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Title items-in-Peace-keeping operations - Cyprus - Mr. Galo Plaza, United Nations Mediator in Cyprus
Date Created 11/05/1964
Record Type Archival Item
Container S-0869-0001: Peace-Keeping Operations Files of the Secretary-General: U Thant: Cyprus
Print Name of Person Submit Image Signature of Person Submit UNITED NATIONS Distr. SECURITY GEflJSRAL S/56Q1 COUNCIL 11 May ORIGINAL: ENGLISH
REPORT BY THE; SEOE^^ARY-GEMSRAL TO THE SECURITY COUNCIL ON THE OPERATIONS OF THE UNITED NATIONS PEACE-KEEPING FORCE IN CYPRUS
1. In my report to the .Security Council on 29 April 1964 (8/5671), I referred to the urgent need to strengthen the mission in Cyprus by the addition of a top-level political officer, who, on behalf of the Secretary-General, could conduct negotiations for the implementation of the programne which was outlined in Annex I of the above-mentioned report. 2. I am now able to inform members of the Security Council that I have secured the services of Mr. Galo Plasa of Ecuador as my Special Representative in Cyprus. Mr. Plaza has served the United Nations previously in the United Nations Observation Group in Lebanon in 1958, and on a special mission to the Congo (Leopoldville) in 1960. 3. Mr. Plaza's Secretariat assignment will be a short-range one and he has agreed to serve initially until 27 June 196^. He will be directly responsible to me and, as indicated in the above-mentioned report, his functions will not in any way impinge upon the efforts of the United Nations Mediator to find long-term solutions to the problems of Cyprus, nor upon the functions of the Commander of the United Heticns Force in Cyprus. ^. Mr. Plaza will leave for Cyprus on Wednesday, 13 May. JEB/at
17 June 1964
Dear Mr. Plasa, Your letter of 10 Juns 1964 aad the original and two copies of the UWXCIP draft report eoveriag developments in the military and civilian fields for th© period fross 29 April to & June 1964 was received in due tin*©. J^r report to the Security Council was circu- lated under aysi&ol S/57&4 on 16 June, and copies have been forwarded to Nicosia by special pouch. I also understand that the final chapter containing th& suamiag up and observatioas was cabled to you by the Office of Public Information. Subject to the discussios on apartheid ending today or tosiorrow, the initial meeting of the Security Council on Cyprus is planned for either Thursday, 18 Juns, or Friday, 19 June. The material for the report sent by General Gyaai and yourself was most useful, aacl 1 asa pleased to have been able to place the report before tfae Members of the Council sufficiently in advance of the discussion. Ibis was possible, in so siaall measure, by the timely submission of your material. $r. Eels-Bennett reported to me on his exchange of views with yourself, General Qjrani and Mr. Flores, as well as \d-lh President Kakarios and ?iee-Fresident Ku^uk. I sbould like to wish you continued success in your very delicate task. lours sincerely,
U Thaat
Mr» Galo Plaaa OHFICIP Nicosia Cyprus cc: Messrs. Bunche, Narasimhan, Kola-Bennett, t* *~
10 1964
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u L UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES
FORCE IN CYPRUS
Personal and Confidential
24 June 1964
Dear U Thant,
The time lias come for me to "bring to your attention the matter of termination of my mission in Gyp rue, which we had looked into during our interview in Lew York on 30 Kay.
The pressures of personal affairs at home i. ake it impossible for me to change my original planu ~nd stay on beyond the first week in July. On the other hand, as matters stand now, I am inclined to "believe my continued stay would not "be necessary, However, if any significant change in the situation takes place that might demand alterations in the implementation of "H TICT1 ' ,<_• mandate, and if you find it practical and useful, I would, "be willing to return, at any time, on very short notice,
I will endeavour to keep from the press any information concerning my departure until I hear from ycu.
Tourr.; since,
U Thant Secretary-General United Nations Hew York ©f ta
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30 Jime 196*«< fsraaa the Mission of Copras has bees eMp@sssa to tto Seersts^-Gsaera a request tfea% ^i® iafoKaaticffii coatsiiaisg the fa^pseats of ttos Turkish Civil S®rmnts fe® teeli^teS in ths Seeaparb®?y-G«Hcy cc: Secretary-General Mr. Karasimhan Mr. Rolz-^ennett THE BLUE BERET Tuesday, 22nd September, 1964 Issued by the Information Office of the United Motions Force in Cyprus 0 No. 23 Security Council /VEW CYPRUS MEWS Discusses UNFICYP IN FINNISH Mandate. MEDLATOi APPOINTED N 16 September, the Se- '"THE new United Nations Ocurity Council resumed Suomaiaispataljoona kunnioitti discussion of the Cyprus ques- Mediator for Cyprus, suurlahettilas Tuomiojan muistoa tion. The Council had before Senor <3alo Plaza, whose ap- jarjesiamalla Kykkon alueella it a report by the Secretary- pointment was announced to muistotilaisuuden viime keskiviik- Qeneral, which recommended 16 September, was born in kona. Muistopuheen piti maj. the continuation of the Peace- New York in 1906. At the Keeping Operation in Cyprus Tauno Kuosa. Jaljenpana julkai- for another three months. time his father, General Leo- semme maj. Kuosan muistopuheen nidas Plaza, was Minister kokonaisuudessaan. Mr. Kyprianou, of Cyprus, of Ecuador to the United said his government agreed to States. the extension of the United YK :n joukot ovat saapuneei Nations Peace-Keeping Opera- Galo Plaza was educated in talle sisaisten riitojen repimalle tion. He stated that agree- Quito, Ecuador, and attended saarelle pitamaan ylla rauhaa, jot- ment had been reached on the the Universities of California freedom of movement for the and Maryland, where he stu- ta sen pulmat voitaisiin selvittaa Force. He opposed the creation died agriculture, and George- poliittisilla neuvoueluilla. Fatal- of buffer zones. town School of Foreign Ser- joonamme muodostaa huomatta- Mr. Eralp, of Turkey, fa- vice. van osan YK:n rauhanjoukoista, voured the strengthening of In 1936 he was elected Mayor joiden harteilla on hyvin suuri vas- the United Nations Force but Senor Galo Plaza tuu koko maailmanrauhaa uhkaa declared that UNFICTP had of Quito and in 1938 became been unable to prevent a Greek Minister of Defence — a po- vien Kyproksen pulmien selvittelys- Cypriot arms build-up. He said sition he held for two years. ta Tama on ensimma'inen kerta, that Turkey was agreeable to pared the basis for the Latin kun Suomi osallistuu na'in huomat- the proposals regarding the From 1940 until his appoint- American common market) ment in Cyprus, on 11 May tavalla tavalla kansainvalisten kiis- restoration of peace, but de- 1959-1960, Chairman of a study lakysymysten ratkaisemiseksi. fence positions should be main- 64, as Special Representative of tha Secretary-General he group on administration of the Maamme osuus ei ole kuitenkaan tained until 'UNFICYP was in Karnina and Kitona Bases in position to provide an effective had held several official ap- rajoittunut vain sen asevoimien pointments in his own country guarantee against attack- the Congo 1960 and President antamaan panokseen, Suomi aset- and in the United Nations Be- of Ecuadors' Development tween times he has returned ti myos valittajan. jonka tehtavna Mr. Bitsios of Greece agreed Bank 1960-1964. with the Secretary-General's to private business and was oli saattaa kiistapuolet yhteen ha- view that withdrawal of the actively engaged in several nen hahmottelemaansa sovimorat- projects connected with the During 1946 Senor Plaza United Nations Force would kaisuehdorusta kasittelemaan. be disastrous. agricultural development of attended the San-Francisco Ecuador. Olemme kokoontuneet tanaan ty- Conference, where the United On 17 September, the Coun- onsa aareen kaatuneen YK:n Ky- Nations Charter was written, cil heard PJaton Morozov, of Among the official appoint- prok-sen-valittajan, suurlahettilas the Soviet Union, say that his ments which Senor Plaza has as a member of his country's Sakari Severi Tuomiojan, government would agree to ex- held are Ambassador to the delegation. tension of the mandate of UN- United States 1914-1946, Pre- muistoa kunnioittamaan. FICYP only on the express sident of Ecuador 1948-1952 condition that the Council's re- Senor Plaza who has a tho- (his father had also been Pre- Saattaa tuntua sattumalta, etta solution of 4 March was com- sident 1902-1906, 1912-1916), rough knowledge of all aspects plied with, particularly as to Chairman of the United Na- of the Cyprus problem has been valittajan valinta kohdistui kaikis- the financing and the function- tions Observation Group in the ta ma ait man poliitikoista ja valtio ing of the Force. appointed Mediator in succes- Lebanon 1958, Chairman of the sion to Ambassador Sakari miehista juuri suurlahettilas Tuo study group of the United Na- miojaan. Niflla, jotka hanet tahaa Sir Patrick Dean, of the tions Economic Commission Tuomioja who died on 9 Sep- United Kingdom, said that his for Latin America (which pre- tember 1964. tehtavaan nimesivat, oli kuitenkin delegation would support the siihen hyvat perusteet. Suurla- renewal of the mandate of the Force. However, the financial hettilas Tuomioja oli nimittain jo burden should be shared by The Council is continuing tullut tunneiuksi laajalti maamrne more states. the debate on the Cyprus ques- HAVE YOU SOLVED rajojen ulkopuolellakin miehena, tion. Adlai E. Stevenson, of the joka seka kykeni suorittamaan etta United States, urged all Coun- HOn 9 September, Finland THE CROSSWORD oli jo suorittanutkin mita vaatimim- cil members to set an example announced a contribution of pia tehtavta. Jouduttuaao jo poik- and contribute to the financing 25,000 US dollars to the spe- YET? keuksellisen nuoressa iassa nayt- of the Force. He supported ex- cial account for the financing tension of the mandate of the of the United Nations Force in Force. Cyprus. See Back Page [Continued on page 7} Tuesday, 22nd Sept. 19S4 THE BLUE BERET Page Two SNIPPETS He: I went hunting lions with a club last week. She: Weren't you scared with just a club? He: No, there were 200 in The BL'JE BERET is published bv the the club. information Office oi the United Nations Force in Cyprus, (UNF1CYP). Communications, articles OF en- She: Do you drink liquor? iL,iries should be addressed to: — He: What else can I do with it? The Editor THt BLUt btREl She: What do you wish for in a wife ? Beauty or brains ? He: Both. She: I accept. CYPRUSCOPE THE MEDAL tales of Cyprus /~\N one side of the United TTO understand wine, to other Kings were Edward III cribed as a cure for most ail- of England, David, King of ^^ Nations medal are the enjoy it to the full, we ments- of the time. words "In the Service of Scotland, John, King of France, must remember Dumas' ad- and Waldemar, King of Den- It might be said that wine Peace". monition "Drink it hare mark. A fine paintmg of the is "all things to all men" for headed and kneeling" when banquet WE.S presented by the among its many health and In war time personal medals speaking for a noble wine, Vintners' Company to the life-giving benefits are the fol- are given for bravery in the Royal Exchange, and may be lowing. The alcohol contained and \ve must look as deeply seen in the Koyal Exchange in wine provides a source of face of the enemy, campaign into man's heart as into his today. A true copy of this caloric energy. (Four ounces medals for all those who have mind, as Plato must have, magnificent painting may be of table wine equals only about taken part. The man behind \vhon he remarked, so many seen by any visitor at wine 70 calories — less than an the scenes is essential to keep factories in Umassol at Tsifli- apple or an orange). This type centuries ago, that nothing koudhia. of alcohol, according to cur- the front line men supplied more excellent or valuable1 rent research, is transformed with ammunition, food and than vine was ever granted Wine has been used as food, into energy and not into fat. other necessities. tonic and medicine, throughout It contains considerable quan- by the Gods to man. the world. It has been credited tities of fruit-?ugars — natu- with maintaining health, pre- In Cyprus the UN soldiers For the history of Cyprus ral sugars — which are high- wines the discovery of earthen- venting disaase, relieving pain, ly desirable in the diet. Wine are fulfilling more the task ware jars containing wine tar- improving digestion, prolong- is the only common alcoholic of a police force — restoring tar is at great importance. ing life, assisting jn the cure beverage contaiuing proven order. This is just as diffi- These jars were discovered in of various illnesses, and pro- quantities of the B vitamins, the neighbourhood of Salamis viding the human body with as well as small quantities of cult a job and requires just numerous essential vitamins, as much bravery as in war and belong to the 9th century vitamin C. Recently is was B.C. acids and minerals. In addi- discovered, in red and white time. tion, most authorities agree wines, a new vitamin called The earliest known wine-jar that wine's function of pro- "P", which is probably related Which is more difficult? To from Cyprus, is the Hubbard moting the fuller enjoyment to one of the components Amphora, dated to around 900 of life is a definite health va- of vitamin C. fight an enemy from a de- B.C. with a remarkable drink- lue. fensive position ? Or to be ing-scene painted on one side, The wine has a definite blood- interposed between two war- showing a lady seated on a "Drink no longer water, but building iron content, and use a little wine for thy sto- ring factions and be caught in throne, drinking with what ap- furthermore, it contains all of pears to be a straw or reed mach's sake and thine often the 13 mineral elements re- their crossfire without means from a painted amphora and infirmities" cognized as essential to maint- of defence? a female attendant by her side ain animal and human life — was St. Paul's admonition to a moderate amount of wine who pours more wine into the Timothy. It is because men of amphora from which the at meal times will not only UNFICYP have been doing woman on the throne is drink- build up the blood, but supplies ing. Throughout history, from iron to the iron deficient meals this and thereby helping to Biblical Times to the present of the average citizen. stop the spread of the conflict Mediaeval Cyprus has an in- Space Age, wine has been ac- cepted both medicinally and into sometring bigger that the teresting connection with the Drink wine and live longer great L/ondon Guild or Com- nutritionally, as a boon to might very well become a UN has struck a medal. Not pany of the Vintners. In 1363 mankind. recipe for longevity, for sta- to be forgotten are all the Henry Picard, Master of the tistics have proven that wine officers and men who, though Vintners' Company, and some Twenty-five hundred years drinkers live longer than not directly involved in the time Mayor of London, enter- ago, Hippocrates was among water drinkers (and, further- tained the Lusignan King of the first physicians to advo- more, that fewer alcoholics and areas of physical conflict, have Cyprus, King Peter the First, cate its use in the healing of insane are found in the wine been responsible for making to a banquet in the Vintners' the sick. Galen, the Roman regions). the right decisions. They have Hall. At this banquet, four physician of the first century been concerned with supply, other Kings were present, and A.D. used an ancient Greek Wine growing today is a it later became known as the remedy, containing parsley, fan- major agricultural industry wellbeing and morale, and are "Feast of the Five Kings". nel, thyme, anise and other but it is also an art. Into it, responsible for the success "of The most favoured account of herbs, powdered and mixed too, must go a magic that is the men at the front. the event tells that the four with wine, which was pres- human and intuitive. Tuesday, 22nd Sept 1364 THE BLUE BERET Page Three UNIVERSAL UNITED NATIONS NEWS DECLARATION OF ly the Tokyo communique. HUMAN RIGHTS C031PL.UXTS BY Nothing was lost if all con- GREECE A.VI) TURKEY cerned, including the British, saw the discussions in a po- (Continued) HE Council considered sitive way. Tcomplaints by Greece Oil December 10, 1948, the General against Turkey and Turkey Dey Quid Sidi Baba of Mor- against Greece at two meet- roco: Any outside intervention Assembly of the United Nations ings held on 11 September. using as a justification the adopted and proclaimed fhe Universal vote cast on the resolution Declaration of Human Riohts. Dimitri S. Bitsios of Greece would be contrary to his dele- stated that Turkey had com- gations view. mitted a series of provocative acts, including the expulsion Article 26. (1) Everyone has the of a large number of Greek KV.iCI'.lTJOX OF right to education. Education shall citizens. free, at least in the element- .V/AS/O.V 7.V YEMEN' ary and fundamental stages. Ovhan Eralp of Turkey as- Elementoary education shall be serted that those expelled had PLANS for the orderly and compulsory. Technical and pro- been guilty of subversive acti- -*- expeditious evacuation of fessional educaMon shall be mode vities. He declared that Greece the personnel of the United generally ova liable and higher was conducting "war-like was the basis of Malaysia's Nations Observation Mission education shall be equally acces- moves" and was acting in col- complaint. in the Yemen and ihe with- sible to all on the basis of merit. lusion with the government of drawal or disposal of its equip- Cyprus against Turkish Cyp- Norway also sugg-ested that ment are being carried out, (2) Education shall be directed riots. the governments ot Malaysia the Secretary-General reported to rhe full development of the human personality and to the Spyros Kyprianou, Foreign and Indonesia resume negoti- to the Security Council on 11 ations on the basis of a joint September. All of the 25 mi- strengthening of respect for Minister of Cyprus, denied that communique issued in Tokyo human rights and fundamental there was an economic block- litary observers have left the last June, in which reference Yemen and all of the 18 ci- freedoms. It shall promote under- ade of the Turkish areas in was made to a reconciliation standing, tolerance and friendship the island. The presence of vilian staff members will have among all nations, racial or Turkish ships in the area commission. departed on completion of the disposal of the Mission's equip- religious groups, and shall further should be regarded as aggres- Following is a summary of ment in the latter half of Sep- the activities of the United sion, he stated. the statements made after the tember. The total expenses of Marions for the maintenance of vote : the Mission during the 14- peace. LETTER FROM I'SSR Adlai Stevenson of the Unit- month period of its operation (3) Parents have a prior right ed States: The majority of have not been finally deter- to choose the kind of education HE Soviet Union has members had supported a mined, but they are expected that shall be given to their chil- Tstated that the existing course of action by which the to total up to 2 million dollars. dren. financial difficulties of the parties could settle their dif- Contributions already made by United Nations have been ferences by peaceful means of the two governments amount Article 27. (1) Everyone has caused toy the expenses in- their own choice. The Soviet to 800,000 dollars each. the right freely to participate in curred in maintaining the Mid- exercise of the veto was not the cultural life of rhe community dle East and Congo Operations. designed to engender confi- to enjoy the arts and to share in It declared in a memoran- dence in its position as out- UEJiOSLlL U3VKILED scientific advancement and its dum circulated this week, con- lined in its memorandum on benefits. cerning "the question of the peacekeeping activities, and ""THA E unveiling of the Marc financial situation c-f the Unit- was not consistent with Mr. Chagall stained-glass me- (2) Everyone has the right to ed Nations", that both these Khrushchev's declaration. morial panel, contributed by the protection of the moral and the staff in memory of the material interests resulting from actions did not conform with Sir Patrick Dean of tile any scientific, literary or artistic the charter. Consequently ex- late -Secretary-General Dag United Kingdom: The Soviet Hammarskjold and those who production of which he is author. penses connected with them, "veto" was a denial of pro- could not give rise to obliga- accompanied, him on his mis- tection to a member state and sion in Northern Rhodesia, took Article 28. Everyone is entitled tions on states with regard to removed an opportunity to end to a social and international order payment. Dlace on Thursday, 17 Septem- an undeclared war. ber, in the secretariat lobby. in which the rights and free- doms set forth in this Declaration Platon D. Morozov of the can be fuHy realized. USSR: The charter allowed all states the right to fight against HOW MESSAGES ARE SENT Article 29. (1) Everyone has HE Council, in concluding colonialism and for true duties ro the community in which Tconsideration of Malaysia's freedom. The Indonesian TO UNITED NATIONS alone the free and full develop- complaint of aggression by In- people could not be deprived ment of his personality is possible. donesia on 17 September, after ot" its right to fight against HEADQUARTERS holding meetings on 9, 11, 14, neo-colonialism. The USSR (2) In the exercise of his rights and 15 September, failed to vote was not contrary to its Have you ever wondered how and freedoms, everyone shall be adopt a draft resolution. The declared foreign policy. messages are sent back to and subject only ro such limitations as question remains before the received from rhe United Natrons are determined by law solely for Council. Dato Ismail Bin Abdul Rah- Headquarters in New York? the purpose of securing due re- man of Malaysia: The Council cognition and respect for the At its final meeting, the had spoken in a clear voice and Because of rhe distance between rights and freedoms of others and Council voted 9 in favour and had supported Ms delegation. New York and Cyprus and the of meeting the just requirements 2 against (Czechoslovakia., The draft resolution, even state of the ionosphere it is im- of morality, public order and the USSR) on a proposal by Nor- though not passed, had clearly practical to maintain communic- general welfare in a democratic way that it call upon the part- stated the ethical position. Ma- ation by short wave radio, society. ies to refrain from all threat laysia welcomed the call for although in the infancy of or use of force and respect negotiations but conciliation UNFICYP there was a morse link. (3) These rights and freedoms each -other's territorial inde- had to be two-way. The USSR may in no case be exercised pendence. The proposal was was the apostle of peaceful Ta-day there is a very efficient contrary ro the purposes and not adopted, however, because co-existence yet it wanted to system and it is estimated that principles of the United Nations. it was opposed by a perma- deny that right to Malaysia. messages can be cleared to the nent member of the Council. UN HQ from 10 to 15 minutes. Article 30. Nothing in this Sudjarwo Tjondronegoro of And this goes via Geneva. Declaration may be interpreted as The Council, according to Indonesia: A solution rather implying for any State, group or Norway, should express regret than a resolution was neces- Running the communications J centre in UNFICYP are A radio person any right to engage in at the incidents which had oc- sary. His delegation appreci- any activity or to perform any act- curred in the whole region, and ated fhe fact that the Council officers including the Radio Superviser. aimed at the destruction of any specifically deplore the in- had seized on certain detect- of the rights and freedoms set cident of 2 September which able areas of agreement, name- (Continued on Page 6) forth herein. UNITED I GEOGBAPHY Tne chief rivers are the about 7% of the surface of the THE QUEEN Severn (220 miles), the Thames country. Most of Britain is The United Kingdom is si- (215 miles), the Trent, York- agricultural land, of which tuated off the north-west coast shire Ouse and Great Ouse in about one-third is arable, and of continental Europe. It com- England and Wales; the Clyde the rest pasture and meadow. prises England, Wales, Scot- (106 miles), the Tay and the The climate and even distri- land and Northern Ireland and Forth in Scotland. The largest bution of rainfall ensure a long some 5,000 smaller islands. The lalte is Lough Neagh in North- growing season; streams rare- United Kingdom extends over ern Ireland (148 square miles). ly dry up and grassland is 94,214 square miles, some 600 The highest mountains are green throughout the year. miles from north to south, and Ben Nevis (4,406 feet) in Scot- 300 miles from east to west. land, in Wales, Snowden (3,560 feet), in England, Scafell (3,210 In Britain the higher lands feet), and in Northern Ireland, POPULATION are found in the north and Slieve Donard (2,796 feet). west. Where the rocks are old Some 53 J million people live and hard there are extensive CLIMATE AND plateau areas of thin infertile in Britain. There are about soil, such as the highlands of VEGETATION 566 people per square mile, Scotland, the Lake District, Britain has a temperate and making Britain the fourth the Pennine Chain, the Welsh equalble olimate, with an ave- most densely populated country Mountains, the moorlands of rage temperature of about 40° in the world. In England and Cornwall and Devon, and the Fahrenheit (4.4o Centigrade) Wales the density of popula- Irish mountains. On the flanks in January and 60o F (15.6o tion is 800 per square mile. Queen Elizabeth II of the Pennine Chain, tha C) in August. The prevailing Eighty per cant of the people slopes of the Welsh mountains, winds are south-westerly. The live in towns; over 35 per cent Queen Elizabeth II is a the midland plain of England, British Isles as a whole have descendent of the Saxon King and the central lowlands of an annual rainfall of over 40 in the seven urban areas whose Scotland are newer, though inches, while England alone centres are London, Manche- Egbert, who united all Eng- ster, Birmingham, Leeds, Li- land in the year 829, and of still old, rocks, and hers mi- has about 34 inches; the moun- verpool, Newcastle upon Tyne nerals, particularly coal and tainous areas of the west and and Glasgow; more than 8 Malcolm II, whose reign in iron, are found and the manu- north have far more rain than Scotland (1005-34) was cor- facturing regions have arisen. the south and east. million live in the Capital, Owing to numerous bays and With its mild climate and London. respondingly important in inlets no point in the British varied soils, Britain has a di- that part of the realm. Isles is more than 75 miles verse pattern of natural ve- from tidal water. getation. Woodlands occupy GOVERNMENT FINANCE The United Kingdom is a monarchical state. It is uni- The United Kingdom is the tary, not a federal, state but central banker of the sterling methods of government are area, an area with a quarter flexible. For example there of the world's population. is some measure of develu- Many countries outside the tion in the administration of sterling area use sterling in Welsh, Scottish and Northern their international transact- Irish affairs. ions ,and it is the currency in which about one-third of The monarchy is the most the world's trade in conduct- ancient secular institution ed. in the United Kingdom, its continuity being broken only once in over a thousand INDUSTRY years. The United Kingdom was the first country in the world to become highly industria- TRANSPORT lised. Thirteen people work in mining, manufacturing Britain has the largest active and building for every one merchant fleet in the world, in agriculture. It is the and its 300 ports handle over world's third largest exporter 150 million tons of goods per of manufactured goods and year. Its dense network of rail- the range of its industrial Ht*& ways covers some 17,000 miles manufactures reflects its po- of route, but the greater pro- sition as one of the most im- SIM. portion of freight traffic now o'M-tan.t workshops of the moves by road. world. AGRICULTURE FUEL AND POWER Although Britain is a dense- Coal provides about 70 per ly populated, industrialised cent of Britain's total energy country relying on imports consumption, 273 million tons for half its food supply, equivalent in 1962. Nuclear agriculture remains one of energy is already providing a its largest and most im- growing proportion of power portant industries. It occupies requirements. Two nuclear nearly one-million people, or power stations are now supply- just under 4 per cent of ing power and a further three those in civil employment, are due to come into opera- provides about 4 per cent of tion this year. Four others are the gross national product, under construction and a tenth and uses 49 million of the has been approved. 60 million acres of land. KINGDOM RELIGION The Anglo-Jewish commu- The Prime Minister nity of some 450,000 is the HISTORY The Church of England is largest group of Jews in Information about the ear- the Established Church, and Europe. liest inhabitants of Britain is claims to be the ancient scanty, but by 450 B.C. the catholic church ol the land. There are numerou-s other population was predominant- At the Reformation in the religious communities in the ly Celtic. In A.D. 43, follow- 16th century it repudiated ing an armed reconnaissance United Kingdom. Among by Julius Caesar a century the supremacy of the Pope, them are the Greek, Russian, but retained the historic be.ore, the Romans began an episcopate, and the creeds Polish and Serb Orthodox, invasion which resulted in and sacraments upon which the Estonian and Latvian the Roman occupation of its doctrines are based. The Britain up to a line from Car- Orthodox and also the Arme- lisle to Newcastle upon Tyne. Church of England is uniqu- nian Church. There arc also ely related to the Crown in The occupation lasted nearly that the Sovereign, who must churches belonging to the 400 years and many of the be a member of the Church Lutheran Church of Den- sites of towns and outlines of of England, is called "Defen- mark, Finland arul Svwdjn. roads built at that time still der of the Faith" (a statutory exist. It was during Roman title as protector of the rule that Christianity first church). The baptised mem- came to Britain although the lasting conversion dates bership of the Church is THE ROYAL MINT about 27 million, i.e. two- from two centuries after the Sir Alec Douglas-Home, for- thirds of the population of end of the Roman occupation. merly Lord Home, disclaimed England. The Royal Mint, in Lon- Attacks by barbarian pi- his peerage under the Peera- don, has a continuous history rates from northern Europe The Anglian Communion, — principally Angles, Saxons ge Act 1963. which has churches in the of operations dating back and Jutes — followed the Sir Alexander Frederick over 1,100 years. Nearly half Douglas-Home in 61. He was United Kingdom and over- withdrawal of Roman forces. educated at Eton College and seas, has a total membership of its output of coins is for The invaders settled on the Christ Church, Oxford Uni- of over 40 million. In addi- overseas currencies. east and south-east coasts versity. He played cricket for tion to its churches in the and began to spread across Middlesex and M.C.C. and British Isles it is represented the island, driving back the enjoys fishing and shooting. in the Americas, India. Paki- original Britons into the He is married and has one stan, Burma, Ceylon. Africa, SPORT western part. Gradually the Australasia, China and Ja- Anglo-Saxons united into son and three daughters. pan. In the Middle East. Je- kingdoms, and by 800 Eng- rusalem has the status of an The most popular of the land was split up into seven EXPORTS AND IMPORTS archbishopric. team games are football kingdoms, with the Britons Britain accounts for about (both Soccer and Rugby) and living in Wales, Cornwall one-tenth of total world -trade, The established church of cricket. The most popular of and Cumberland and the taking nearly one-fifth of the Scotland is the Prestbyterian Picts in Scotland slowly unit- world's exports of primary Church of Scotland and its individual games is lawn ing into a single kingdom. products and providing about membershio is estimated at tennis. This was a period in which 15 per cent of the world's ex- about 1,280,000. the foundations of English ports of manufactured goods. Other games which have a local government were laid. Agricultural machinery, tex- The "Free Churches" of tile machinery, machine tools, some 20 groups (mpmly large following are hockey, At the beginning of the golf, athletics and horse-rac- ninth century the Danp-s and commercial vehicles, construct- Methodist, Baptist and Con- Norsemen heean 'o raid Eng- ion plant scientific instruments, greeational) number some 2 ing. There are also lacrosse, electrical machinery, plastics million. land from their Scandinavian polo, bowls, hunting, sailing, por^- Alfred, who was King materials and whisky are The Roman Catholic Church swimming, boxing, wrestling, of Wessex. a kingdom which among the branches of in- is quite strong and has ^ver cycling and motor racing. contained most of England dustry whose exports reach a 5 million members. south-west nf London, -uc- peak value. ceeded in stemming the Da- STANDARD OF LIVING nish advance, but after h<* Britain has about the se- death the Danes met less and venth highest standard of LONDON less resistance and numbers living in the world today. of them •settled in the pastern In April 196C, the average oart of England: Danish weekly earnings of an adult kings ruled England bef- male worker in manufacturing ween 1017 and 1042. were £16 - 12s per week, ap- 1017-1042 Rulled by Danish proaching double the amount Kings. recorded ten years previously, 1042 English Royal line res- with an average working week tored. of just over 46 hours. 1066 Conquest of England In Britain approximately two by the Normans of France, households in five have a wash- under William. ing machine, mearly one in 1215 Magna Carta signed by three a refrigerator, three In King John. four a vacuum cleaner, and 1284 Wales annexed to En- four in five a television set. gland. More than one household in 1346 Battle of Crecy. three has a car. 1415 Battle of Agincourt. 1485 Wars of the Roses end. Scotland. Tudor monarchy begins. 1801 Union with Ireland. 1636 Union of England and 1805 Battle of Trafalgar. Wales. 1815 Battle of Waterloo. 1588 Defeat of Spanish Ar- 1914-18 World War I. mada. 1922 26 countries of Ireland 1649 Charles I executed. leave the United Kingdom. England declared a Republic 1939-45 World War II. under Cromwell. 1945 Pounder member of The Houses of Parliament. Famous landmark in the 1660 Monarchy restored. United Nations. Permanent city of Westmiuster 1707 Union of England and member of Security Council. Tuesday, 22nd Sept. 1964 THE BLUE BERET Page Six HISTORY OF CYPRUS NEWS IN IRISH CONTINGENT DANISH NEWS routed (1229) and he was LUSIGNAN (PRANKISH) obliged to relinquish his claims. PERIOD Cyprus remained at peace (1192-1489) for the next 15 years, but then a trivial incident plunged the r TNDER the Lusignans island into civil war once more. ^ Cyprus enjoyed, in cer- This incident occurred at the tain aspects, a period of bril- coronation of Peter II at Fama- liance such as it had never gusta in 1372 and resulted in widespread massacre among known before. But the great Venetians and Genoese. p r o s p, e r i t y, which lasted throughout the years of Lu- The Republic of Genoa di- sig-nan rule, brought little rectly intervened and sent a benefit to the loeal people, large force which captured and the Greek Orthodox Nicosia and Famagusta. Kyre- nia Castle was strongly as- Fredag blev medaljedag for sol- IRISH TROOPS TOUR Church was fanatically per- saulted and severely damaged, daterne i DANCON. 972 soldater secuted by the Latin Church, CYPRUS but held out. Peace terms were fik overrakt FN-medaljen som en which was now established agreed in 1374, though with the sacrifice of Famagusta to anerkendelse af den indsats, de har Coach tours to cover all in flic island. gjort i FN's og dermed fredens areas of Cyprus have been ar- the Genoese, under whom it ranged each weekend for Guy de Lusignan established remained for virtually the re- tjeneste. troops of the 3rd Irish In- a feudal system of rule under mainder of the Lusignan pe- riod. De fleste fik deres smukke me- fantry Group. This gives the barons and knights who dalje i del blaa-hvide baand over- the Irish soldier the accompanied him. The Knights rakt af chefen for DANCON, ob- chance to see and know the of St. John of Jerusalem Three years later Peter II history of Cyprus. Starting at (Knights Hospitaller) retained signed a treaty of alliance with erstlojtnant H.M.H. Boysen. En 0800 hours and returning at certain parts of the island, on Venice and Milan. Further saerlig styrke, sammensut af solda- 2000 hours, each trip takes in payment to the Crown, later struggles with Genoa in 1402-9 ter fra alle enheder under DAN- a different section of the is- setting up their headquarters resulted in no change in the CON, fik dog medaljen overrakt land. A commentary on places at Kolossi Castle (Limassol). status of the island. visited is given by a courier. af chefen for UNF1CYP, den in- These tours provide a welcome Guy ruled in Cyprus, as a Cyprus suffered for the first diske general Thimayya. relief from routine duties and feudal overlord, for only two time at the hands of the Ma- assist in keeping morale high. years when, on his death, he melukes of Egypt in the year Det skete paa den solstegte og was succeeded by his brother 1424. Under the pretext that st0vede plads foran kaniinebygnin- Aimery, who assumed the title the coastal towns were har- gerne i Elizabeth Camps. Det er IRISH TROOPS GO of King of Cyprus and, later, bouring pirates who preyed on of Jerusalem. Egyptian trade, the Sultan at haabe, at de, der fik deres medal- UNDER-WATER Aschraf Barsabei of Egypt je af general Thimayya, har fortalt- The Lusignans rebuilt on a sent a force to sack and plun- deres kammerater rundt om i en- SWIMMING grand scale all the old defences der Limassol. Two years later hederne, hvad generalen sagde. of the middle Byzantine pe- a similar expedition was made, The members of the Our- riod, including the castles of Thi foruden medaljerne faldt der ragh Sub Aqua Club, Capt but this time the Cyprus forces H.R. Gallagher, HQ Coy, and Kyrenia, St. Hilarion, and Buf- under King Janus did battle ogsaa rosende ord. General Thi- 1 favento (Kyrenia) and Kanta- mayya sagde, at DANCON har Lt S. Gray, 'A Coy, who are near Khirokitia. serving with the UN Peace ra (Famagusta) in the north, haft det vanskeligste job - opgaver- Limassol in the south, and The Cyprus forces were Force in Cyprus find diving in Paphos in the west. routed, King Janus himself be- ne langs "den granne linie". Vide- the mediterranean a welcome ing taken prisoner. The Egypt- re nsevnte generalen, at de opgaver, change from the cold seas Nicosia was developed into ians subsequently marched de danske FN-soldater har haft around Ireland. Weekly, they a strong capital with castle northwards, captured Nicosia paa Cypern, har kraevet baade taal- go diving with members of the and wall defences and, follow- and sacked the city, setting Dhekelia Sub Aqua Club and ing the fall of Acre in 291, modighed og mod. have collected an imposing dJs- fire to the palace and many play of shells, Roman am- Famagusta rapidly developed other important buildings. King General Thimayya vekslede ven- into the richest city in the Janus later came to terms with phorae and sponges. Octupi lige bemaerkninger med de fleste af and Moray eels are now as eastern Mediterranean.1 Many the Egyptians, Cyprus be- fine churches, including a ca- coming a tributary to the Ca- soldaterne, idet han feestnede me- familiar as were cray fish and thedral in each of these cities, liph. daljen paa deres bryst, og nerved lobster off Ireland. It is of interest to note that still exist dating from this pe- blev medaljeoverraekkelsen en saer- riod, and especially following In 1460-4 the reigning Queen the diving programme and the visit of St. Louis of Prance Charlotte and King- Louis of lig oplevelse for mange. daily swimming parade, which in 1248. Some of these church Savory were overthrown by the is compulsory, helps to main- building are of pure French Queen's iHegitimate brother tain the high standard of phy- Gothic design, while others James (II) who, with Egyptian sical fitness so necessary for uniquely combine the Gothic aid, recaptured Famagusta. In UN MESSAGES troops serving on active ser- and Byzantine styles. The later 1472 James married Caterina vice. Lusignans were crowned kings Cornaro, a member of one of (Continued from Page 3) of Cyprus at Nicosia and sub- the most noble Venetian fami- From Cyprus to Geneva the sequently of Jerusalem in Fa- lies. Both James and his infant message goes over a TOR system cable. This method sends at the magusta. and only son died in suspicious (Teletype Over Radio) on a rate of 30 words per minute. circumstances in 1474. Another fine monument, certain frequency. It is typed on The main centre in UNFICYP dating from earliest Lusignan a teleprinter machine which is at the military headquarters times, is the Abbey of Bella- The Lusignan line being converts it into a radio impulse. near Nicosia airport, There is, pais (Kyrenia). without a successor to the The impulse is transmitted to however, a teleprinter system to throne gave the opportunity Geneva where it is converted back the political headquarters at The peace of the island was into a message. The TOR system Wolseley Barracks. Messages for temporarily disturbed during to Venice, now at war with transmits at a rate of 60 words Wolseley Barracks are sent by the early 13th century when Turkey, to intervene directly per minute. The equipment used teleprinter over a private wire the Holy Roman Emperor Fre- and seize the island for the here is the Creed, made in circuit, which is similar to the derick H claimed the regency defence of h«r eastern flank. England. telephone system. from John d'Ibelin during the minority of Henry I. For two Caterina Cornaro was forced At Geneva the message is Traffic between HQ UNFICYP years the island was plunged to abdicate and the island was transferred to another machine and UN HQ is fairly heavy and formally annexed by Venice in which sends the message the rest on average a total of 300,000 into civil war until the em- of the way to New York along groups are sent and received each peror's forces were finally 1489. an over-land and sub-marine month. Tuesday, 22nd Sept. 19G4 THE BLUE BERET Page Seven THE ENCLEISTRA- OF ST. NEOPHYTOS NEWS IN FINNISH jan ja valittajan lahjojaan Euroo- From Page 1 pan eri maiden johtomiesten seka heidan edustajien kanssa asioides- saan. YK:n edesmennyt paasih- teeri Dag Hammarskjold 1 ahetti myb's Tuomiojan henkilokohtaisek- si edustajakseen Laosiin, joka on osoiiiautunut yhdeksi nykymailman pahirnmista palopesakkeisia. Tuo- mioja oli siten ehtinyt saada laajan kokemuksen kansainvalisissa asi - oissa, kun paasihteeri U Thant tar josi handle valittajan tehia'vaa Kyproksen selkkauksessa. Se seik- ka, etta kumpikin kiistan osapuoli- hyvaksyi eparoimatta hanen eh- telemaan johtavaa ossa oman maa- dokkuutensa, on selva icdistus mme taloudellisessa ja poliittisessa suurlahetiilas Tuomiojan nautti- elamassa suurla.netiilas Tuomioja masta arvonannosta. siirtyi vain vajaa kymmenkunta vuotta sitten maamme edustajaksi Tuomioja oli eh'.inyt jo varsin pit- Loniooseen eli uralle, joka oli joh- kalle tassa valitystoiminnassaan, tava hanet kansalnvaliseen maJnee- kun sen vaatimat ponnistukser seen. Jouduin t a alia ensimmai- mursivat hanen voimansa. Hanen sen kerran henkilo'kohtaisesti kos onntstumismahdollisuuksiaan on keiukseen hanen kanssaan ja opin vaikea arvioida. Me liialla Kyp- siella myo's tuniemaan ne hanen roksella toimivat tiedamme omas- eminaisimlensa, joika olivat tehneet ta kokemuksestamme, miienka sy- hanesta yhden maamme ruiomat- vat epaluuloi ja jopa suoranainen lavimmista miehista. vihakin erotiavat kiisian osapuolei Sakari Tuomiojan ulkonaisesta toisislaan. Muita jos tama teh- esimiymisesta ei olisi voinui paa- tavan suorittaminen on inhimiMi- tella, etia kysymyksessa oli niin sesti arvioiden kenellekaan mahdol- omassa maassaan kuin kansain- lista. Sakari Tuomiojalla olisi luul- valisissakin asioissa kyvin huomat- tavasli ollur siihen parhaat edel- tavaa osaa esiitanyt henkilo'. Han li'tykset. Hanen odottamattoman ei pyrkinyt millaan tavoin korosi- poismenonsa johdosta Kyproksen amaan cmaa asemaansa tai torkeyt- eri vaestoryhmien edustajien tahol- ta'an, vaan suhtautui yhta ystava!- ta esitetyista lausunnoista ilmenee, lisesti ja vaatimattomasii niio yl etta taalla vihan. epaluulojen ja The "Encleistra" of St. Neophytes. haisimpiin kuin alhaisempiinkin. pelon raastamalla saarellakin oli opittu tuntemaan hanen viJpit- (^ EVEN mtles from the small port of Paphos, at a side prominence Vahankaan kokenut arvostelija ei of a gorgeous ravine, is situated the Monastery of the Cypriot voinut kuitenkaan jaada epatie tomyytensa, hyva tahtonsa ja lah- saint, Neophyfos the Recluse. toiseksi taman vaatimattoman suo jomaton tasapuolisuutensa. Tama olisi antanut edes jonkinlaisia ta- Saint Neophytos was born in Warren, B.D., in 1881. malaisen merkittavyydesta. Ysta- ] 134 at Koto Drys, a village near Both the chapel and the cell vallisen hymyn ja hyvamahtoisen keita siita, etta aarimmaisen mm- the little town of Lefkara, which were in time decorated with ulkokuoren alle katkeytyi suuri kikkaaksi osoittautunut Kyprok- has won world fame for its ex- notable wallpaintings by Theo- hallinnollinen ja teravS aly, joka sen selkkaus olisi ehka voitu selvit- quisite hand-made lace. doros Apsevdis under the personal taa valitysratkaisun avulla. Retiring, at the age of 18, guidance and supervision of the pian paljastui jo yksin hanen ika'an from the vanity of worldiy attain- saint. They are still in a state of kuin ohimennen heitetyissa, mutta Pienella maalla ei ole koskaan ments, and following the "straight good preservation. naulan kantaan osuvissa arvioineis- and peaceful ways of monastic When aged 65, Neophytos ex- iiikaa huomattavia miehia. Sakari saan. Tuomiuojan aiknansaannok- life" he served for seven years as cavated, at the risk of his life, Tuomiojan ennenaikainen poisme- set niin hallinto- kuin talousmie a monk in the then flourishing another retreat higher up the no on siten hyvjn raskas menetys monastery of St. Chrysostomos, cliff, the "Higher Encleistra, or hena ovat selvana todistuksena maallemme. Tama menetys ei where he received his first edu- New Zion", and it was there that hanen poikkeuksellisesta kyvykky- cation, being formerly illiterate. he often retired to avoid the kuitenkaan rajoiiu vain Suomen ydestaan. He then paid a six months visit annoyance of the ever-increasing kohdalle. Myos Kypros ja jopa to Palestine, and, failing to pro- number of pilgrims. koko maailmakin on karsinyt ras- ceed from Paphos to Asia Minor, St. Neophytos lived in a tur- Nama ominaisuudet kohottivat where he had intended to live as bulent period of history. He myos suurJahettilas Tuomiojan kor- kaan menetyksen. Karsivallisia, a hermit, he directed his steps passed a great part of his life keimpaan asemaan, jonka kukaan kiihkottomia, maltillisia ja viisaita towards Melissovouno, and settled under Byzantine rule, he saw Cy- suomalainen on t aha'n mennessa rauhanrakentajia ei ole suinkaan in a cave overhanging the present prus ravaged by Prince Isaac Iiikaa ihmiskunnassa, joka antaa monastery. Comnenos, he experienced the kansainvalisissa asioissa saavutta- Within a year he had patiently short occupation of the island by nut. Ha'nen toimintansa YK :n lyhytnakdisen oman edun tavoitte- hewn with axe and spade the Richard Coeur de Lion, and a Euroopan talouskomission paasih- lun ja sokean kiihkon saattaa va- walls of the cave, and thus made longer occupation by the Lusignan teerina Genevessa oli viela luon- araan sille nykyisin tarjoutuvat lois- a chapel dedicated to the Holy Kings. He was greatly depressed tavat mahdollisiiudet. Sakari Tuo- Cross, and a cell which served as by the fall of Jerusalem and teeltaan etupaassa hallinnollista, his dwelling place. Constantinople. He had the sad vaikka han joutui jo tassakin teh- miojan tapaisilla mi eh ill a' on viela At the age of 36, he was or- experience of long droughts, tavassaan osattamaan neuvotteli- aivan liian paljon tehtavaa kan dained priest by the Bishop of violent earthquakes and eel ipses sainvalisten pulmien selvittelyssa, Paphos, Basil Kinnamos, and it of the sun. joiden onnellisesta ratkaisemisesta was then that he founded a Neophytos the Recluse remains monastic community consisting of famous not simply for his ascetic to prayer, fasting and study of saattaa monessa tapauksessa riip- ten to eighteen monks, and wrote life and his unique experience, sacred literature, but, nevertheless pua jopa koko ihrniskunnan tule- the well-known "Ritual Ordin- but even more for his love to- he remained active to the benefit vaisuus. Yhdenkin tallaisen mie- ance", published by Archiman- wards his fellow men, and for his of his monastery, of the society drite Kyprianos in 1179, and by writings. He enjoyed hermitical in which he lived, and of all men hen menettaminen on siksi kor- the Rev. Frederick Edward rest for sixty years, giving himself in general. vaamaton thappio. Tuesday, 22nd Sept 1964 THE BLUE BERET Page Eight THE FOOTBALL TEAM OF 'B' COMPANY, The results ol the Finnish Lentopallo: games of the championships 40th IRISH BATTALION are as follows. points 1. 3.JK 12 Jalkapallo: 2. 5.JK 10 3. 4.JK S points 4. HK 6 1. 5.JK 4 10 E. EK 4 2. 3.JK 14— 4 8 6. l.JK 0 3. 4.JK 12—10 2.JK 0 4. 2.JK 8—10 5. UK 8—19 6. EK 6—16 STAFF OF BLUE BERET Pes palla: points Editor. Copt C.D.W. LEES. 1. 3.JK Tel. No. Nicosia 77061 Ext. 30. 2. EK l.JK Sub-Editor. S/Sgt A. Richards 5.JK Correspondents:- 5. 2.JK HK Canodian Contingent. Articles In Fnnefc. Copt R. FOURNIER IRI2«R CYPRUS BROADCASTING Tel. Nicosia 77611 THE football team of "B" Company, 40th Irish Battalion, CORPORATION Articles In EngtMi. •*• are rightly pleased with their prowess while they have Copt i. FERGUSON (BROADCASTS IN ENGLISH) been serving in Cyprus. The team is -so far undefeated. Tel. Nicosia 77630. In gamej played outside the battalion their record reads 495 metres 606 kc/s played 5, won 5. They are also in the final of the Bat- 1345- 1500. 2000-2300 Danish Contingent. talion League. UNITED NATIONS PROGRAMME Lt. H. Frederiksen. Tel. Nicosia 3101 Ext 210. In the Picture ihuwn a'jos-e the team from left to doily 20.30-21.15 hrs in ol1 langu- right is :— ages of UNFICYP OS follows:- Finnish Contingent Lt. E. PIHKALA Front Row: Lt. M. O'Donnell, S/s Malone, S/s Sheehan, Monday ... Swedish Programme Tel. Nicosia 7<2°1 Ext. 333 Sgt Shaw, S/s Gardiner, S/s O'Sullivan. Tuesday Canadian Programme Nicosia 77061 Ext. 27 Wednesday .. Finnish Programme Back Row: S/s Hayes, S/s Tier, S/s Laste, S/s O'Flynn, Thursday Irish Programme Irish Contingent S/s Cannon, Sgt McDonald, Trainer. Friday English Programme Commandant A.M. NESTOR Saturday Danish Programme Tel. Nicosia 77061 Ext. 29. Sunday Request Programme Swedish Contlngnrt. NOTE: Every Wednesday and Satur- Major L. POIGNANT day a United Nations News Round- NICOSIA 371B CROSSWORD Up provided by the UN office in New York is broadcast. FOR YOUR LISTENING RADIO BROADCASTS All times ace local SHORT WAVE Australian Radio 31 Metre Band 0830 — 093Q English 25 Metre Band Austrian Radio 19 Metre Band 0800 — 1100 German 16 Metre Band 1 300 — 1 600 French ond English 25 Metre Band 1900 — 2200 (Sat, Sun and Mon only) British Broadcasting Corporation 31 Metre Band 0500 — 2315 (1000-1100 Closed 24 Metre Band down) English 19 Metre Bond 16 Metre Band 13 Metre Band Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 19 Metre Bond 2201—2350 (2245-1300 Forces 25 Metre Band Broadcast.) French and 31 Metre Band English Voice of Denmark 19 Metre Band Danish and English CLUES ACROSS CLUES DOWN Finnish Broadcasting Corporation 19 Metre Band 1200— 1250 Finnish and 1. As a March Hare may be. 1. Chalky. 25 Metre Band 1 800 — 2030 Swedish. 31 Metre Band (Monday and Friday 4. Stuffing? Not for the 2. One who does this is usu- 1800—1845 English) chicken. ally viewed in clinical suspense. Swedish Radio 6. For scenic effect a third 19 Metre Band 1815— 1845 Swedish 3. Mayday. 1845—1915 English of Galo Plaza, the new U.N. Mediator in Cyprus, met with correspondents from 11 to 11:20 a.m. today. In an opening statement, he said that he was now disengaged entirely from his previous tasks and, from now on, would devote all his efforts to media- tion. He would not be going back to Geneva, as he considered that the solution to this problem must be sought in Cypruss He said he would be "fiercely indepen dent" in carrying out his assignment, but would welcome constructive suggestions from any quarter. VJhile the future relations between the two communities on the island were the heart of the matter, the international rMmmte dimensions of the problem also had to be taken into account, As he Sa envisaged the task ai&mBBH&jginma assigned to him, a mediator should propose possible solutions for a settlement which would, in his view, allow the parties concerned to go as close as possible to their objectives. In reply to questions, he said: He would leave on Sunday, 27 September, for Cyprus. He would study the files of the late Mediator, Mr. Tuomioja, whom he admired greatly. He would then hold a round of talks with President Makarios and Vice-President Kutchuk, make visits to Ankara, Athens and London, and return to New York. He would talk not only with the leaders at all levels of the two communities in Cyprus, but also with the people in the villages. If he found some wstnmm. common ground in his talks with the two communities, he would then deal with these points on a wider level. He could not assess the mmittmMrcaa present situation as regards mediation, but he believed that there was a better atmosphere now than there had been a few months ago. & He felt that there was a ray of hope. Asked if there were any areas he would like to explore further, he said that he could naturally not accept the esttreme positions of the parties as frozen, for otherwise there would be no hope of a settlement. But he had reason to believe that they would be willing to cooperate in finding a solution. He would do his best to find a solution. If he mm became convinced that he could not make progress, he would see to it that someone else took over. He felt that "mediators should be expendable." Asked if he accepted the London and Zurich treaties as the basis for his mediation efforts, he said that the juridical situation was not basic to his task of mediation and he did not have to take a position on this question8 The very fact that a mediator had been appointed was proof that a new solution had to be found* Director of (Seatr*! s«nrtc«a 25 » Sir Aiassste* Mrostas? of Qpsssstioas Sesnriss is 2e la this sapaeity IS?* Salo» l*lasa sill be gsiS ths assss fee |1,^39,00 pea- aaa'^t safi fee r^presesfeatiaa a3 t1i5, la to a««Oj^sdiatIoias im lies®!© aa5. ms* slsa is Itessla s "^ *WK»s«Mk 3* As lfe!t«al Cj'pfnss Mafiistos-^ Ifr, fi^lo Plaaa shoaM 1s a ftesli lai|f.ag«-^0s®r tdta t&© of 't?sSsr-Ss-ar-@t-ary for the ^af tlia S-oafastl^i asm Pgli?tit§®£ lasamltiiss, f&e Lsgal Ca^asel also *«rite t» ^s ^ts1 Soffe^fsaaats eoaeerasfij Basely C^siriis^ Grsoee * :rlaam shesa3^ 3« gives, full la the case of %*111 fte fsr tlas 51 UeeasiMgr 19$* 4,» the flj?st lastanse. ^llo^teg officials •will aeselet !^?e §slo Plasa la Me- ssissioas i« Ba-litl&sl Mfaii?® Offles^s Ms'» SaMa !4131sr (fsar as long ©s a®e@SM3?3r}, SSr. Millar ^f ^s rales^isi Isy fa® first ^©sk is t !&>, 6-sto P2as® 8=® I^gsl Mrle-es' csa "assls, as sM 7| BsarlEg Mt% Oslo Flsaa*® teuxsee sa Uistted Ifatlssfi CyprtMi Mediator, €-ala H&ga sjsjsr osae r&tssS trip fVcwa Quito to lew !OE& s«£ oa te S. Utie Bg^Ajsaaftefs of Mr* dalo Plsma -sdli tot* lieoeia, 1® vill ©Iso 1 pcfrloSs la Sfsif ?o3fk f sx firaftiag Ills ref^rt ? ata « ^ aufi sits to tlis aapitalg., sajisly Aakasfa? Atfeesis a aa eaflsagss., fiial.Bg tls® parlcMlto-et^H» Rao w C4M the of ty© yeay^ ttef&e ti'lps to tfee»0 eapltela. 0® these visits fee ulU tale Isis sees-nstasgr •wltla Mm5 as also a fsllMcal affairs $Sfieer. IS* &** S&l^ Haas ffltso trips to Ifew Ya^k, IMle la of t&e S©Qr€tfisy«§gfa©ral» He t^,e sssi^tsace af csae of MB |>»litlsal affairs offlc^arSi ss t?»ll ss^ that ^f the legal teEiBg Ms visit® to iss? f aase ts'ipf s if tte oxlgeseita of ti»s* so claiiSEdj, Mr, Salx> Plasss jf a s©erataa?y ^sl.t!j Mm f^os Hew TsrSi to Quito sail teslc,, a.atiO2 mgr ¥@ ta&es '"b^r the Offis© of Bea-ssii^sl and to fi^H^o Jdi® eaatmot td,th Mr, Oslo Plasa oa ths ts^s go tlsst to issy siga the papers baf«s?s Ms depai»t'or0 for lie®ai& oa V. CW/st October reselpt of your Mad lsit«s* of ssela®*®?eg thereto = I !m tsfesm QE to Ife1* felo l*2msa @s of cct Mr. Galo Plasa «>-v ? * Strasbourg, Bas-Rhin, France. 1st October 1964, n May I through yourself offer my congratulations upon his appointment to the UN Mediator in Cyprus together with my best wishes for the success of his difficult task. I send you a copy of a letter dated llth April 1964 which I addressed to the late Mr Sakari Tuomioja, drawing his attention to the provisions of the European Convention on Human Rights and its relationship to the Cyprus constitution and to other matters. The policy adopted by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of. Europe towards th« Cyprus dispute has been set out in the following terms: " the Committee of Ministers has decided to keep the Question of Cyprus on its agenda to see whether it should take any action at the appropriate time if the efforts of the United Nations proved unavailing." The machinery of the European Convention on Human Itights is however available to the parties to the Convention and its use is a matter which lies entirely within their owr discretion* On the other hand the Political Committee of the Council ,of Europe has drawn attention to the fact that this machinery might well provide the juridical element which is likely to "be required in any ultimate settlement of the problem of Cyprus, I also enclose a copy of a statement which I recently made to the Legal Committee of the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe with regard to the implementation of Article 57 of the Convention. From this you will see that I shall be addressing a general enquiry as to the working of the Convention in practice to all its signatories. Although >> - 2 - this enquiry will go amongst others to the Greek, Turkish and Cypriot Governments you will see from th© character of my statement that it is not intended to be directed to any one Government or to any particular problem. I think that the foregoing should serve to bring your information up to date BO far as the Council of Europe is concerned. If at any time I can supply you with any additional information I shall be glad to do so. P.S. I am enclosing a work entitled "La Convention Europ£ene des droita de 1'Homme" has been published by Mr K. Vasak, a member of my staff serving upon the Directorate of Human Eight•. Though this is an unofficial work it is authoritative and I am sending you a copy herewith for purposes of reference by the Mediator. U. Thant, Secretary General, United Nations, n New York, U.S.A. g : ?* ^J'J»^^ -^ UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM MEMORANDUM INTERIEUR TO: DATE: 29 October 196A A: U Thant Secretary-General REFERENCE: THROUGH: S/C DE: FROM: Constantin A. Stavropoulos, Uhder-Secretary DE: Legal Counsel SUBJECT: Diplomatic privileges and^immunities of the OBJET: Mediator on Cyprus Following Mr, Galo Plaza1s appointment as Mediator, I -wrote to the Permanent Bspresentatives of Cyprus, Greece, Turkey and the United Kingdom requesting the confirmation of their Governments that they would continue to extend to Mr, Galo Plaza and his staff the privileges and immunities, exemptions and facilities accorded to diplomatic envoys as they had agreed in respect of the late Mediator, Mr, Tuomioja and his staff, I am pleased to report that the requested confirmation has now been received from each of these four Governments, I have written to Mr, Galo Plaza informing him accordingly. ccs Dr. Bunche Mr. Narasimhan Mr. Bolz-Bennett GS/nlt. B. Vaugban 25 Mar£}h Under-Seor®taxy Directop of General Services fcsr Spseiai Political Affairs The Seer0tasy~Geri@r&l has decided to extend the appointment of Mr. Galo Flstisa as United Matioas Cyprus Mediator for three monthe fapom the date of the oggdvy of his present contract, i.e. 31 Marofe 1965. The teme expressed in the current letter of Appointment are agreeable, thomgfc no provision for travel of Mrs. Plassa, need be included in the annex to the new letter of Appointment. IB addition to his travel to Quito at the end of March, Mr. Plassa ja^r taske ons rotasd-trip fro® Quito to New York. Other official travel will b© authorized % the 8@cretarj-G©n©ral as fir* H,«f. Mr. I. 3-eaistcK '/ Sir A Kr. B. OF to ism fan &SVS feee» gosKl mou^fe to $KSW is© the latter of 31 fereti 1965 to |p0u %• Mfeassactep E3?3lp e^jwesriag th« vis&sof the TsaMsh ess c§r rsf^rfc to psa as the Mediator 00 Copras, assd to invite me to iiiftira ^0u 0« eeHalB ^att«r@ -9f tket« Vsitfe r«teresc«, Jba jsartijsitLwj to t&® msssfeissi macls Igr AsMesa«tos> F-ra|)9 lo 35^ c en 23-25 p€lsf«ai^'s I w%3& Isfem jsm ifeit %fhat the ^a^tsssdor to a& as tirf^Kat tsit& re^^4 to t&© costsst of ^f report is pi^p^rly s statfsmesjt of tlt« fm^i^ S@v©sfi^Hii*@ ®»u ^is^is os tfo@ pgg&rt i^iosld eossfeaiui, I did not, s^ a«^ time dsariug eoirsrerss- tioas •wfeiefe ®xfca^4®«i of®3« t«o titans, aseepfc tho?^ views as stated, I to refrain fe® iBBlBdiBig in s^ s*®psept s^ fofsml pee^sssdKlatians to & solution to the Drsbl«n,s b^t 1 sould mjts &M^jd not &g?e@ to to %iie p*0ee£iKre oi" ja§d3ati la^r Jtoxm-d f©c «r¥© sif pmpos« mad whiab woaM b®? to recall s X frsqu^ttlgr usaii is this cctBa@Ki • CYlI/r 15 JXS2 1965 ltaovledse resef.pt of your letter of 14 Jua?2 oaLtlruintJlo-a £3 v 1 1 .pV^ >*^T'-^v*i7f< "T tf-^T **>*•- VS. •»/.*.*! ":*•* 1i/"i-"*-/% f -• ,."; *£ • *./ c r-;-*"f v"~',yi'~./T.-7.-3. r- -. VVi -t*^' ^;'.W «/*•—• ••• HU) Jsi-4(wrf,^. V jj' •^"W.,.- P.-'.r'^1 J ^. il...*.V» rf^Uo ^'. ^' -^ V.V *'. .JJ. 'ijrt **. - »^ J *J.— V •5"-'--».«i"rtrs rr'^r v'l.'a P Y^*^'11*^*?""'" "7 ' ^"t." rv'" -!•"*."•-.•* V-/"'^ •• ^ 'n"1; t'l ^ •?•--» l-^': '^r V«-*V«f •*- Af.-J-^-^ h/<»- *M* jV^-'UH^J^-iJ^^W,- «/^ \,Vrf_ ( F •,.*.,„.!» V'^-' —*.. , t V-lW^^Mt t>'J" ^.l-*Jij' ^> -J\-*-5*3-1-(-**-* f (!•*•* *•)•] •*'?•>'! •-. i'*^'T r •* :'t ^.-T,"? ---.JTT- .•- -;-.*«- -.-->y..'1 ^ ^-. ••-.-^^•T -*••? ..- v-, toi A. Ul— •*^t4*«W' V *>n -». i-Ji— : «^ -^\. v v.^.T'_ *-^.A ti-»-.l.^>,» .. .;_^ LJ-W'^. .- . -. \~ t^ -\« v«J— Lt ^j.-^'*-* of tJi3 Cyprus £.v22';:Lo:! t^ce^ d:a^3cl cl^c-ui^tcuces^ n later la '^e yea?* I irste ^?luh c;pp^c.ola adjustr^s-ts to reflec-5 1i:; i^tr-r-dttc^i: uatvux; cf yy ccrvlcej but ^Ith ttc ur/;c^cj-.~.^lr-^ tlic-t ir^u *.rl.li re ^ts Gi^S per aic:~j frh^n r^" •---.."a cctval?^,- cr-cr^cd iu .s;o::s cc - Br» Banclae Sit Alexander KacFarquhar Jirv Harasimhan 1-ir, I'llron Jlr, Lemieux cc: Mr. Mr. Registry 12 October 1 th« hoaour OR bstelf of the ^ to trenssait to ^ou herewith a eopjr of a D®el&ratiort eoneeruisg th® rights of the salzioritles to hiia % the PresMeat of the has raq«ested at the saaa time that the Mediator apprised of the , Sir, the assuraBsot; of csy fti^iest for Politicsl Affaire Mediator o a 6 d« Bisl«ibre JSB/at cc: Hr» Busebe Hr. Mr. Ife tresy of FOIJ t$ 1st see Im*e yera* views o& tfee C^rpsiis op tleta ^y yo®£ letter ®f XI Hsa?€& 19^-6? •sislefe ®sriir®€ %*Baa the Secis-ity g to e©asid®r^ sgai»? the eKtensios sf U1FSCIP*© [email protected] iefestt IB tfe OeB®i*al A^sss^J^- as the ispast esa®@d fey jpsiar Fesigastilss as He^ista^ it ® 'tso ^atffikly HB tli® 4i«etioa of »«» political i the bggijmlsf @f Felsfim^^ la^sgwsp, 1 felt tfe© ttoa p of isr!0'»s wit& tfee ^a?tl@s sM aeaos^lt a trip te tfee niarSffiia® capitals. 1 laaferstasd tlsst to yim enlaont Ms taJ&e ia Bleossia, telaf®, sat tlss «tgr f«^p essl^rgiag tise? ria,® ef Mr. Bersar^s. Sisce t tfee p'^^at stage of ol^taiaisg %M a-gre^aeBt ®f to the ©ppt3tBt!S8s& @f a s®v meAiatarj, Hr* B8rmr*te© sill us ©f fte»ss to fausilitst© cse^feets feefesees tte psi,rlii@s aad to sdw®sc® ta© the ftaauslsl ^iffle\sl.ti«s eiajsfeoatit^; tbe is C^ras sat the la^S: of slpdf leant p^©€^*s otsr ®s3s&veurs witfe jsattsme® y 1 c-iate ^os? easfcliase^ iatorest aM e©»0p@rati9»j; this ie fisrtber of yoar to tte ®t tfe& i AVEHI!>£j» DE DICIEMBRE1300 QUITO, ECUADOR p r I DECLASSIFIED March-11, 1966 My dear Secretary-General, •We had agreed that I should submit to you ray views on the Cyprus question, that for obvious reasons could not have been Included in a public document. These vievs might "be of some value to any future mediation efforts or at least will serve to complete the record. I have waited for the parties concerned to ccol off and settle back into their true positions, after their initial reactions to the outcome of discussions at the General Assembly last December and to ny resignation as UK Mediator before attempting to explore the hidden motivations wnicn stand in the way of any efforts at mediation. Starting with-the three external governments concerned, namely those of the United Kingdom, Greece and Turkey, because their points of departure are entirely different ths possibility -of finding some coasnun grounds of understanding range from flexible to rigid. Flexible in the case of the United Kingdom; ausceptable to change, in view of present realities, in the case of Greece and totally rigid Ir, '.tie case of Turkey unless there is a marked changj in external circumstances. After my contacts vith the two aucceedir.g govermc'int s in London, I believe'I can safely reach the conclusion that the United Kingdom will not stand in the way of any solution agreed upon by the parties and would go as far as to open to discussion the Treaty of Establishment by which th<_- base areas were reserved from the territory of the Republic of Cyprus. They vill continue to be the least difficult party and might go as far as to help to amend, but cot oppose the somewhat awkvard efforts of the United States to wean Turkey away from their newly acquired friends in the Soviet Union. U T 3 e c r e t ar y- Gen e r al United Nations New York, New York U. S. A. AVENIDA C OE DICIEMBRE1300 4 QUITO, ECUADOR - 2 - The fact that the Greek. Government has clearly recognized the right'of the people of Cyprus to deternine their future, whether it be independence or Enosis, and by doing so has placed itself squarely behind, .the Cyprus Government which leads me to believe that they-will not interfere with whatever course of action, tJie Makarios1 Government chooses to taka. Although Bnosis is an .ancient aspiration of the people of Greece, the policy adopted by Hbeir government, which might eventually do away with Eno-ais has not met with any serious oposition from Greek public opinion. Furthermore, the Greek Government would like to find a way out of'its present involvement in Cyprus not only because of its costly military presence on the island but also for reasons of Greek-Turkish relations. The Turkish position offers an entirely different picture, Turkey io primarily cdneern-ed with its own security, which it considers would be seriously undermined by Enosis, therefore they feel they'must.reject it totally and permanently. The well being of the Turkish-Cyprlota as veil as their goal relations with- Greece are considered of secondary importance. The Cyprus problem" fco" stated is a national issue in Turkey • that no government would dare tinker with. . Whether they are or are not aware of the fact that the Government of Cyprus and the majority of the people of Cyprus share with them, obviously for different reasons, a distaste Cor Snoeis, they will, in any case, reject any settlement that does not include iron clad assurances^r-egjgain61 it. They must realize that time is working against then and that Makarioa* privileged position on the island as well as his long range.tactics, • are slowly but surely rendering their policy in Cyprus obsolete* It seema that their "nope 5 for a quick and favorable settlement lies with the aoisewhat vague possibility of maneuvering the United States, at the proper time, into a position- where their cooperation, at a broader international level, could be conditioned to assistance ir, getting a solution in Cyprus to their liking. From all of t-hese considerations we can conclude that unless thttre is a substantial change in the present international situation tha position of the Turkish Government will remain rigid. The Turkish-Cypriot community is'frozen in its present position by the policies dictated by Turkey and by the irreversable commitments and. involvements of its leaders. The Turkish-Cypriote are as dependent on Turkey a?, the Green- Cy^riots are free of prewores frora Greece. However they must realise that their present situation is untenable an 3. t:iat they must, sooner or later, find acecroodations for th^sijelve.-. in a Cyprus in which they are a minority. They &'l2c must realise that Makarios sistematic sibling at the statuquc -rill DE DICIEMBRE 1300 QUITO, ECUADOR - "- continue to weaken their precarious position until only a few- irreductible hot heads and their leaders v/ill ,r<;nsui^ in thair self imposed ghettos. Although they continue t.o sJeftrch the sky for a draatic solution from Turkey,, there iz a plowing sense of disillusion, in the Turkish policy of much bark ani no bite,...... Makarios is the one man with a blue print for Cyprus, he- jcncws vhat he wants and'he is going' about it in a syst v From these observations we can conclude that unl-.-ss sen- sue stantial change takes.place in the Middle Bast, bearing on .-Cyprus, there are few probabilities for a break through toward an agreed.solution. On the other hand, if sous decree of peace can be kept between the two communities, v'.l-;, il r.c* too unrealistic, it is possible for the people of Cyprus tc gradually find accomodationa for living ani working sii- by side e,wsr» if. each community continues to hold on, tr th-?ir badi convictlona for generations tc cojne. sincerely, Galo Plaaa