economics and symbolism Scientific Research Publishing Inc. of supplying provisions to the royal house. We reconstruct a more plausible This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International scenario of why and when the text may have been originally composed and License (CC BY 4.0). who its target audience was. From our analysis we conclude that while we http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ cannot rule out a couple of minor modifications of names from the original Open Access th written version we date to the 5 Dynasty, there is no plausible reason to dis- miss the entire account recorded in this Late Period version on those grounds alone and that the events it describes appear more factual than fictitious.