EIGN SEF ;MBER 1973 Dinna get overcharged overseasT

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Board of Directors THOMAS D. BOYATT, Chairman F. ALLEN HARRIS, Vice Chairman FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL BARBARA J. GOOD, Second Vice Chairman RAYMOND F. SMITH, Secretary-Treasurer LOIS ROTH, Assistant Secretary-Treasurer HERMAN J. COHEN CHARLES T. CROSS CHARLES O. HOFFMAN LINDA LOWENSTEIN ALVIN PERLMAN W. A. WHITTEN RICHARD L. WILLIAMSON, Counselor

Journal Editorial Board SEPTEMBER 1973: VOLUME 50, NO. 9 TERESITA C. SCHAFFER, Chairman RALPH S. SMITH, Vice Chairman FREDERICK QUINN JOEL M. WOLDMAN EDWARD M. COHEN ERIC GRIFFEL G. RICHARD MONSEN LAWRENCE B. LESSER

'Twas Ever Thus 8 Staff EDWARD M. COHEN GERALD BUSHNELL, Executive Director HELEN VOGEL, Committee Coordinator ELOISE JORDAN, Scholarship Aide C. B. SANNER, Membership and Circulation New Directions in American Foreign Policy 13 PETER KROGH Foreign Service Educational Center CLARKE SLADE, Director

Who’s the Kids Advocate 16 Journal THOMAS F. KELLY SHIRLEY R. NEWHALL, Editor MdVER ART & PUBLICATIONS, INC., Art Direction

Advertising Representatives Jungle Crash 20 HENRY S. VILLARD JAMES C. SASMOR ASSOCIATES, 520 Fifth Ave., New York, N.Y. 10036 (212) 683-3421 ALBERT D. SHONK CO., 681 Market St.# San Francisco, Calif. 94105 (415) 392-7144 Communication re: The Near East 26 JOSHUA B. POWERS, LTD., 46 Keyes House, Dolphin Sq., LEE F. DINSMORE London SWI 01-834-8023/9. International Representatives. ©American Foreign Service Association, 1973. The Foreign Service Journal is published twelve times a year by the Amer¬ ican Foreign Service Association, 2101 E Street, N.W., Wash¬ Foreign Service Fable: Loyalty Oath 31 ington, D. C. 20037. Telephone (202) 338-4045 ROBERT EHRMAN Second-class postage paid at Washington, D. C.

DEPARTMENTS The FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL is the journal of professionals in foreign affairs, published twelve times a year by the American For¬ eign Service Association, a non-profit organization. Editorials 6 Material appearing herein represents the opinions of the writers and is not intended to indicate the official views of the Department of State, The Bookshelf 27 the United States Information Agency, the Agency for International Development or the United States Government as a whole. Letters to the Editor 37 Membership in the American Foreign Service Association is open to the professionals in foreign affairs overseas or in Washington, as well AFSA News 39 as to persons having an active interest in, or close association with, foreign affairs. Membership dues are: Active Members—Dues range from $13 to $52 annually depending upon income. Retired Active Members—Dues are $30 annually for members with incomes over $15,000; $15 annually for less than $15,000. Associate Members—Dues are $20 annually. For subscription to the JOURNAL, one year (12 issues); $6.00; two years, $10.00. For subscriptions going abroad, except Canada, add $1.00 annually for overseas postage. Articles appearing in this journal are abstracted and indexed in Historical Abstracts and/or America: History and Life. Microfilm copies of current as well as of back issues of the FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL are available through the University Microfilm Li¬ brary Services, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 under a contract signed Cover: Santorin, by Jeannine V. President October 30, 1967. Or America on $ 1.63 a day with collision. Do it now so not even a minute of your leave is wasted. That’s all it has to cost for the auto insurance you need A.I.U. claims facilities will be at your service 24 to drive through your beautiful country when you’re home hours a day and, if you should have to collect on a claim, on leave. And for the same prices, you get Canada, too. we won’t keep you waiting. Add a little more to cover shipping insurance if you’re America on $1.17 a day is based on a 60-day leave. taking your car over with you. Thirty days and the price goes up a little to $ 1.7 3. How little it costs is only outdone by how easy we If somehow you’ve managed to accumulate three make it to get. whole months, we give you America on $ 1.00 a day. Simply fill out the application at the bottom of the American International Underwriters, 1511 K Street, page facing this ad, send it to us with your check and we’ll N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005, U.S.A., Telephone: (202) mail you your policy. 737-6855. AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL UNDERWRITERS AMERICA ON $1.17 A DAY.

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its activities toward health, agriculture, education and is month marks the 20th anniversary of the United population control, the humanitarian character of AID’S States Information Agency. While USIA’s origins pre¬ activities is increasingly apparent. date its founding, the Agency as we know it has only America has always been a generous land and Ameri¬ been in existence since 1953. A 20th birthday should cans have had a long history of assistance to those less normally be cause for rejoicing, with the expectation of fortunate than we are, particularly humanitarian assist¬ many more happy birthday celebrations to come. Unfor¬ ance. Recent events, such as the drought in West Africa, tunately, this year that is not the case. Throughout the have clearly indicated the need for continuing American past few months, USIA has been faced with the threat concern for the well-being of our fellowman. The time of very substantial budgetary cuts imposed by both the has come for the Congress and the public to recognize Senate and the House. AFSA, for its part, found this the long-term need for a vigorous foreign affairs agency situation deplorable and notified both Houses of Con¬ composed of career professionals dedicated to assisting gress that we strongly supported full funding for USIA. the rest of the world, in our interest and the interest of With this in mind, AFSA was delighted to learn recently humanity. A necessary first step would be for Congress that Congressman Hays in a statesmanlike action re¬ to grant AID employees full career status and retire¬ versed his previous position and agreed to full funding ment under the Foreign Service system. for the Agency (minus a little item about a replacement transmitter in the Far East). The matter will now be And State— up to the Conference Committee of the Senate and All manner of comment has already been made—'both House. We fervently hope that the House Conferees will enlightened and otherwise—on the “decline” of the State prevail. Department. Whatever the reasons, other agencies are The 20th anniversary is a good time for stock-taking, hovering around State like vultures. The Department and we urge USIA to use the occasion to take a careful ultimately took action to defend itself against the Com¬ look at its organization, programs and policies. USIA merce Department’s attempt via the Magnuson Bill to was born a child of the Cold War, and its earlier activi¬ snatch away the foreign economic and commercial func¬ ties would today be out of keeping with the changing tions—and now there is a new challenge in the form of relationships we are building with the Soviet Union and the Humphrey Bill which would create an independent China. But that does not mean that USIA has outlived passport service both at home and abroad. We would its purpose. Cross cultural communication is at least as urge the Department to take vigorous steps against this important in an era of negotiations as in an era of con¬ unusually bad idea; the national interest is not well served frontation. If anything, avoiding conflicts based solely by those who seek to compound the fragmentation of on misunderstandings and misperceptions has gained in responsibility for the conduct of foreign affairs. importance. In our view, there is and will continue to be a need for an Agency composed of dedicated pro¬ And Now a Meaningful Commission fessionals, qualified to assist American foreign policy by Some institutions do outrun their usefulness, and gov¬ improving understanding and explaining American life ernment agencies are no exception. With all the attacks and American actions to the rest of the world. AFSA on the viability and even utility of the Foreign Affairs salutes USIA on its 20th anniversary. We believe the Agencies, the time has come for a far-reaching reexami¬ national interest requires that there be many happy re¬ nation. To this end, a new commission has been estab¬ turns of the day. lished by act of Congress entitled “Commission on the Organization of the Government for the Conduct of And AID? Foreign Policy.” The Commission has an unprecedented Questions have increasingly been raised over the past mandate to investigate all aspects of United States gov¬ several years as to whether there is any appropriate role ernment operations in foreign policy, including not only remaining for bilateral foreign assistance, and thus for the three Foreign Affairs Agencies but other agencies, AID. AID, like USIA, was largely the outgrowth of the White House, and Congress itself. We believe a wide- Cold War attitudes. Our goal was to protect the free ranging study of this kind is long overdue. AFSA has world, especially the developing countries from com¬ been asked officially by the Commission to testify, and munist influence by always being there first with the we are already in contact with the Commission staff. most. But AID’s former rationale is not really relevant The findings of the Commission will be vital to the con¬ to the question of whether there is still an appropriate duct of American foreign policy in coming years. AFSA role for bilateral assistance. For many years there was members are urged to submit to us their views on what a consensus among internationally minded citizens that is right and what is wrong with the present conduct of bilateral assistance was not only in the national interest American diplomacy and the organization of the govern¬ but was also the right thing to do. We continue to be¬ ment in this field. This is an unprecedented opportunity lieve that a healthy AID program serves America’s inter¬ for us to shape our own destiny and it deserves our ests, and now with AID shifting an increased portion of utmost attention. ■

6 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1973 Viet Nam Settlement: Why 1973, Not 1969? An examination of the Viet Nam settlement in three thought provoking rational debates. An Academic View Abram Chayes and Morton A. Kaplan An Insider’s View Paul C. Warnke and G. Warren Nutter A Journalistic View John P. Roche and Clayton Fritchey Hardback $5.75 audio cassettes available of each of the three debates at $3.00 a debate.

Also available: Will Japan Rearm? by John K. Emmerson & Leonard Humphreys Paperback $3.00 An examination of how Japanese public opinion views the expansion of Japan’s military establishment and the future of Japan's security relationship with the United States. Elections in South Vietnam by Howard R. Penniman Hardback $7.50 Paperback $3.50 A pulling together of the often confusing electoral experience of recent years in this complex country. The Changing Face of Hong Kong by Alvin Rabushka Paperback $3.00 A study of Hong Kong’s phenomenal post World War II economic growth against the background of Hong Kong’s position as one of the last colonial dependencies in the Pacific.

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THE tiles were found stacked on their sides, in what proved to be chronological order from rear to EDWARD M. COHEN front. Impressions in the surround¬ ing earth indicate they were stored Archaeologists working in the new light on primitive bureaucratic in a wooden cabinet which has since Sinai desert have dug up what ap¬ practices. The following account of decayed into dust; a small metal pear to be official Hebrew records the texts is reprinted with the kind plaque, which apparently had been dating from the time of the wander¬ permission of the editors of the semi¬ affixed to it, reads: “Tile Cabinet— ing in the wilderness. The records, centennial newsletter, “Annals of Property of Department of Statutes.” inscribed on baked clay tiles, shed Paleobureaucratology.” The first tile is inscribed as follows: Asense of security, once you've arrived. Security has been helping government families make their way around the world since 1890. A more recent tradition (1897) is insured security once you’ve arrived. The move immortalized here was from Washington to Shanghai in 1948. Our Government Service Policy covers house¬ hold and personal effects against fire, theft, mys¬ terious disappearance, windstorms, floods and breakage during your stay anywhere in the world. (When the American Consul’s home burned in Port-au-Prince several decades ago, our check for his entire valuation was in the mail before the smoke cleared.) The annual premium is the same, whether you’re in Madagascar or Madrid. Worldly goods valued at $10,000 would be covered at a rate of $130 per year (and lower to AFSA members.) The policy can cover insurance in transit but not upon goods in permanent storage in the United States. A sep¬ arate all-risk auto transit policy is also available. For specific rate information, please contact our Insurance Department. # mirity jSl'oragf (Jotnpanp of OJashingfon MAIN OFFICE: 1701 Florida Ave., N.W., Wash., D.C. 20009 PHONE: (202) 234-5600/MARYLAND: Bethesda - Chevy Chase, Marlow Heights, White Oak/VIRGINIA: Alexan¬ dria, McLean/PHILIP LARNER GORE, President.

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All 1973 cars must meet Federal Emission Standards before sale. See your Ford Dealer for details. LIMITED ORACULAR USE “It seems I have led you through the MEMORANDUM 1 2 TO: DG/PER —Ezekiel Red Sea into a Sea of Red Tape” 3 4 FROM: S/S —Joshua circtile,5 for the Sacredary’s sig¬ Attached, as per your re¬ SUBJECT: New Rules and Reg¬ quest, is a draft circtile for the ulations re Personnel nature, by c.o.b. Friday. Sacredary’s signature. As you know, Patriarch The next tile is inscribed: Attached to it, by means of a large Moses recently returned from SACRED bronze clip, are two tiles which re¬ atop Mt. Sinai bearing two (Unclassified when attachment is late the following: stone tablets on which are in¬ removed) scribed the rules and regula¬ MEMORANDUM SACRED/NOGOYM tions that are henceforth to TO: S/S—Joshua FROM: SacStat govern all personnel opera¬ FROM: DG/PER—Ezekiel ACTION: All Diasporatic and tions. Sacredary Aaron has in¬ SUBJECT: New Rules and Reg¬ Consolatory Posts (NIACT* structed that the text, which ulations re Personnel IMMEDIATE) was drafted by the Lord God REF: Your Memorandum, Sub¬ SUBJECT: New Rules and Reg¬ Almighty Himself, be circulat¬ ject as Above ulations re Personnel ed to all personnel abroad as 6 REF: Statutes 000001 (NOTAL)* well as in the Department. Draft 5 1. Following is Ttext (unneces¬ his word—written “crctl” in the a message, in the form of a original text (the Hebrews usually omit¬ sary words omitted) of new ted vowels in their writings)—was at first translated as “circular tell,” a “tell” rules and regulations which are 1 Believed to be the designation for the being a mound of rubble. As this made to govern all personnel opera¬ Personnel Unit in the Office of Divine little sense in the context, an alternative tions, effective immediately. Guidance. was proposed: “circular tile.” This too, (BEGIN QUOTE) 2 Presumed to be the Director of DG/ however, seemed wrong, for all the tiles I. I am Lord your God, Who PER were rectangular. It is now accepted that 3 Believed to be the designation for the the word is indeed a contraction of “cir¬ Sanctum Sanctorum. cular tile,” but that “circular” refers to * Meaning unknown. 4 Perhaps the biblical Joshua, who the distribution of the tile rather than 6 No trace has yet been found of this later succeeded Moses. to its shape. earlier tile.

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Touring the Grand Canal... climbing the Alps ... sampling kangaroo soup ... meeting a geisha ... stalking big game ... there’s always something new and exciting to do when you’re abroad. But when it comes to banking abroad ... you’re probably less interested in excitement and more interested in security and convenience. That’s where The Riggs National Bank comes in. No matter where itas you are in the world, as long as you have mail service, you can use NATIONAL the Riggs Diplomatic Financial Services—checking accounts, savings accounts, bank loans, trust services—practically any banking service you need is available to you. And, banking with Riggs is as convenient as mailing a letter! So take advantage of all the fun and exciting things your foreign BANK OF WASHINGTON. D.C. location has to offer. But when it comes to something serious like banking ... rely on Riggs, your convenient, dependable bank in Founded 1836. Largest Bank in the Nation’s Capital Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Washington, D.C. since 1836. Member Federal Reserve System An International Address In London brought thee out land Egypt, out house bondage. Thou shalt Rodney House have no repeat no other gods DOLPHIN SQUARE before me. Westminster II. Thou shalt not repeat not make graven image. Thou On the River Thames in Pimlico, shalt not repeat not bow down a few minutes walk from the Tate to or serve them. Gallery. Adjacent to Victoria and III. Thou shalt not repeat Chelsea; only a few minutes drive not take name God in vain. from Trafalgar Sq., or Piccadilly; IV. Remember sabbath day, nearby buses and underground. to keep holy. Furnished, self-contained apartments, V. Honor thy father and each with lounge, one or two bedrooms, kitchen and bathroom, television, radio, mother. refrigerator. With a full service restaurant, VI. Thou shalt not repeat two bars, swimming pool, sauna, squash courts, complete shopping arcade, bank¬ not kill. ing facilities, travel agency and garage all VII. Thou shalt not repeat under one roof. not commit adultery. Plus one of the most charming en¬ VIII. Thou shalt not repeat closed private gardens in London. not steal. For all its amenities, you will find IX. Thou shalt not repeat Dolphin Square remarkably reason¬ not bear false witness against able in price. neighbor.

For information and reservations write to: Letting Office Dolphin Square London, SW1V 3LX England Tel. No.: 01-834 3800 Ext. 67 X. Thou shalt not repeat not Clearances:8 covet neighbor’s house, wife, L — Solomon AF — Ham servant, ox, ass, nor any thing ARA—Manuel EA—Noah neighbor’s, (END QUOTE) EUR—Rufus NEA—Joseph Group 4—Downgrade at 1,000 2. (BEGIN FYI*) Text was ob¬ year intervals. Declassify tained by Patriarch Moses from 5,000 years from date of God (protect Source). Dept, WASHINGTON? origin. recognizes need for some clari¬ The next tile is smaller than the pre¬ fication and elaboration. We are vious ones and bears no heading or If you're not familiar with establishing inter-agency com¬ classification. It appears to be an the Washington area, the mittee to draft text for new informal communication, probably nice folks in our 10 offices chapter of Faith Affairs Man¬ a letter: (inside and outside the ual. This chapter, entitled “Tal¬ Dave: beltway) will show you mud,” will be circularized to all During dinner with Joshua last around. New homes, re¬ night he told me he approved sales, and recreation com¬ addressees ASAP.* (END FYI) the text of the circtile you munities. 3. Pending further instructions, drafted yesterday. However, the addressees should not repeat VIRGINIA: whole draft had to be re-in¬ 6510 Arlington Blvd., Falls Church not make quoted text available 9001 Braddock Rd„ Springfield scribed because you forgot to 1984 Chain Bridge Rd., McLean to host governments. However, 310 Pelham St., Fredericksburg put in the TAGS* line. I told Oddfellows Bldg., Marshall addressees may discreetly draw him that, as your supervisor, I MARYLAND: 2600 University Blvd., Wheaton upon text, if and as appropri¬ assumed full responsibility for 11125 Rockville Pike, Rockville 6480 New Hampshire Ave., Takoma Park ate, in discussions with host the error. I explained that we officials, in order to sound out were not yet accustomed to the their views on subject matter. TAGS requirement, and I com¬ FREE —Complete relocation kit! Write any office or call Report significant comments, mented that to err is human, (202) 659-7155. if any, by priority tile to Dept. to forgive is divine. That pro¬ voked an angry outburst from AARON SHANNON-&■ LUCHS 7 him; he accused me of having Drafted by: DG/PER—David (Continued on page 34) REALTORS ESTABLISHED 1906 * Meaning unknown. * Meaning unknown. 7 Evidently an underling of Ezekiel in 8 Nothing is known as yet about these DG/PER. designations and persons.

12 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1973 “Everywhere the human soul stands between a hemisphere of light and another of darkness on the confines of two everlasting hostile empires— Necessity and Free Will.”—Thomas Carlyle

In American FOREIGN POLICY

PETER KROGH

A the base of new directions in selective foreign policy possible. States. American foreign policy exist fun¬ • The world of our allies has The hearts and minds of men in damental assumptions about changed become a picture of economic pros¬ the less developed countries are re¬ facts of international life. The major perity and, allegedly, of greater self- garded as an exclusive concern of new operational premises, repre¬ sufficiency in world affairs. This en¬ their leaders and not of the United senting alterations in the concept of ables—if not requires—these allies States. We therefore assume a low the world which we held well into to assume a greater role and respon¬ profile, deal with governments as the 1960s, are the following: sibility in international security they are, and encourage self-suffi¬ • The putative monolithic world affairs. Accordingly, we assume that ciency and psychological independ¬ of our adversaries has become frag¬ some of the burdens we have car¬ ence. mented, divided and essentially self- ried in the post-war period can be • Even though peace is no longer contained by their hostility toward safely shifted to them. Similarly, we seen as indivisible and we now be¬ one another and by the nationalism assume that the presumption of US lieve that wars can be isolated, of third countries. In such a world, predominance in allied relationships events are seen as being intimately we are told, there is less need for is no longer valid. interconnected, particularly when activist interventionary policies and The losers on the battlefield, hav¬ they concern the vital interests of the rhetoric of global engagement. ing become the winners in the big powers. There is a new theory Indeed the former policy of a seam¬ economic field, are now expected to of linkage which holds that for ev¬ less web of communist containment participate as mature partners of the ery international action there will be is described as such an anachronism United States in building the cher¬ a reaction—but not necessarily today that many Americans seem ished generation of peace. Few Amer¬ equal and opposite and not neces¬ embarrassed that we ever pursued icans today are inclined to ques¬ sarily in the same time or place. such policy. Few are even prepared tion the real capacity of our allies Thus the contact with China set off a to argue, as I would, that our former to shoulder greater security respon¬ chain of other actions and reactions policy of global containment con¬ sibilities, let alone whether there which helped make a ceasefire possi¬ tributed to the development of the are countries other than our own ble in Vietnam. The Moscow summit conditions which make a new, more who wish them to do so. set off a chain of events which led • The less developed countries— to the removal of Soviet troops from which were once regarded as the Egypt. Understanding linkage and major battleground for the cold Peter Krogh is Dean of the School of how to play it has become the Foreign Service, Georgetown University, war—are now seen as being largely highest accomplishment and art and a former White House Fellow as¬ peripheral to contests among the form of contemporary American di¬ signed to the Department of State. His major powers. It is assumed that plomacy and of its avatar Henry article is the transcript of a talk given nationalism and the intrinsic strateg¬ in April to the Senior Fulbright Scholars Kissinger. during their meeting at Meridian House ic insignificance of these countries • A corollary of linkage is the as¬ International, of which Dr. Krogh is a will save most of them from domi¬ sumption of the necessity of mo¬ Trustee. nation by adversaries of the United mentum. It is believed that success

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1973 13 disunited and, without the United in one field will lead to success in American eyes, these are enormous¬ States, militarily unimpressive. others and that, provided the pace ly desirable results of a new direc¬ can be kept, the tide will constantly tion in diplomacy. The world is multipolar in a tran¬ rise lifting all the ships. The need The only bad news has been the sient economic sense and in the for momentum derives from a belief shock to the Japanese and to the imagination—and mostly in the that unless success in our foreign Chinese on Taiwan. But both these wishes—of a war-weary American policy begins to become cumulative, governments, and others in South¬ people. Any American foreign poli¬ the American people will turn their east Asia, appear to have recovered cy which is grounded in a real, as back on the world. In this respect quickly and readjusted their foreign opposed to rhetorical, belief in mul¬ we are one of the very few countries policies to take account of the re¬ tipolarity will, I venture, run a high which has as a primary objective of entry of mainland China into the risk of failure. its foreign policy keeping its people family of nations. A much heralded new direction committed to an internationalist The United States opening to in American foreign policy has been role. The internal danger of Ameri¬ China has been successful precisely the shift from an era of confronta¬ cans swinging from extremes of for¬ because it is based on a shrewd tion to an era of negotiation. This eign involvement to extremes of iso¬ evaluation of the realities of Chi¬ new direction couples a neat rhyme lationism is seen by our current nese interests and fears and of scheme with a promise to replace leadership as a greater danger to mounting Soviet concern for what military predominance with diplo¬ American security than any clear the United States—in its more matic perseverance. It is grounded and present external threat. Conse¬ paranoid period used to call the in the belief that the path of diplo¬ quently we are following a foreign yellow peril. The policy will cease to matic agreement will be fruitful in policy which walks a fine line be¬ be effective if the United States terms of our interests. Negotiations, tween retrenchment and engage¬ attributes more international power hopefully leading to understandings, ment, between avoiding new com¬ to China than she really has or will serve our purposes of: acquir¬ mitments and honoring old ones, more hostility and paranoia to ing international leverage at a time between speaking softly and carry¬ Sino/Soviet relations than really ex¬ when most people think of us as a ing a big stick. ist. To date the administration ap¬ declining power; gaining influence The changed assumptions of the pears to have successfully resisted with our principal adversaries in or¬ late ’60s and early ’70s have been both temptations. der to reduce the dangers inherent manifest in some rather dramatic It has not, however, resisted the in growing Soviet military power; policy initiatives. The most obvious temptation to define United States and gaining the momentum at a is the establishment of relations with relations in terms of a multipolar time of immersion in war and stul¬ China which, among other things, world. Indeed one of the major new tification of new foreign policy creates a trilateral framework for directions of American diplomacy, ideas. In addition to whatever na¬ the containment of communism. consonant with the assumption of tional interests may be served, the This new direction reflects a recog¬ shifting burdens to strengthened al¬ era of negotiation is welcomed by nition—some would say a grievous¬ lies, has been the shift in rhetoric an American people anxious to pro¬ ly belated recognition—that the from the bipolar to the multipolar ject a peaceful countenance toward Sino/Soviet conflict is a greater idiom. I suspect that the change in the world scene. problem for the Russians and vocabulary largely represents an ac¬ The fruits of this search to substi¬ Chinese than are their conflicts with commodation to the American peo¬ tute diplomatic trade-offs for mili¬ the United States. The United States ple who are weary of coping with a tary stand-offs have been remark¬ able in terms of agreements reached. has acted on this recognition by strenuous bipolar world and are cultivating better relations with Mos¬ anxious to hear that other powers There is the China rapproche¬ cow and Peking than either has with are positioned to help balance pow¬ ment, the Vietnam cease fire agree¬ ment, the Berlin accords, the SALT the other. er in the world. By capitalizing on the Sino/Sovi¬ The problem with projecting an I agreement, the myriad of Mos¬ et conflict through rapprochement image of a multipolar world—as cow summit agreements, and the agreements which initiated explor¬ with China, the United States has comfortable and palatable as it may achieved some needed influence be to neo-isolationist Americans—is atory talks on a European securi¬ over Chinese behavior in Asia while that responsible foreign policy ty conference and mutual and bal¬ simultaneously increasing the com¬ officials might come to believe it. anced force reductions. These are plexity and uncertainty of interna¬ This would be most unfortunate be¬ all agreements which purportedly tional conditions for the Soviet cause the world is clearly not multi¬ reduce tensions or represent a Union. This latter development is polar in any credible way. At best shared undertaking to move toward reinforced by recent reports that there are two and a half powers— their reduction. To the extent they the Chinese are advocating a strong the United States, the Soviet Union are meaningful it is because of mu¬ NATO and opposing the planned and China. Japan is economically tual interest in controlling tension, conferences on European security strong but enormously vulnerable. an interest which could prove tran¬ and mutual and balanced force re¬ Militarily and psychologically Japan sient. ductions. They seem to have su¬ is a mini-power. Europe seems pow¬ It is important to bear in mind perseded the United States as pro¬ erless to be born and all the talk of that agreements by themselves can¬ ponents of militant Soviet contain¬ European unity and a third force not reduce tensions because tensions ment in Europe. Seen through will not alter the fact that Europe is do not have an independent life of

14 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1973 their own. They owe their existence coming more selective in its commit¬ strategically insignificant in the to basic conflicts of interest which in ments which will be extended under competition between the superpow¬ turn rest on the fundamental inten¬ the Nixon Doctrine only to nations ers. It reflects the rejection of a tions or purposes of the countries at which show a willingness to defend belief that less developed country odds in the world. Our intentions themselves and which possess genu¬ strife could become more important are, I believe, to negotiate a world ine strategic significance. to us than to those directly involved. structure that will support a lasting There is, in this policy of opting The policy, however, fails to reflect peace. But—the impressive count of out of conflict in the less developed the growing reality that less devel¬ agreements not withstanding—what countries, more of a concession to oped countries are important apart are the intentions of the other sides? domestic public opinion than a from the contest between the super If, as Henry Kissinger confessed in reflection of realistic policy consid¬ powers. They are important as pro¬ a rare Freudian slip, it is difficult to erations and options. It seems a viders of vital resources to the in¬ gauge the motivations of our own needless guarantee, and a possible dustrialized countries. They are im¬ government, then how much more source of encouragement to poten¬ portant potential markets. They are difficult it must be for us to tial international trouble makers, to important outlets for traditional gauge the intentions of others. One assure them in advance that they American qualities of generosity and estimate, however, which must be will not have to risk facing Ameri¬ concern for equity. For all these taken seriously is that the former ad¬ can troops in their adventures in the reasons the United States in the versaries with whom we are negotiat¬ so-called third world. But this is a future is going to have to do some¬ ing simply view the exercise as a way guarantee which Americans want, thing more than wish the less de¬ to rewrite the terms of engagement so our potential adversaries acquire veloped countries godspeed. for a new era of confrontation. In rec¬ While the United States has shift¬ ognition of this unsettling prospect, ed from active interference to the principal objective of US diplo¬ benign neglect in its policy toward macy should be to probe and evalu¬ the less developed countries, the re¬ ate the intentions of the other side "Since peace is no longer con¬ verse is true of its relations with the rather than to procure agreements sidered indivisible, the United so-called community of advanced for their own sake. The problem, of economic nations. During most of course, is that in the process of States is becoming more selective the 1950s and ’60s, the United feeling out the other side through in its commitments which will only States pursued a rather easy going, negotiation, hopes will be so be extended under the Nixon liberal foreign economic policy. aroused among an anxious Ameri¬ Doctrine to nations which show That is now being replaced by ag¬ can populace that even if the results gressive assertion of self-interest give grounds for grave suspicions, it a willingness to defend them¬ which has involved the United will not be domestically politically selves." States in two devaluations in 18 feasible to break off the negotiations months and in a hard-bargaining, or reject the outcomes. high pressure approach to both The basic problem for us in ente¬ monetary and trade questions. Hav¬ ring an, era of negotiation at this ing remained relatively aloof in its point may rest precisely in the war- it as a kind of bonus, free of charge. A corollary of the Nixon Doctrine lofty economic position for most of weariness of the American people. the post-war period, the United is benign neglect of the less de¬ Since we are just freshly emerged States has now joined the fray de¬ from a decade of disillusioning war veloped countries. The imagery used to substitute for benign neglect termined to find equitable economic while our traditional adversaries terms for itself in the rough and have enjoyed a generation of peace, is the low profile. Whether that is a good profile depends upon the pic¬ tumble competition with the former we may be much more anxious for recipients of its largesse. another generation of peace than ture it etches on your mind. Is it the Japan and Europe are in for they are. Consequently, we may be picture of an America which has tough bargaining with the United disproportionately tempted to make lowered both its silhouette and its States, not least because compared concessions which cumulatively rhetoric in order to give the less to them we are so little dependent erode our position vis-a-vis our developed countries an independent on foreign trade. Since foreign principal adversaries and allies. opportunity to find their own feet? Or is it the picture of an ostrich who economic transactions are marginal There can be no doubt that the has stuck his head in the ground, to our economy but central to revamping of American foreign ignoring the realities around him theirs, we hold considerable lever¬ commitments under the Nixon ad¬ while leaving a very vulnerable part age which I think it is reasonable to ministration amounts to retrench¬ of his anatomy exposed? expect we will use. ment. It is all covered by, and em¬ It is possible that the low profile Our international economic prob¬ bodied in, the Nixon Doctrine which is a mixture of these postures, lems may, in the end, not be so provides for withdrawal of Ameri¬ purposes and results. It grows out of much with Japan and Europe as can personnel accompanied by a decade of overexposure in the less with the multinational corporations promises of American materiel. developed countries and of a deci¬ which are able to make decisions Since peace is no longer considered sion, grounded in self-interest, that independently of the governments in- indivisible, the United States is be¬ the less developed countries are Corttinued on page 33 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1973 15 In the little world in which children have their existence . . . there is nothing so finely perceived and so finely felt, as injustice.—“Great Expectations,” by Charles Dickens

Who’s the Kids’ Advocate

THOMAS F. KELLY

THE year 1973 was ushered in There is always a calculated risk to happen to the kids. There is noth¬ with the long-heralded announce¬ involved when drawing analogies be¬ ing to do but patiently await the ment that the POWs of the Vietnam tween an emotionally loaded situa¬ impersonal letter or cable announ¬ War were about to be released. tion such as the return of prisoners cing the new assignment. Then the Newspapers and magazines, con¬ of war with the inconspicuous reset¬ scramble; the search of post reports cerned about the prisoners’ reentry tlement of kids who have suffered no regarding schooling; the contacts into the United States’ social scene, apparent hardships nor deprivations, with others who may have been as¬ listed the various events that had but there are times when a calcu¬ signed to that post previously. Next occurred within the six-year period lated risk may be necessary to call comes the decision-making process of imprisonment and speculated attention to a potential problem that of what to do with the kids— about the men’s psychological ad¬ has gone uninvestigated for too long. Calvert System? Stateside boarding? justment to the news of collegiate For, after all, the children of the Away-from-post allowance? Europe? activism, women’s lib, civil rights, Foreign Service families have them¬ If there is a school at the post, is it long-haired men looking like wom¬ selves been absent from the States any good? Who’s to judge? From the en, the Super Bowl, and a long list for the same periods of time as the moment the new post is known the of changes that had modified Ameri¬ POWs and sometimes longer. Simi¬ parents, acting without reliable data, ca’s life-style. Yet, a far less ob¬ lar social and cultural adaptations begin the logistical problem of ac¬ trusive event, certainly less dramati¬ have to be made. They will have to counting for the kids. In the end, the cally tragic, but nonetheless equally reacculturate without the benefit of parents will do the best they can— compelling in its psychological over¬ the concern that the nation so right¬ given the options they have. The tones, is the return to the United fully has for the POWs. question logically arises, however, States annually of thousands of For the Foreign Service families “Is this what we would do if we had American kids who also have been with children of school age readjust¬ our own choice?” Put differently, is removed from their native environ¬ ments are so frequent as to be com¬ there someone who is really con¬ ment. monplace; yet, every spring the cerned about the kids? Who, after renewed trauma of sweating out all, is their advocate? word of the new assignment begins. The long, sterile, almost claustro¬ Mr. Kelly, during his 23 years as an edu¬ cator, has been a teacher and adminis¬ It is the time of trying to be patient phobic halls of the State Department trator in southern California schools. He while the unfathomable bureaucratic building are lined with hundreds of served as Associate Peace Corps Director process mysteriously grinds away at nameplates identifying secretaries, in Liberia and as Superintendent/Princi¬ the selection procedure that will under-secretaries, directors, and de¬ pal of the American Cooperative School in Monrovia. He is often remembered as once again uproot and relocate a puties of regions, divisions, sub¬ a child star of the ’30s with his most family unit to satisfy the “needs of divisions, bureaus, and sections of memorable role as Tom in "The Adven¬ the service.” almost every conceivable kind of tures of Tom Sawyer” (1938). Currently In posts throughout the world, at diplomatic activity or geographic lo¬ he is completing his doctoral studies at this time of year, the groundswell of cation. Nowhere, however, is there a Michigan State University where he will try to amplify and validate the concepts uneasiness arises, attested to by the sign that designates someone respon¬ contained in this article. parental questioning of what’s going sible for kids except, perhaps, the

16 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1973 psychiatric section of the medical savoir faire, the time, the experi¬ ing the remedial, or better yet, the division where the doctors attend to ence, nor the continuity to organize, preventive systems that could well that small minority of the victims of but they have found that their voices be inaugurated. In the absence of misplacement who are clearly iden¬ can be heard through the media of special research, it might be well to tifiable. Should there be such a sign? drugs, dropping out, drifting, anti¬ make some generalizations—to ex¬ Should there be someone who cares social behavior and distrust. They, press some biases, if you will—so enough to be able to exert the neces¬ themselves, see such actions—or that attention may be given to the sary influence to give the kids a reactions—as non-productive, but plight of the youth. Then, if the higher priority than they apparently how else will their dismay be consid¬ generalizations are shown to be have? Of course there should! ered serious? It is no secret that wrong, we may rest content that no Care should be taken at this point some oyerseas schools have under¬ problem exists. If, on the other to indicate that just across Key gone tragic experiences and, as a hand, there is concurrence in the Bridge in SA-6 is the Office of result, have received immediate and speculations, perhaps something can Overseas Schools which, though un¬ urgent attention, but too late. It has be done for and about our overseas dermanned and unrealistically over¬ long been assumed that so long as youth—now. extended, has managed not only to there are no overt signs of malad¬ Because kids, as a rule, are so provide an important level of sup¬ justment, nothing is wrong; but with remarkably adaptive, there is a tend¬ port but has helped immeasurably to increasing problems more concern ency to overlook the fact that they, upgrade the quality and consistency will be shown for preventive rather as well as the adults, have to under¬ of the overseas schools. Their assis¬ than curative measures. go a rapid environmental and cul¬ tance should receive greater recogni¬ What about the overseas child? tural adjustment each time the fami¬ tion since so much of the success of What do we really know of him? ly moves. Facing them immediately the schools can be attributed to the Unfortunately, little. Dr. Sidney can be a language barrier, which efforts of O/OS; yet, at the same Werkman, a psychiatrist at the Uni¬ causes them to withdraw to the time, it should be realized that their versity of Colorado Medical School misleading security of the com¬ input has been restricted to educa¬ in Denver has raised his voice in pound. Even when there is no lan¬ tional support. They are not and concern, but very often his valid guage barrier, the strangeness of the have not been directly involved in observations have tended to be di¬ new culture may be adjusted to by either the management of the minished or minimized because he withdrawing to the enclave of other schools, nor in the process that finds ministers to the exceptional—to Americans. The seclusion of an ex¬ the children assigned to the schools. those few who have actually cracked patriate environment within the for¬ Recently, there have been up. Yet, as he well points out, the eign culture can bring about miscon¬ growing signs that more pressure potential exists for their numbers to ceptions and incorrect judgments will be brought to bear on the State increase. It would be tragic to dis¬ about the host country people Department to humanize many of cover, through hindsight, that what among whom, but not with whom, what have heretofore been routine he has been saying all along is true. the kids are living. Without some unquestioned processes, as witness Dr. Ruth Hill Useem, a well-regard¬ outlet to balance what they hear, it the decision to allow FSOs, married ed sociologist at Michigan State is not surprising that they develop to each other, to serve at the same University, has defined and studied one-sided viewpoints. post; the pressure for appointment the special needs of the occupants of Their isolation becomes exacer¬ of women to higher level assign¬ what she calls, “The Third Cul¬ bated by the absence of the care¬ ture.” i.e., those who become dis¬ ments; the open disdain of the subtle taking function tfiat is so common in techniques used to force nonmatrix sociated from their native culture the typical stateside municipality. It wives to participate, against their but never become a part of the is not until the family moves over¬ wills, in pet projects of the Embassy culture in which they are stationed seas for the first time that it recog¬ or the Ambassador’s lady. Private and re-stationed. As with so many nizes how much the community business enterprises, which at one pioneers in new fields of research, shares in the upbringing of the kids. time tended to discredit their manag¬ Dr. Useem has had her unlimited The local Park and Recreation De¬ erial leaders who could not contain talent restricted by an overburdened partment, Little League, Pop War¬ or silence their wives, now are be¬ schedule. The bulk of the research, ner, the “Y,” Indian Guides, ginning to realize that an employee’s though varied, uncoordinated, and Scouting, Community Clubhouses, effectiveness and efficiency on the inconclusive, has been done by grad¬ Service Club programs, hobby job have a direct relationship to his uate students interested in the effects groups, help the parents in the so¬ contentment at home. No longer is of overseas missionary life on chil¬ the unrealistic assumption being dren. Dr. Frank Johnson of the cialization and raising of the child. made that a man must subordinate medical division of the State Depart¬ With these community activities sud¬ his familial obligations to the needs ment is probably the one most denly gone, and incidentally retroac¬ of the organization. It might be an¬ knowledgeable person in the govern¬ tively appreciated, parents are left to ticipated that some kind of reaction ment regarding the social, physical, their own initiative in providing for will soon develop that will demand a and emotional needs of the kids, but the leisure time of the kids. Often degree of concern for the students he has been constrained by a mini¬ they find themselves at a loss as to who are overseas simply because mal budget. His time has been how to proceed, or they find that their parents have been so assigned. usurped by having to deal with cura¬ excessive demands on their time The kids themselves have neither the tive problems rather than establish¬ leave them without the opportunity

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1973 17 or stamina to assume the activity- crucial informal counseling "unction. new home will be. A GTR arrives; developing role the community had When the kid complains that “no¬ packers take over; plane schedules, formerly undertaken. body understands me,” there is no passports, and visas are taken The kids sense this loss not only guy at the “Y” or gal from the care of; transportation (often because the organizational function Recreation Department who can chauffeured) is provided, and upon of the community is absent, but be¬ sympathize or can help explain the arrival at their new post, they are cause they have more leisure time foibles of parents. There is no one to met, shown to their new home and yet fewer activities to become in¬ bridge the generation gap, no one to provided for until their “things” ar¬ volved in. Part-time jobs are un¬ serve the role of sounding board for rive. Often their stewards already available since they must be appor¬ those who can’t find a parent to await their arrival. The entire system tioned to members of the host com¬ equate with. The overseas world is is designed to take care of parents munity. Routine familial responsibil¬ peopled with kids and parents; no who are constantly required to ities are denied in the presence of one seems to exist in between unless move. There is no objection to the yard boys, stewards, nannies, and there are young members of the system, but it must be recognized assorted other local assistance. Those military stationed nearby. One of the that the opportunity to participate in families who have tried not to hire real satisfactions of home leave is for family decisions, to make choices, to servants so that their own children the kids to discover that there are become independent is denied by the may be given the chance at house¬ still 20- to 30-year-olds in the help that the agency provides. There hold responsibilities have found world. is a need for kids to be needed, to be themselves and their children casti¬ Healthy and normal social experi¬ appreciated, but too often the over¬ gated for being cheap or discrimina¬ mentation, so essential to the seas kid is much the same as bag¬ tory by refusing to hire locally avail¬ growing teenager, can be denied be¬ gage; he has to be accounted for and able help. cause of his lack of anonymity. carefully checked, but he is a passive Friendship with other Americans Within the small American commu¬ part of the system at a time in his caught in the same dilemma comes nity all behavior is observable and life when he should be learning to easily and naturally while, at the often reported. Within the host com¬ assume active responsibility. same time, it forces further separa¬ munity, the kids are highly visible It is to be expected that many of tion from the local community. and though they may feel they are the foregoing observations and judg¬ Friendships, themselves, become part of an indefinable Third Cul¬ ments will be vigorously denied and tenuous relationships as was demon¬ ture, they are looked upon as emis¬ rejected, but surely what cannot be strated recently by the words of an saries or representatives of the overlooked is the fact that the over¬ eight year-old girl writing to her United States. There seems to be no seas kid has a unique set of behavio¬ third grade pen-pal in the States place they can go for silent escape— ral needs that cannot be reviewed as when she said, “Friends are hard to no place where they can experiment though they were comparable to his make in this country. Most of the with learning how to become them¬ stateside counterpart. In an attempt people are always leaving to go back selves without the penalty of being to be American he can be accused of home. When they go then you have seen. A graduating senior made this cultural imperialism; by trying to be to look for another one.” Peer rela¬ point well. When asked where she himself he may behave in a manner tionships, so valuable to growing was planning to go to college, she that could possibly affect his father’s children, tend to be avoided as per¬ replied, “I’m going to some huge efficiency report. His constant re¬ sistent change causes the kids to university where I will become a moval from post to post leaves the reject the development of any deep number. Then I’ll be able to be child without any -'ultural ties with relationships that will become quick¬ myself without the whole communi¬ which to identify. Merely living with ly interrupted or severed. Friend¬ ty reporting it to my parents.” other Americans and returning to ships tend to become superficial There is an appearance of sophis¬ the States for home leave is not when they are but temporary. It is a tication about the overseas kids that sufficient to establish social or perfectly normal mechanism to can cause us to lose sight of the fact cultural roots as an American. In avoid involvement that eventually that they are, after all, undergoing a fact, “home” leave itself may be an will lead to the distress of separa¬ growth and maturational process anomaly. A recent case of an admin¬ tion. In those cases where close at¬ that is often painful even under the istrative officer may serve to illus¬ tachments do develop, the ultimate best of circumstances. They may not trate this point. He was shocked to separation becomes all the more have learned how to extrapolate learn that this year—his first difficult to cope with because of its from their background those unique stateside assignment in ten years— permanence. Conversely, however, elements of inter-cultural relation¬ his son will be studying United States meeting and associating with others ships that should enrich their living history in school for the first time. is rapidly accomplished. The kids in each of their new posts. They The boy was unfamiliar with our very readily accept newcomers be¬ need to be shown how to become historical origin. His American line¬ cause they have each been new¬ independent within a system in age is simply not enough to have a comers themselves at some time or which they are unwittingly over¬ strong attachment and understand¬ other. indulged, over-privileged, spoiled, ing of what the United States is all Within the foreign post is the un¬ and made totally dependent. Every about. The ability of the overseas noticed absence of the college-age two or three years, depending upon kid to understand United States’ youth, who in the stateside situation where their father is posted, a letter problems and policies is complicated can serve as a model or can fulfill a or cable informs them where their by his removal to other societies.

18 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1973 Asking him to defend an American ents, though allied, are distinct, and educational pressures under which position, which he is often asked to the school should not become a sub¬ the overseas school administrators do as a representative of the “official stitute parent. must operate leads to a lack of un¬ American family,” is asking the im¬ It is easy to be critical. Analysis is derstanding of the schools’ program¬ possible. relatively simple, but to be valid, ing problems and ultimately to a If there can be some concurrence criticism and analysis ought to have lack of confidence in the school it¬ in the notion that the overseas kid some focal point. Exposition of self. An incalculable amount of time has special problems; if it can be problems ought really to be subordi¬ that should be devoted to kids is lost accepted that some element of per¬ nate to the presentation of solutions. in peripheral matters not directly manence must be found in the no¬ Said differently, what can be done? related to educational activities but madic lives of the overseas family, Recognition of the Problem. Un¬ essential to the operation of the where do we turn? The most obvi¬ less there is an open-minded school. The procurement of visas, ous and frequent reply is, “To the willingness to accept the fact that passports, residence and work per¬ schools.” This might well be the real needs do exist, no further dis¬ mits is a relatively obvious example. appropriate answer, but surely then cussion is necessary. We shall simply Some method must be found to the schools must be looked at care¬ have to wait for a regrettable inci¬ provide time for educators to edu¬ fully, not only to define their role dent to which we will respond by cate. explicitly, but to be certain that they over-reaction and too late at that. Establish a Clear-cut Definition of can, and will accomplish their aims. the Function and Purpose of the In this day of educational accounta¬ School. The operation of an Ameri¬ bility, it is interesting to ask who is can-oriented school in a foreign accountable—and to whom?. Each "It is easy for the Embassy, which country calls for a great deal of tact overseas school seems to be an en¬ and diplomacy. Strained relation¬ tity unto itself, relatively autonomous is used to delegating, to delegate ships readily develop. Particularly is and answerable only to some kind of to the school those responsibili¬ this evident when the school build¬ board of directors. Beyond that, the ties that the parents may wish to ings become monuments to Ameri¬ 'mol is caught up in the same abrogate, e.g., transportation, can affluence rather than centers of °ms of turnover, transiency, friendship; when salaries exceed and unpredictability that the parent cross-cultural studies, summer those of the local economy; when is. Properly administered, politically recreation, community center." host country nationals are deemed supported, and adequately financed, not qualified to teach; when local the schools could resolve many of ministries reverse previous policies the problems that the kids face. The and insist on the school’s conformi¬ potential for superior education ex¬ Those who refuse to accept the pos¬ ty. The history of American schools ists, but some method must be found sibility of the existence of latent overseas is replete with problems to guarantee that the school will social and emotional problems might that have created cross-cultural ten¬ achieve its potential. Just how this well be the first to do some serious sions that have had to be resolved at can be accomplished is a matter of self-evaluation and soul-searching. the Ambassadorial level. A well- great depth and will not be delved Aggressive Leadership. Someone defined contract at the diplomatic intd at this point. Be assured, how¬ whose efficiency report or whose as¬ level would serve to reduce the bulk ever, that within the structure of the cendancy up the various cones is not of such difficulties. schools there is an answer. What impaired must speak out, must make Re-evaluation of the Maxim That must be pointed out at this juncture allegations—even if at first unfound¬ the Needs of the Service Come First. is that consideration must be given ed, so that the kids will find out that No one really disputes that the needs not to allow the school to become a someone cares—that they do have of the service should come first, but part of the care-taking function of an advocate. the contention is that once accepted the system. It is easy for the Embas¬ Evaluation of the Status of Over¬ as an axiom, “needs” simply become sy, which is used to delegating, to seas Administrators. The overseas excuses for convenience or for inep¬ delegate to the school those responsi¬ school leaders are excluded from the titude. The entire assignment process bilities that the parents may wish to rights and privileges of the clientele ought to be seriously investigated. abrogate, e.g., transportation, cross- which they serve, but they bear the Surely when there is only one right cultural studies, summer recreation, sole burden of the responsibility for man to fill a certain post, he must be community center. Once the school mistakes. They are on the fringe of, so assigned. It is questionable, how¬ accepts the parental role, it dilutes but never a part of, the diplomatic ever, in today’s talented field, wheth¬ its prime function of providing edu¬ service yet they are held accountable er such a situation ever exists. As¬ cation. Instead of solving the prob¬ for the schools and the children of signment is one of the least under¬ lem, it becomes part of the problem. the diplomatic personnel. They are stood and most vociferously ques¬ If anything, the facilities of the unofficial representatives of their tioned procedures in the entire State school could be used, for example, government, but not affiliated with operation. A mid-tour transfer of a to conduct adult education classes it. They are independent agents in¬ husband that removes his teaching about the uniqueness of raising chil¬ volved in sensitive international rela¬ wife from her class of 20 or more dren overseas. It must be under¬ tionships, but subject to the whims students leaves serious doubt that, in stood, however, that the role of the of anyone who wishes to disparage educators and the role of the par¬ them. Failure to recognize the non- Continued on page 32

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1973 19 Trunks and branches of giant trees supported tangled lianas . . . mosquitoes hummed over stagnant water. . . the home of the three-toed sloth; jaguars and other wild animals . . . juncu atn/ii

HENRY S. VILLARD

■Am T first, failure of the plane to tache of the Legation, and William large supper dance which he was return as scheduled caused no great Armstrong Perry, magazine writer giving that night in honor of the alarm. Jorge Marcano, the pilot, had and scientist. Grab, tall and slim naval visitors. And on Sunday, when radioed at nine o’clock Friday morn¬ with tortoise shell glasses, was well again there was no word, she begged ing that he was low on gas and run¬ known in local circles and in the off from the buffet luncheon at my ning into stormy weather. But the American colony. He could not have home—where a round of mint juleps Ministry of Communications simply been a more obliging and consider¬ failed to dispel the undercurrent of assumed that he had come down at ate colleague, a more conscientious anxiety. I was more than troubled. Luepa in the Gran Sabana, or per¬ officer; wherever he went he made Not everyone was aware of Fred haps at Tumeremo, and would re¬ friends for himself and for the Grab’s morbid fear of flying, but he sume the flight whenever feasible. United States. Perry, equally tall, had often told me, with a wry smile, Certainly the plane was not lost, it courteous, white-haired, an experi¬ of his conviction that he would wind was merely delayed-—Marcano was enced traveler, was exploring Vene¬ up in a plane crash. He therefore known to have run out of gas be¬ zuela for the first time. avoided flying whenever he could. fore. But when Friday morning The plane on which they were This time he had overcome his dread dragged into Saturday night without traveling, a single-motored Fair- in order to take advantage of the further word, uneasiness increased child seating six passengers and the unique chance it offered to report at the American Legation. crew, had left Maracay at 10 a.m. on a little known and inaccessible The inaugural flight of Aeropostal on Thursday. The schedule called section of territory for the Depart¬ Venezolana extended service to for spending the night at Santa ment of Commerce in Washington. Santa Elena, a small mission station Elena and returning the following But if imagination did not deceive of Capuchin Fathers in the extreme morning. Had it not been for duties me, the face that had peered out of southeast part of the country near related to the impending call at La his window on the plane at take-off the Brazilian border. Two United Guaira of the USS Tucker, a newly- was chalk white. States citizens were on the flight: commissioned destroyer, I would At nightfall on Sunday the Minis¬ Frederic D. Grab, Commercial At- have been aboard the missing air¬ try still insisted that the plane was liner as a guest of the Venezuelan not lost. But apprehension was ris¬ Government. ing rapidly. The seasonal rains had Diplomat, journalist, teacher, ambulance Fred Grab’s wife Esther, calm begun, heralded by a torrential driver during WWl for the American Red and reasonable as always, remained downpour that drenched the coun¬ Cross, Henry Serrano Villard is also a quietly at home with her two young tryside. Gordon Mounce, an Ameri¬ well-known author. “The Great Road children all day, Saturday, waiting can test pilot who had arrived in Races 1904-1914” was published in 1972, for news that didn’t come. She sent Caracas a few days earlier to deliver earlier books were “Contact! The Story of the Early Birds” and “Affairs of State.” her regrets to the American Minis¬ a twin-engined Lockheed to the gov¬ Copyright © lack K. McFall ter, Meredith Nicholson, for the ernment, feared the worst. His long

20 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, f973 experience told him to press for per¬ It was obvious that three rescue together the story up to that point. mission to retrace the route of the planes would be unable to comb the All had gone well on the out¬ Fairchild by air. At midnight I gave region thoroughly. Minister Nichol¬ ward flight. But on the return from him my car to drive to Maracay so son had been authorized by the State Santa Elena, a fatal combination of that he could be ready for a start Department to request assistance circumstances had intervened. No at daybreak. The authorities, how¬ from the Commanding General at one could tell immediately whether ever, were reluctant to risk a brand Panama, but the General had re¬ too much time was lost looking for new airplane over the trackless jun¬ plied that the aircraft at his disposal the refueling stop at Luepa in the gle—it was better to let Major Rod¬ were “inadequate and unsuitable” poorly defined flat stretches of the riguez, Director of Aviation, have a for such work. Yet there were Gran Sabana, whether the plane try in another Fairchild first. other possibilities. Captain Clayton was overloaded by taking on an On Monday, Rodriguez made his Charles (Jerry) Jerome, the Lega¬ extra passenger (a Venezuelan abortive attempt—four hours or so tion’s Naval Attache and Naval youth named Duque), or whether each way. Now at last Marcano Attache for Air, was stationed at the gas tank had leaked. The fact must be presumed to have made a Panama with a Grumman amphib¬ remained that at 6,000 feet over forced landing. It had to be admitted ian. Standard Oil had a large and the heart of the jungle, the plane’s officially that the plane had vanished roomy Douglas amphibian not far engine had stopped. With the excep¬ without a trace. away at Caripito. Pan American tion of Duque, who sat on a camp Much precious time had thus Airways could be asked to overfly stool, all the passengers had fast¬ elapsed when, on Tuesday morning, the area either on a regular run or ened their seat belts and kept calm. a systematic search finally got under by special flight from its Caribbean Marcano cut the ignition and came way. Mounce was allowed to take base at Trinidad. Jimmie Angel, an down in a shallow glide, skillfully off for Ciudad Bolivar on the muddy American aviator engaged in mining pancaking the plane on the tall tree- Orinoco, where a temporary base of explorations, was eager to help if tops. It might have stayed there operations was established. There he he could borrow or beg a new Wasp had not one wing caught in an was joined by Rodriguez in his own engine cylinder for his temporarily interlacing branch and caused it to plane, by a second army pilot with grounded Flamingo monoplane. In cartwheel. Nose first, it fell to the a Fairchild, and by Francisco Ara- a series of telegrams from Ciudad floor of the jungle and was swal¬ que Paez, the amateur pilot of an Bolivar I was able to obtain all this lowed up by the dense foliage as old Waco biplane. It was not the additional aid. effectually as if by the waves of Legation’s business, nor mine as its By Wednesday afternoon, the the sea. Duque, catapulted forward, Second Secretary, to manage the ur¬ first comprehensive air survey of was instantly killed. gent hunt, and nobody asked us to the locality had been made. And Fred Grab’s injuries seemed to do so. But two American lives were late Wednesday night the wall of be relatively minor—contusions, leg at stake; and, acutely conscious of silence was breached when three burns from the hot oil of the motor, the over-long delay, we arranged bedraggled and exhausted survivers possibly broken ribs. Armstrong that I be ferried to the scene in a stumbled out of the underbrush Perry was knocked unconscious by light plane of the Standard Oil near the tiny mining village of El a blow on the head, suffering per¬ Company of New Jersey, to assist Dorado, at the junction of the haps from a fractured skull. A in coordinating activities and to Cuyuni and Yuruan rivers some 500 woman passenger, Lina Valles, had keep the Legation informed of prog¬ miles from Caracas. El Dorado had a broken hip. Pilot Marcano had ress. I was met on arrival by the no airport or air strip. So at dawn severe head wounds and a broken Acting Governor of the State of on Thursday, just one week after hand. Father Baltazar, a Capuchin Bolivar, by the local Prefect, and by the ill-fated Fairchild had taken off priest, miraculously had escaped all a host of other functionaries, whose on its last trip, the search planes harm. willingness to be helpful was ex¬ rose and converged on Tumeremo, Further questioning developed ceeded only by their unhappiness at a town lacking in many amenities, other facts. The plane carried no the emergency. but which was tp be our home for rations, water, first aid kit, flares In guessing where the Fairchild an interminable fortnight. or other disaster equipment. Nor might have gone down—Marcano’s Mendoza, the co-pilot, Fuen- were implements available to dig last message had failed to give his mayor, the radio operator, and a grave for Duque. His body was position—we plotted an area of two Servillon Salazar, a frontier guard, dragged off into the bush—to be¬ or three thousand square miles, most had left the crashed plane to look come a feast for the vultures. Pass¬ of it impenetrable, tropical jungle. for water and had been unable to ing rainstorms were the only source Here the trunks and branches of find their way back in the treacher¬ of drinking water. The plane’s radio giant trees supported tangled lianas, ous maze. Abandoning the effort, was smashed in the fall. woven into networks like barbed they had followed the course of a With the site now fairly well pin¬ wire barricades. Mosquitoes hummed trickling stream and eventually pointed, rescue parties totaling four incessantly over pools of stagnant emerged at the river’s edge, where hundred men under the command water, while ants, spiders, and other they were picked up by a passing of the picturesque “King of the insects made life miserable for the launch, taken to El Dorado, and Jungle”—rangy, white-bearded and explorer. This was the home of the thence to Tumeremo in a rough six mustachioed General Carlos Riveras three-toed sloth; jaguars and other hour ride by truck. There I was —struck out on foot. They had wild animals prowled at night. able to interview them and piece machetes to cut through the under-

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. September, 1973 21 STATE-USIA RECREATION ASSOCIATION MAIL ORDER SERVICE

Available to DSRA Members Stationed Outside of Washington, D. C.

All merchandise available in your State Depart¬ ment and USIA Stores can be purchased through the Mail Order Program and mailed to you any¬ where in the world provided there is a post office or pouch room.

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Address all orders to: STATE-USIA Recreation Association Mail Order Department Department of State Room 2928 Washington, D. C. 20520 1974 TRAVEL PROGRAM Available to DSRA Members and Their Immediate Family

Listed below are some of the trips scheduled for the beginning of the 1974 Travel Season:

HAWAIIAN LUAU Honolulu, Hawaii (January 19-26) $379 plus 13% tax and service per person based on double occupan¬ cy. Let our 50th state boost your winter doldrums. This tour is complete, including roundtrip jet air transportation, deluxe hotel accommodations for 7 nights at the llikai Hotel, breakfast and dinner (dine- a-round) daily, sightseeing, transfers, taxes and tips.

SPANISH FIESTA Marbella (Costa del Sol), Spain (Feb. 16-24) $299 plus $17.75 tax and service per person, based on double occupancy. Take advantage of the Presidents’ Day Holiday and use only 4 days of annual leave for this week-long Spanish Fiesta. Enjoy roundtrip jet transportation, 7 nights deluxe accommodations at the Atalaya Park Hotel, breakfast and lunch or dinner daily, welcome cocktail party, gala farewell dinner, sightseeing, free and unlimited use of golf and tennis facilities at the hotel, and all taxes, tips, and transfers. Dublin, Cork, Killarney, Limerick, and Shannon, Ireland (May 7-14) $389 per person, based on double occupancy. This tour promises to be a real Irish ST. CROIX SNEAKAWAY treat! Your week in Ireland will include roundtrip transatlantic jet transportation, first class hotel ac¬ St. Croix (March 3-10) $209 plus 13% tax and serv¬ commodations nightly, breakfast and dinner daily, ex¬ ice per person, four or six persons to a suite. This is tensive sightseeing in each of the above locations, the ideal family Caribean holiday! Partake of the and all taxes, tips, and transfers. year-round sunshine of Coakley Bay while living in luxurious 2 or 3-bedroom condominiums with com¬ plete kitchen facilities. ROMAN HOLIDAY Rome, Italy (May 24-June 1) $339 plus 13% tax and APRIL IN PARIS service, based on double occupancy. This deluxe tour includes roundtrip jet air transportation, hotel Paris, France (April 10-18) $359 per person based accomodations nightly at the Ritz Hotel, breakfast on double occupancy. Come with us to spend a fun- and dinner daily, sightseeing, taxes, gratuities, and filled week in Paris. Roundtrip airfare, first class transfers (Remember, this tour incorporates a federal hotel accommodations for 7 nights, sightseeing, con¬ holiday!) tinental breakfast daily, and all taxes, tips, and transfers. LONDON—A Summer Special

VIENNESE VACTION London, England (June 29-July 7) $329 plus 13% tax and service per person, based on double occupancy. Vienna, Austria (May 4- 12) $359 per person, based This is sure to be a spectacular Fourth of July on double occupancy. Be our guests for a week in special! Tour includes roundtrip jet transportation, the home of the Waltz Kings! Enjoy roundtrip air deluxe hotel accommodations for 7 nights at the new transportation, first class hotel accommodations Cunard International, continental breakfast daily and nightly, continental breakfast daily, sightseeing, and dinner (dine-a-round) 6 evenings, sightseeing, tips, all taxes, tips, and tranfers. taxes, and transfers.

STATE-USIA RECREATION ASSOCIATION Travel Manger Address all inquiries to: Department of State Room 2928 Washington, D. C. 20520 growth, food and medicines. No “The fabulous, cloud-shrouded, table-topped time could be lost if those left in mountain Auyantepui, which reared its rocky walls the jungle depths were to be rescued. Overhead, the most intensive aerial more than a mile high out of a rolling green base.” reconnaissance Venezuela had ever known was launched by the assem¬ bled group of flyers. Headquarters for American personnel were estab¬ lished at the town’s only hostelry— the Pension Bolivar. The Venezue¬ lans were quartered in a house a block away. The Tumeremo tele¬ graph operator and his assistant were within easy call, prepared to handle messages around the clock. An air lift of high octane gasoline, courtesy of Standard Oil at Cari- pito, was set up. We assumed that the survivors, if able, would do their utmost to attract the attention of those who were scouting from the skies. So, a sharp lookout was maintained with field glasses on each flight for smoke or other signals—even for the ominous sign of vultures circl¬ ing. Planes criss-crossed the area The US Naval Attache’s Grumman amphibian while on search for survivors. The in a steady relay, and I took my author at extreme left, Captain Clayton Charles Jerome next to him. turn regularly as observer. Some¬ times we flew at several thousand feet, sometimes we barely skimmed the tops of the trees—many of them sighted nothing. Wearily every eve¬ staked out by flags—in order to two hundred feet or more in height. ning we gathered for the pepper- pick up the injured and bring them Once we ranged as far as the fabu¬ spiced main meal, speculating on back to Tumeremo. Telegraph mes¬ lous, cloud-shrouded, table-topped why we had failed, insisting that sages—to the Legation, to the mountain Auyantepui, which like the morrow must bring better luck. Venezuelan Government, to Mrs. an impregnable fortress reared its Down the street a third-rate movie Grab, to Mrs. Perry—were joyfully rocky walls more than a mile high was playing, but no one had the drafted and despatched. Detailed out of a rolling green base—an heart to go see it. preparations were made to receive object of superstitious awe to primi¬ An agonizing episode occurred the victims and minister to their tive Indian tribes. From one of its one day while I was flying with needs. But when the launches sides sprang a waterfall some three Jimmie Angel. Carefully scanning reached their destination it was thousand feet in length; and pros¬ the shores of the Cuyuni, we sud¬ found that they were transporting pectors’ tales that it harbored un¬ denly spotted two launches headed not those whom we were seeking told riches of gold and diamonds for El Dorado. Both were crowded but sick Indians from the interior— came to mind. Somewhere in this with passengers, and of these, four natives who had never heard of the sketchily chartered domain lay the or five were stretched out on deck jungle crash and could offer us no remains of another airplane, the wearing bandages. We circled low clue. Our dismay was complete. Stinson monoplane of Paul Red- over the boats; the occupants waved Quick thinking by Major Rodriguez fern who in 1927 attempted a non¬ wildly; and naturally enough, we resulted in interception of the tele¬ stop flight from Brunswick, Georgia, assumed that we had located a re¬ grams at Ciudad Bolivar, thereby to Rio de Janeiro. Redfern was last turning search party with the sur¬ preventing the anguish of a false seen over the headwaters of the vivors. Jimmie stood the plane on report. Orinoco; he was never heard from one wing in jubilation, turned and Meanwhile, in the capital of again. sped back to camp. Our discovery Caracas, tension was building up. From dawn to dusk, in tropical was quickly confirmed by three Endless, fantastic rumors poured sunshine or rain, the patrol was other pilots—and celebrated on the in upon the Legation or were pub¬ kept up. But the jungle refused to spur of the moment in our single lished in the press. The plane had divulge any part of its secret. Day hangar. been located, everyone was safe. after discouraging day the results Captain Jerome took off for El Provisions were being parachuted to were the same—unada, nada.” It Dorado, to set his amphibian down the survivors. Indians were bringing was enough to glance at a returning on the narrow river-—where danger¬ but the injured. Telephone calls, pilot’s face to know that he had ous rocks had previously been whether in good faith or not, gave

24 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1973 distorted or inaccurate information. more harrowing than the last as belief that he would meet his end One by one, the stories were dis¬ the drone of the engines came and in an airplane accident. proved. Americans in the foreign went—help so reassuringly near, yet It had taken the searchers nine colony, bewildered and frustrated at for all practical purposes as out of days to reach the plane, a distance the lack of hard news, seethed with reach as the moon. Armstrong of about twelve miles from where concern and pressed the Legation Perry, with only momentary inter¬ they had entered the jungle; there for crumbs of comfort which it vals of lucidity, fell into delirium was nothing further to do but await could not supply. The telegrams and was mercifully spared any their return. Another five days and which I filed—all that could human¬ knowledge of his whereabouts. a second messenger broke through, ly be done—were desperately devoid Death seemed very near to all. to confirm what the first had said. of encouragement or results. Gradu¬ Sixteen days passed before the Two days later at sunset, the final ally, the nervous strain began to tell. break came. Major Rodriguez de¬ chapter in the tragic story was writ¬ A skeptical delegation of Americans tected a thin column of smoke while ten. demanded that the President of flying over a wild section that had Once again launches were ob¬ Venezuela be urged to call out the already been surveyed but was re¬ served in the approach to El Dora¬ army, though nobody bothered to garded as outside the probable scene do. Once again Captain Jerome explain what untrained foot soldiers of the crash. In a small open space landed his amphibian on the river. could accomplish where only sea¬ nearby eight or nine men could be From rudimentary stretchers he soned frontiersmen or hunters had seen—members of a rescue party— took aboard Perry and Marcano, a chance of making a successful and a quarter of a mile away what bruised, bearded, in the last stages search. looked like a wing tip of the smashed of exhaustion, and flew them to On the damp jungle floor, in the plane. A range of low-lying moun¬ Tumeremo, to be placed under twilight of its heavy vegetation, the tains intervened between this spot medical supervision in a private third act of the three-ring drama and the Cuyuni river, where the co¬ home overnight. Early next day he was played out. Amid the wreckage pilot and his companions had been returned for the two others, while of the Fairchild the little band of picked up—and they had been posi¬ the rugged Dr. Manzanillo and I five survivors lived on in their dank tive that no hilly ground had been accompanied our American on a forest prison. Father Baltazar, the traversed on their way out. Now it flight to Caracas in the comfortable only one who could walk, impro¬ was apparent that a pass existed in Douglas. Lying on a divan in the vised a field hospital with bundles the mountains, through which they cabin, Perry had moments of con¬ and baggage saved from the plane; had trudged without being aware sciousness, but could remember he looked after injuries, arranged of the heights on either side. nothing of his experiences. limbs as comfortably as he could, That evening an advance runner At Ciudad Bolivar we stopped to tore up shirts for bandages; he emerged from the fastness, to de¬ refuel and to give the patient some wrenched seats loose from the cabin scribe the fate of the survivors. “The nourishment. At Maiquetia, airport floor and placed them where they elderly American with the white for Caracas, an ambulance from the would catch the drip from over¬ hair,” he reported, as well as the Clinica Cordoba was waiting. And hanging leaves or hold a few drops woman and the pilot, were still alive; at four o’clock that afternoon, after from the intermittent showers; he but to our stunned surprise, “the paying a sorrowful call on Esther climbed trees to gather a few pome- American with the eye-glasses” was Grab, I reported once again for rosa—a sweet, reddish, perfumed dead. duty at the American Legation. relative of the rose apple, and ra¬ At three o’clock in the morning Frederic D. Grab was buried in tioned the scant supply of edibles of the ninth day of the ordeal, Arlington Cemetery, his funeral so that each might have a morsel. Father Baltazar had administered attended by the Secretary of Com¬ A gun had been left by Salazar, the last rites to Frederic Grab; un¬ merce, the Venezuelan Minister to but only a crow and a bright-plum- happily, no more could be done the United States, and officials of aged parrot came near enough to with his body than in the case of be shot. The spectre of starvation the Commerce and State Depart¬ Duque. A death certificate prepared ments. William Armstrong Perry confronted the emaciated figures by Dr. Andres Manzanillo, who had lived on for some time after his crouched on the ground. plunged into the jungle with the return to the United States, but Three days after the crash an rescuers to render first aid, said eventually succumbed to what were airplane had been heard overhead that Grab “probably died of beri¬ believed to be the after effects of his for the first time, although it could beri, a disease common to the jungle jungle injuries. Jimmie Angel sub¬ not be seen through the thick regions of the Cuyuni River and sequently landed his plane on the branches. As we had surmised, the generally induced by lack of proper plateau of Auyantepui in a search survivors had immediately started a nutrition. Contributory causes . . . for gold, but descended in a swamp smudge fire in the hope of indicat¬ were exposure, mental shock, and and was unable to take off again. ing their presence. But it was a anxiety in regard to minor burns on It took him two weeks to walk futile hope, for the smoke was his legs.” Personally, I had no doubt down, but the Venezuelan Govern¬ wholly dissipated before it could that of these the most important ment made his Flamingo a national rise above the towering trees. No factor was the “mental”—despair, monument. Later, Angel was fatally one had the strength to make a loss of morale, call it what you will injured in the crash of a small plane clearing. Each day thereafter was —brought about by Fred’s fatalistic at Panama. ■

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, ,September, 1973 25 COMMUNICATION RE: The Near East to the Secretary

INDELIBLE impressions of the brutal murders of Cleo terms, since it chose to move into their neighborhood. Noel and Curt Moore continue to surface in my thoughts. Your proposals for a settlement in 1971 were a good Both were Foreign Service colleagues; Curt I knew also start toward that end. as a friend. Both men were mature professionals in what Whether or not there is an energy crisis the United still can be termed without embarrassment an elite corps States ought to establish new priorities in the area. To among Federal government functionaries.' disregard Arab sensibilities as we do in the conduct of I knew Curt best, watched him perform the spectrum our relations with this important part of the world seems of foreign service skills in stride, and recognized the de¬ to assume that whatever we and Israel want done can be gree to which it became his second nature to react with done at no loss to anyone of importance. The attitude just the right amounts of objectivity and humanity. He we convey is deeply offensive to the Arabs. I am aware devoted himself to his assignments. The United States of the gloss we officially spread over conclusions drawn lost good men in the madness of the Khartoum incident; about the effectiveness of the Arab economic boycott. I lost a friend. I want to share with you, Mr. Secretary, Yet I have seen thousands of British Land Rovers and some of the thoughts that have accompanied my sense Japanese Toyotas on the deserts and mountains of the of grief. Near East, rarely a Jeep. RCA, Coca-Cola, Motorola, Cleo’s and Curt’s deaths force a confession from me, Ford, the list goes on and on, are barred from sale among an Arabist. I now realize so much more clearly than millions of potential customers in the lucrative Arab ever before how wrong I was so often over the years to market. Why does the US Government make this seem suppress the constant inclination in reporting to you and of no consequence? Israel provides us no balance for to your predecessors my judgment as to the likely con¬ these losses. On the contrary, Mr. Secretary, need I re¬ sequence of US policy as it developed toward Israel and mind you that Israel costs American taxpayers millions the Arab States. The reason I held back usually was to of dollars annually. Indeed, what American interests are avoid appearing to be partisan on the Arab side, thereby served by our policies on the Arab-Israel issue? I can running the risk of becoming discredited back home in think of none that could not be enhanced by a rearrange¬ the Department and the White House. One always had ment of our position. the feeling that unless he “balanced” or “tilted” specula¬ That position, moreover, is isolating us on this issue tion about the long term results of US support for Israel’s from our European allies and partners as we single- concepts of her own (and our) interests, the FSO was mindedly take further steps to involve ourselves with going out on a weak limb from which no one would Israel and become further alienated from the people and rescue him. So, over the years one learned expediently governments of the Near East, the Arabs. Now Arab to downplay the Arab case and our interests therein and fanatics who claim they are seeking attention to the to highlight our determination to hold the line for Israel, Palestine case, have murdered American diplomats. Will whatever it was. our reaction simply be to tighten security and further Nevertheless, despite one’s care to play the game ac¬ isolate ourselves or will we recognize that we are on the ceptably, one knew what was happening in the Near East wrong track? If the State Department in March 1973 as a result of our policies. Disappointingly, the Depart¬ is not ready to face facts, to analyze them objectively, ment of State has never been willing openly to acknowl¬ and professionally to present them to the President I fear edge the clear import of the information and insights we shall become enmeshed in the coils of the web we our¬ accumulated in its bulging files. selves are spinning. It could be different, and all America As time went by the pressure which we to a large could relax. We could help Israel join the Near East, degree had helped to create in the Arab world found and gain Arab good will and cooperation and our doing outlets. One can only hope, after the execution of the so would effect as dramatic a change as followed our murderers in Khartoum, that this latest evil example of overture to China. The time is now to begin to deal with the excesses the pressure has spawned also tells us some¬ the Arab-Israel problem as a foreign affair. May the thing about our own shortcomings of the past. It is time United States Government honor Cleo Noel and Curt Israel heard in public statements from the United States Moore, and not merely praise them. that its future lies in becoming the good neighbor its lead¬ LEE F. DINSMORE ers say Israel wants to be. Israel cannot become an FSO, Retired accepted part of the Near East except on its neighbors’ Elcho, Wisconsin

26 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1973 cizes the AID program is certainly the revolutionary organizer in the | BOOKSHELF lacking in understanding and may Andean way-back; the leftist hack even be unpatriotic. with a picture of copulating rhinos Yet this book and others like it on his wall; two young men of the Foreign Aid underline the necessity of clarifying right spinning earnest and improb¬ more realistically the objectives of able conspiracies; pot-bellied Pablo WE DON’T KNOW HOW, by William and Elizabeth Paddock. Iowa State our foreign assistance program. Neruda, at once radical and some¬ University Press. Perhaps there is a valid reason— how bourgeois. divorced from PR cliches and old A lot of history has happened THE United States has given about aid mythology—for continuing for¬ since Horne left Chile. The political $150 billion of foreign assistance eign aid. Perhaps there are people and economic landscape is pretty to countries around the world since who can define the goals of our aid desolate. Allende’s chance to fulfill the foreign aid program began just program and accurately assess its the hopes of his well-wishers is be¬ before Pearl Harbor. The purposes achievements and failures. Indeed, ing crushed, but the Chile which re¬ have included such concepts as if there are people in AID who can mains when he leaves the presidency “fighting communism,” “nation perform this basic service, will they will surely be a different land. May¬ building,” achieving world stability, please step forward? be Chile will be better off without and humanitarian assistance. —WILLIAM LENDERKING some of the structures which are What has been the result? Not falling. Certainly, for all its destruc¬ much, say the authors, who point When the Quake Stops tive demagoguery, the populism which put Allende in power has out that grandiose projects con¬ SMALL EARTHQUAKE IN CHILE, by ceived in Washington and trumpeted Alistair Horne. Viking, $12.50. within it elements of positive change as “successes” by AID bureaucra¬ which Chile and many of its neigh¬ cies in capital cities, rarely deserve IN early 1971 British historian bors need if their peoples are to such accolades when viewed from Alistair Horne played Sancho Panza have a better life. We can only the field where the projects actually to Bill Buckley’s Quixote on a tour hope it will be those positive ele¬ are carried out. of the Andean countries. Out of ments and not the silly nostrums The book parades a dismal suc¬ that trip has come an excellent travel which will survive. Then, the earth cession of AID and foundation book, which is at the same time quiet again, Chile can begin to failures before the reader, attribut¬ political journalism of considerable build. ing them to the by-now familiar ills if not invariable perceptiveness. But that goes beyond Horne’s of institutional forgetfulness, the Horne’s style is a pleasure—clever book. The book is fun; the book is impracticality and cultural ignor¬ without being smart alecky. literate; and at times insight glim¬ ance of much of our advice to other Roughly half of the book is about mers through. countries, and sheer bureaucratic Allende’s “earthquake” in Chile. —ELKIN TAYLOR ineptitude. The conclusion is that The rest is taken up with Colombia, Scholars and Operators the United States has never really Peru and Bolivia. Horne captures decided what its aid program is sup¬ unerringly the brooding pathos of PLANNING, PREDICTION, AND POLICY¬ posed to achieve, and whether such Bolivia. But on Peru he seems to MAKING IN FOREIGN AFFAIRS, by Rob¬ goals as we have expressed from falter. Though a specialist in revo¬ ert L. Rothstein. Little, Brown and Company. time to time are in fact achievable lutions which once were or might by means of foreign assistance. The have been, he is curiously non¬ THIS book suggests a different per¬ authors state firmly that neither we, chalant about the implications of spective on an old idea—coopera¬ nor anyone else, really know how generals siding with underdogs. tion in policymaking between schol¬ to bring about the “breakthroughs” Even in his much better Chile chap¬ ars and operators. The idea has to frequently claimed in self-serving ters Horne leaves us wanting a bit catch on first in the Foreign Service, publicity releases. more of his insights into the politi¬ however, because Rothstein believes Until we learn to solve problems cal chemistry which has brought Al- that the initiative rests with the op¬ more effectively, the authors feel it lende & Co. to power in Chile. But erators. is wasteful and possibly even harm¬ perhaps it is just as well as it is. The Traveling some by-ways (all ful to bumble about overseas over¬ contradictions, passions, hope, des¬ worth traveling) he finds basic fault selling programs which in many pair—the sheer excitement—with with prominent features of the land¬ cases have failed and long since which Chile abounds are worth de¬ scape, whether he looks toward op¬ have been abandoned. scribing; and here they are well de¬ erations or scholarship. Some AID officials with whom I scribed. Another man, another day, Rothstein argues that the Foreign talked reacted with horror and out¬ may try to tell us why it happened Service is anti-intellectual. Profes¬ rage to this book, feeling its con¬ and where it is all leading. sional knowledge and skills are val¬ centration on failures was unfair Perhaps the weakness of the Peru ued only if they are acquired on the and superficial. They seemed to portions of the book arises from job and experience yields what he feel, in the defensiveness many in the brevity of the visit and Horne’s regards as procedural, rather than this much-maligned agency have lack of good contacts there. But the substantive, capacities. It tells offi¬ learned to adopt in the face of all Chile pages are filled with memor¬ cers “how” to act in foreign policy, criticisms, that anyone who criti¬ able types: “Comandante Pepe,” assuming that “what” they should

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1973 27 do, and “why,” are fairly obvious. These were the “facts.” But Neville Negotiating With the USSR The book goes wrong in equating Maxwell, who was then in New DEALING WITH THE DEVIL, The Anglo- substantive with specialized or the¬ Delhi as a British journalist, tells Soviet Accord, by Richard H. Ullman. oretical knowledge (the province of a different story in his “India’s Princeton University Press, $9.50 scholars) and procedural with gen¬ China War.” The rival border claims (softcover). eralized skills (to which operators of India and China have a compli¬ aspire). In this shift, the past ideal cated and involved history. Indian of the Foreign Service generalist is and Chinese military moves in the THE elements of the plot seem fa¬ emphasized at the expense of the years immediately preceding 1962 miliar: The negotiations towards de reality of existing compartmental- were similarly complicated and in¬ facto recognition of the hostile but ization. volved. Maxwell makes us realize now firmly established Communist Rothstein’s views are based on that the rights and wrongs of this government were being pursued by “about twenty-five” interviews with crisis were not self-evident and we the leader of the then still preemi¬ policy planners, and perhaps other gain an entirely different perspec¬ nent capitalist nation, a man of per¬ sonal reputation for deviousness and contacts in State. Though he writes tive op the dimensions and conse¬ political skill, who was now the sweepingly of the whole body of quences of the crisis itself. Chou leader of a conservative coalition. “practitioners,” it is planning that En-lai recommended Maxwell’s book He personally believed the aggres¬ captures his main attention. It is the to both James Reston and Harrison sive hostility of the Communist gov¬ most neglected phase of foreign pol¬ Salisbury in his separate meetings ernment could be softened by en¬ icy. Except during World War II, with them in Peking. His recom¬ gagement in international commerce “planners have not planned” in mendation is worth following. The and by exposure to the outside State, they have merely “sought im¬ book is absorbing. And it gives a mediate influence” over policy de¬ world. With his own country suffer¬ cisions. Planning, Rothstein says, ing from war weariness and eco¬ “We seem fo find it difficult to es¬ has to be regarded as something nomic distress, he thought the alter¬ cape from our past and from the natives to negotiation — continued more than adding one more com¬ habit of trying to fix things here non-recognition or further military petitor to the bureaucratic hassle. and there in remote corners of the Rothstein does not propose to world.” intervention—were respectively ster¬ have theorists tell operators what ile and too costly. The public tended decisions to make. The only direct different story, based almost entire¬ to agree, although many senior con¬ servative politicians and generals help they can offer is in the diag¬ ly on Indian sources, of what hap¬ still passionately despised the Com¬ nostic phase. The theorist’s “self- pened in 1962. munist regime. The negotiations, conscious and organized” methods What do we do about what hap¬ however, were troubled by Mos¬ provide “an effective standard” of pens? This is an even harder ques¬ cow’s duplicity (as revealed by in¬ comparison for the operator’s own tion and, in answering it, we seem tercepted secret messages) and by diagnosis. to find it difficult to escape from their sponsorship of insurgent Com¬ Tjie prescription Rothstein offers, our past and from the habit we’ve munist movements and military of¬ in the end, is disappointingly con¬ acquired since World War II of try¬ ventional: Establish a new planning fensives against countries along their ing to fix things here and there in periphery. Finally both governments unit, outside of State but inside the remote corners of the world. Red Government, staffed “for the fore¬ made compromises, hiding remain¬ Duggan, a good friend and former ing differences in vague language, seeable future ... by academics.” colleague in the Foreign Service, —GRANT HILLIKER and an agreement was reached. can’t escape this habit. His “Socio¬ Other governments soon followed Simple Questions? economic Profile of South Africa” suit. Despite the hopes, however, is objective and dead pan when he’s INDIA’S CHINA WAR, by Neville Max¬ the Communists did not renounce giving us the facts about South well. Pantheon Books, $10.00. their ideological ambitions and se¬ A SOCIOECONOMIC PROFILE OF SOUTH Africa, population composition, eco¬ vere problems with them continued. AFRICA, by William Redman Duggan. nomic resources, trade, etc. And as Thus Lloyd George negotiated the Praeger, $15.00. a highly trained and sensitive ob¬ Anglo-Soviet Trade Agreement of server he describes South Africa’s 1921. The tale is told most inter¬ IN foreign policy we are frequent¬ explosive racial issue in a most ob¬ estingly and perceptively by Dr. ly asking: What happened? How jective way. However, like the rest Ullman in the third of his series on does it affect us? What do we do of us, Dqggan can’t detach himself Anglo-Soviet relations, 1917-1921. about it? from our activist past and he con¬ The first volume, “Intervention and Simple questions. Why are the cludes his book with a series of op¬ the War,” dealt with the attempts answers so hard? tions for US policy makers in ac¬ of the British to bring back the Rus¬ One reason is that we seem to see cordance with the now standard sians into the fight against the Cen¬ what we want to see, regardless of NSC way of doing things. The mid¬ tral Powers in the desperate last the facts. Black is white and white dle course of “constructive involve¬ stages of the World War. The sec¬ is black- In 1962 an “aggressive” ment” is his favorite as he opts for ond volume, “Britain and the Rus¬ China “attacked” an “innocent” In¬ a carrot and stick stance which hope¬ sian Civil War,” told of the British dia. South Asia was on the brink fully will contain the coming ex¬ intervention against the Bolsheviks of a dangerous conflagration. We plosion in South Africa. and of their liquidation of the en¬ could have become deeply involved. —DAVID LINEBAUGH deavor as the anti-Communist gen-

28 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1973 erals failed. Against a backdrop of the buildup of German forces and was the removal of Chiang for a the defeat of the last of the generals even on Wehrmacht invasion plan¬ more democratic leader. (Wrangel) in Crimea, of the back- ning? The question has been fre¬ Caldwell’s love for this vast land and-forth Soviet-Polish War, and of quently discussed by historians, but is warmly described in his account the Soviet push towards Persia, this never as meticulously and refresh¬ of his 1500-mile trip from Kunming third volume relates the rocky ingly analyzed as in this latest study. north to Sian as commander of an course of the negotiations 1920- The information and warnings OSS truck supply convoy. If this 1921 as His Majesty’s Government that poured in on Stalin were in fact route is still as beautiful as he found came to terms with the Bolsheviks. copious—but they permitted differ¬ it to be, American Express one of The study concentrates on an ing interpretations. Barton Whaley these days will no doubt be running analysis of British policy as devel¬ suggests, with logical argument and tours past Weining Lake, Chengtu oped under the influence of events, thorough documentation, that Stalin and through the Lolo country. men, and their concepts of national was the victim (as were many West¬ —H .H. B. interest. Dr. Ullman pictures a ern experts) of a masterful decep¬ shrewd Lloyd George, trying with tion plan which made him believe only partial success to build a stable that the Germans were mounting and non-punitive peace. Also de¬ elaborate invasion preparations for Revolution to Revolution scribed are the pompous, traditional the purpose of supporting demands CHINESE POLITICAL THOUGHT IN THE Imperialist Curzon; the activist, bit¬ that they intended to make—and TWENTIETH CENTURY, by Chester C. terly anti-Bolshevik Churchill; the which he presumably intended to Tan. Doubleday, $7.95. almost caricatured rightist Field grant. Marshall Sir Henry Wilson; all ar¬ When a megalomaniac attacks a FOR China the twentieth century rayed against the Russian negotia¬ paranoiac it is difficult to project ra¬ has been an age of revolution—with tor, the able industrialist/revolution¬ tionality into their actions and re¬ social and cultural traditions shaken ist Krasin, backed by Lenin and the actions; but Whaley’s theory is en¬ to their foundations. Chinese politi¬ fearful Bolshevik crew, the likes of tirely compatible with the generally cal theory has, accordingly, been which the world had not seen be¬ accepted notions of German effi¬ fore. The issues of the negotiation ciency and Stalin’s suspiciousness: concerned not with esoteric specula¬ included British prisoners in Com¬ Many of the best warnings were tion but with real, urgent problems. munist jails; Communist propagan¬ turned aside by the Soviet dictator Foreign aggression and internal da and subversion in Britain and because he suspected them of being strife have been outstanding ones. the East; and the mutual involve¬ “provocations” to goad him into ac¬ In this authoritative work, Profes¬ ment in a series of buffer states tions that would really make Hitler sor Tan of New York University around the Russian periphery. The attack. surveys the main currents of British Government was also forced There was thus a rationality of Chinese political theory from the to consider other now all-too-fa- sorts also on Stalin’s side: The best- 1911 Revolution to the recent Cul¬ miliar problems: the care of the documented evidence of German tural Revolution. He stresses the countless refugees in South Russia; preparations to attack could be at¬ relationship between circumstances the inability of threatened small na¬ tributed to Nazi pyschological war¬ and ideas since political thought tions on Russian borders to cooper¬ fare and “clever” German disinfor¬ does not arise out of a vacuum. ate .with each other; the rise of a mation, designed to make him give While giving full credit to social and local strongman displacing a weak, in more easily to the expected Ger¬ political dynamics, he does not ne¬ corrupt constitutional government man demands. In the event, when glect the importance of personality (Reza Khan in Persia). the Germans did attack, Molotov in intellectual developments. His As we try in a complicated and significantly complained that they concise biographic sketches of the uncertain world to pursue realism in had done so without presenting various philosophers are helpful, as our foreign policy decisions, it is of “any demands whatsoever.” is his copious documentation. course instructive to see how others —M. F. H. In analyzing the main points in before us handled not dissimilar cir¬ Mao Tse-tung’s thinking, Tan notes cumstances. Dr. Ullman’s study con¬ Mao’s great stress on military power For China Hands cerns a now somewhat distant but (“Political power grows out of the still pertinent period. It is a good A SECRET WAR—AMERICANS IN CHI¬ barrel of a gun”) and his teaching tale, from which each to his own NA, 1944-1945, by Oliver J. Caldwell. that, since even in a socialist society may draw appropriate morals. Southern Illinois University Press. contradictions (i.e., conflicts) con¬ —JOHN SYLVESTER JR. tinue to exist, the class struggle OLIVER CALDWELL was born in must go on. An exponent of “unin¬ Strategic Surprise China of Methodist missionary par¬ terrupted revolution,” Mao’s view of ents; and he attended Shanghai society as one of conflict and change CODEWORD BARBAROSSA, by Barton Whaley. The MIT Press, $10. American School with John Paton is, of course, the antithesis of the Davies and John Service. He re¬ Confucian ideal of harmony and counts his disillusionment with Chi- stability. H ow was it possible for Hitler to ang, his service with OSS (he volun¬ Students of Chinese politics and achieve complete surprise with his teered for military service at age students of political theory will find invasion of Russia in 1941 when so 39), and his secret work with Chi¬ this scholarly study both easy and much information was available on nese secret societies whose objective pleasant to read. They will find es-

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1973 29 pecially worthwhile his examination of traditional Chinese thought (first AUTHORIZED EXPORTER chapter) and his appraisal of Mao Tse-tung’s philosophical contribu¬ GENERAL Q ELECTRIC tions (final chapter). -U*A- —ROBERT W. RINDEN

SPECIAL SERVICES Refrigerators • Freezers • Ranges This month the Journal is in¬ augurating a new service for its Washers • Dryers • Air Conditioners readers, a classified section. We Dishwashers • Radios • Phonos hope you will find this type of ad¬ vertising helpful. In order to be Small Appliances of maximum assistance to AFSA members and Journal readers we Available for All Electric Currents are accepting these listings until Local Warehousing for Immediate the 15th of each month for pub¬ lication in the issue dated the Shipment following month. Foreign Service families may find this approach All leading foreign cars, U.S. Fords, campers, useful in househunting, home General Electronics, Inc. cycles delivered stateside or in Europe at special factory prices. We arrange every detail. For rentals, searching for suitable complete information send for our free 60 page schools or for needed services. Master Catalog. Please indicate whether you SHOWROOM; 4513 Wisconsin Ave., require delivery in U.S. or in Europe. The rate is 40<: per word, less Name Washington, D. C. 20016 EMerson 2- 2% for payment in advance, mini¬ Social Security — mum 10 words. Mail copy for ad¬ 8300 Address vertisement and check to: Classi¬ WRITE FOR CATALOG. Our catalog is fied Ads, Foreign Service Journal, Place of Delivery. sent to administrative officers of em¬ Date of Rotation. 2101 E Street, N.W., Washington, bassies and consulates throughout NEMET AUTO INTERNATIONAL. FSJ 9-3 D.C. 20037. 153-03 Hillside Ave.,Jamaica,N.Y.11432 the world. Tel: (212) 523-5858 Schools DARROW. A COED COUNTRY BOARDING SCHOOL. Flexible col¬ lege preparatory curriculum. Student- If you can wade through some extraneous Be Wise Shop Riverside Faculty work program helps preserve (but funny) material on post reports, selec¬ National Historic Landmark Site. All tion out, assignments and representation sports, art, music. Concern for each allowances, you will find some valuable tips on etiquette in Liquor individual within a structure balanc¬ ing proven responsibility with free¬ dom. Grades 9-12. Darrow School, Discounts New Lebanon. N.Y. 12125. (518) FOREIGN SERVICE MEMBERS 795-1501. John F. Joline III, Head¬ 10% off on estate bottling wines master 5% off on our regular low prices Books & Publications on liquor 25% DISCOUNT ON NEW BOOKS. Mailing charge; 39<: (domestic); 75<: Imported and American Champagnes overseas). BOOKQUICK, B-5, Rose- Imported and American Wines land, N.J. 07068. Some of France’s finest Burgundies BOOKS, BOOKS, BOOKS—all kinds, and Bordeaux at reduced prices tremendous bargains, also posters, stamps, artwork. Visit the AAFSW Come in and browse around Book Fair in the Department of State, October 15-19. Riverside Middle East Research & Informa¬ tion Project: monthly review, liter¬ An introduction to foreign service life for the student contemplating the career, a ature, speakers. Box 3122 Wash¬ chuckle for friends and relatives back home, Liquors ington, D.C. 20010. this 64-page book is only $1.00 from: 2123 E St., N.W. 338-4882 Entertainment American Foreign Service Assn. (conveniently located across from Have your next affair, foreign or Dept. L, 2101 E St., N.W. the State Department on E Street, domestic, at the FOREIGN SERVICE Washington, D. C. 20037 next to Peoples Drug Store) CLUB. Open every weekday for Please send copies of Life and Love Our 40th Year luncheon, special rooms available on reservation for private parties. in the Foreign Service at $1.00 per copy to: We loan glasses for parties Inquiries invited for cocktail parties, Name NO CHARGE dinner parties, receptions, etc. Address Phone Chester Bryant, 338-5730.

30 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL., September, 1973 MU crucsTjaai

LOYALTY left-handed knights will raise the left hand automatically, thus revealing themselves as disloyal Mytopians.” OATH Dubious of the jester’s plan, but fearing for the se¬ curity of his realm, the king agreed. After the second oath-taking, the king stormed at the jester: “All knights ROBERT EHRMAN but one did raise the left hand as ordered. The one who did not said ‘sorry, I’m right-handed.’ Forsooth you are a double Fool to make me out a sovereign with but a single knight obedient to the crown! Begone! Henceforth confine your witless wit to the knaves abounding in my I N the Kingdom of Mytopia, the king’s jester brought court!” a rumor that the king’s neighbor, Prince Opi, was schem¬ The jester curtsied low and jingled his bells. “O mighty ing to make war on him. The king dispatched a knight monarch,” he said deferentially, “your patience now is to spy on the principality and investigate the rumor. The sorely tried, but traitors we shall yet bestride. If you will knight failed to return. The king sent a second knight order the knights to raise their hands—but do not specify who also failed to return. which hand—then each knight will lift the hand he uses “Your Majesty,” said the jester, tinkling the bells that normally. With that, I vow, the left-handed traitor will hung from his motley, “methinks two knights have expose himself!” thrown in their lot with the enemy. Before we send a The king scowled at the jester. “Do you dare propose third to spy, we must allegiance certify. Command the I make the knights swear loyalty not once, not twice, knights to raise their hands and swear to support and but three times over?” defend the Kingdom of Mytopia against all enemies, for¬ Gathering cowl and cockscomb about his face until eign and domestic. If there be one who will not speak only the eyes were showing, the jester said a muffled the oath, or falters in the saying of it, he is not the one “yee ... es.” to send abroad.” This time he had a royal sentry monitor the ceremony “Most excellent counsel!” exclaimed the king. and report back before the king returned. When the king Returning from the oath-taking ceremony, he said to told the knights to raise their hands, but did not specify the jester: “When I called upon the knights to raise their the right hand or the left, every knight raised both hands. right hands, one said ‘sorry, I’m left-handed.’ He has The jester was already slipping out of the royal cham¬ paid for his perfidy.” ber when a raging sovereign strode in from the other The jester jingled his bells. “Your Majesty has come side. “Stop him!” he roared. “Bring that bloody Fool to know, left-handed knights do not allegiance owe.” before me!” The king commissioned another knight to spy on the The king ascended the throne, and the jester was flung Prince and discover what had happened to the missing at his feet. Just then a falcon flew in through the open knights. But the third knight, too, did not come back. casement and dropped a scroll in the king’s lap. Won- The king was alarmed. Again the jester jingled his bells. deringly, the king read it in silence. Then, looking down “Your Majesty,” he said, “fidelity may win the day if you at the jester: “It is from the Prince. You shall hear his reverse the roundelay. Make them take the oath again, message.” but this time have them raise the left hand. The right- The jester moved as if to jingle his bells. But there was handed knights will hesitate to raise the left hand. The no sound, and the king began: “Dear King of Mytopia. Since his retirement from USIA Robert Ehrman has been free¬ The knights you sent to spy on me will not return. They lancing for various publications and organizations, including the are finding it more congenial in a land where fidelity re¬ JOURNAL and the Voice of America. He is presently concentrat¬ sides not in the hand but in the heart. However, if you ing on completing a novel based on the 1936 murder trial of an are still disposed to measure loyalty by solemn oath and American physician during extra-territorial days in North China. Mr. Ehrman served with USIA in Africa, India, Germany, the upraised hand, look to your Fool. He could be left- Philippines, Thailand and Washington. handed.” ■

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September. 1973 31 KID’S ADVOCATE ing to a close, they have no idea expressed concern about the Viet¬ from page 19 where they will be in September. nam vets as their service relates to all the Foreign Service, there isn’t This lack of certainty creates an their eventual influence in America. another qualified man whose trans¬ apathy that has a direct relationship But what about the kids? Their fer wouldn’t have such direct impact to their effort in school. They may cross-cultural experiences can be¬ on kids. Assignment of husbands, work academically, but their interest come seed beds for the brotherhood without deep consideration of wives in the school itself declines causing a the world so desperately seeks; they and children, in today’s computer loss in the camaraderie or “spirit” can serve to close cultural gaps. Left world is without rational justifica¬ that is so essential for the school’s to the present system, they will re¬ tion. What may be an administra¬ success. turn to find their inordinately high tively convenient or politically op¬ Investigation of the Social, Emo¬ social status blasted. Without ser¬ portune appointment may well end tional, Cultural and Academic vants and chauffeurs, their false or disastrously when the family unit Effects of Overseas Living on the exaggerated values will be destroyed falls apart. American Child. Just what happens when they discover that they are just Announcement of Assignment at to kids who live for protracted peri¬ another Kensington kid; that their the Earliest Possible Moment. Those ods of their lives in a constantly senior ranking father doesn’t know entering the Foreign Service do so changing foreign environment? How how to operate a power mower; that with the recognition that theirs will do they adjust to each post? Where they have to adjust to a social scene be a nomadic life. Easing the shifts do they ultimately settle? Do they that has changed drastically in the from post to post ought to be a goal settle? Do they return to the Foreign six, eight, or even ten years since of a well-ordered administration. Service that spawned them? Do they they last lived at “home.” Sudden unplanned changes are to be have adjustment problems? Does We talk about our youth being expected and accepted, but there anybody know—or care? Most our greatest investment in the fu¬ seems to be little justification for immediately, do they have any effect ture, but perhaps our actions belie routine transfers to come about just on the American culture when they our words. The overseas kids are a weeks beforehand when the need for return to the States? The Peace great bunch who have been lost in a the change was known two years Corps has analyzed the impact of its system. They deserve more. Their previously. Perhaps the foremost Volunteers on themselves, their willing silence demonstrates their cause of insecurity among kids is the home communities and their over¬ need for representation. They must thought that, as their school is com¬ seas assignments. Politicians have have someone who cares. ■

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32 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1973 NEW DIRECTIONS tion to the Middle East, and con¬ downward and inward. from page 15 centrating on functional problems in The lowering of sights may be a volved. These decisions can offset, the international economic field. For consequence of the United States frustrate, or pervert decisions made Americans the end of the war lifts a coming of age in world affairs. We by formal governments. Thus it is pall from US foreign policy enabling can testify to some considerable ex¬ possible that multinationals through them to see with greater clarity the perience in foreign affairs. It has their pricing policies and profit and totality of American responsibilities been accompanied, as experience loss decisions can wash out the and achievements in world affairs. always is, with disillusionments and planned results of a currency deva¬ What they see, I believe, is an disappointments—not only with luation. This in fact may be what is America which remains a foremost ourselves but with some of our already happening. The independ¬ power, and which is still actively friends. We have even experienced ent behavior of multinational cor¬ and, in the main, constructively en¬ some disillusion with the application porations is only the most obvious gaged abroad. of our own ideals domestically, let example of a growing phenomenon To visitors to the United States alone with their export internation¬ involving the international activity the most interesting new directions ally. Consequently, we have ceased of private units whose decisions by¬ in American foreign policy may ap¬ to link our foreign policy to any pass or transcend formal govern¬ pear in the style of American diplo¬ kind of moral crusade. The so- mental channels. macy. There is a conscious rejection called Wilsonian syndrome is now The most recent new direction in of the openly hyper-active US pos¬ replaced by a policy of enlightened American foreign policy is brought ture of the 1960s. This is replaced self-interest as the United States re¬ about by the end of direct American by more conciliatory rhetoric and by tires from the business of trying involvement in combat in Vietnam. a more passive response to interna¬ actively and globally to make the The cease fire agreement is an ac¬ tional events. Ken Galbraith has world safe for democracy. The re¬ complishment of impressive propor¬ said that modesty is a vastly over¬ sult is a very different kind of tions. The consequences of it are rated virtue; but Americans are not America in the world: a more ma¬ only now beginning to unfold as our inclined to believe him. They be¬ ture, self-restrained America, but time and talent is released to work lieve, on the contrary, that in the also a less audacious and generous on a broader foreign policy agenda past we have overrated our ability America. I wonder which is better including restoring our relations to influence world affairs and that and confess to some nostalgia for the with Europe, directing more atten¬ we should adjust our sights both past. ■

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1973 33 ’TWAS EVER THUS LMITED ORACULAR USE sures.” The omitted text is presented TO: DG/PER—David from page 12 on the other two tablets. In a rather FROM: S/S—Joshua charming touch, these two are a “holier-than-thou” attitude. SUBJECT: New Rules and Reg¬ shaped like the original tablets that “No one is perfect,” I said unto ulations re Personnel Moses brought down from Mt. Sinai him; “let he who is without sin REF: Your Draft Circtile, Sub¬ —their tops are curved convexly cast the first stone.” Where¬ ject as Above upwards. The first of them bears the upon he stoned me, and that is At the Sacredary’s staff meeting text of the first five commandments, why I’m not in the office today. this morning, the Assistant Sac¬ and the second presents the remain¬ My son, the doctor, says it may redary for Admin, reported that ing five. They appear to be, in fact, be weeks before I can return funds for the remainder of the exact replicas of the original Mt. to work. Please take charge. If current fiscal year are critically Sinai tablets, except that in the up¬ you need me, I can be reached low. As an economy measure, per right-hand area of the first there by tilefan9 at my tent. I have decided that the refer¬ appears the inscription “Enclosure Zeke enced circtile should 'be redraft¬ —Tab. A,” and, in the same area of ed as an earthenwaregram.11 the second, “Enclosure—Tab. B.” P.S. I guess I should file a for¬ Submit the revised draft, for The next document is a cluster of mal grievance against Joshua, the Sacredary’s signature, by the smaller tiles which evidently but you know how little chance c.o.b. Sunday. were used for informal communica¬ we career FSOs10 have when The next document is a rather tions: we lock horns with a political bulky cluster of three earthenware Dear Zeke: appointee. tablets, held together with a bronze I’m sorry it’s been so long clip. The text of the overlying tablet since I’ve been in touch with Next in the sequence is a standard- is essentially the same at it was in you. Things have been fairly sized tile: the draft circtile, except that the hectic around here, as work has text of the ten commandments is been getting underway on Proj¬ 9 Believed to be a system of communi¬ omitted, and in its place there is a ect Talmud. There’s been the cation by semaphore, in which messages statement that reads: “see enclo- usual inter-agency wrangling, were relayed by the fanning of tiles. 10Known from other sources to stand II Evidently, a cheaper, slower means starting with an effort by the for “Freed Slave Officiators.” of communication. National Sanctity Council boys

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34 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1973 to take over the whole Project. to get enough support to knock compile a list of objects which Sacredary Aaron made a strong that one out, and in the end we may legally be coveted. personal appeal to Patriarch worked up a text in which the Remember that draft message Moses, and the Pat. issued an only permitted exception is kill¬ to the field? For reasons of Executive Ordainment which ing in self-defense (which, we economy, we were instructed to sets up an Inter-Agency Work¬ agreed, could be construed to re-do it as an earthenwaregram ing Group for the Talmud, and cover warfare situations). —and that proved to be no gives Statutes the chairmanship Another fracas developed on easy task. Our scribe, Esther, of it. (Looks like Aaron still the “remember the sabbath” is away on her annual mater¬ has some clout in the Moses rule; Commerce argued that a nity leave, so I had to ask Administration.) Aaron then strict interpretation could hurt Naomi, the new girl, to do it. delegated the chairmanship to the economy, since a lot of She kept botching it up—mis¬ DG/PER, despite some pres¬ shops do their biggest'business spelled words, wrong margins, sures from S/PC* and CU/ on the sabbath. We decided to illegible copies, and what not. OPP,* each of which argued set up a Special Task Force to On her sixth try she handed in that this sort of work is primar¬ do a statistical study and an what appeared to be a perfect ily in its domain. assessment of the probable eco¬ product, in quadruplicate, and I At the first session of the nomic impact, and meanwhile was about to put my seal on it Working Group there were we will defer drafting a FAM when I noticed (thank the Lord some big arguments about the text. God!) that on the enclosures substance of the rules & regs. The Commerce guy also she had inscribed “Tab. A” on The representative from De¬ wants us to go easy on the in¬ the second tablet and “Tab. B.” fense insisted on a very loose junction against coveting any¬ on the first. So she had to re- interpretation of “Thou shalt thing that is thy neighbor’s; re-do it, and by this time she not kill”; he wanted to put a “trying to keep up with the was complaining that her stylus sub-clause in the FAM text Jonahses,” he said, “is what was dull, and I had to requisi¬ which would say “except in the makes the wheels go round in tion a new one. It took her the national interest.” I managed this tribe.” We agreed he had best part of a day to fill in the a point, so we set up a Special requisition form, and then it * Meaning unknown. Drafting Sub-Committee to took a week for the new stylus

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1973 35 to arrive, by which time we as to fit on one tablet. I expect partment of Statutes is like a were two weeks overdue and to be getting instructions soon bowl of jelly!” Insiders say this getting reminder-slabs from S/S from S/S to this effect, and it’ll is what prompted the Patriarch every day. be a pain to have to start the to remark, after reading his But now comes the good part drafting all over again, but it’s prepared speech before the Na¬ of the story. We re-did the mes¬ worth it to know that Joshua tional Priests’ Club that eve¬ sage, got it perfect, and sent it also took some lumps on this. ning: “It seems I have led you on its way to S/S. They sent it Hope it makes you feel bet¬ through the Red Sea into a Sea on to the Sacredary, under cov¬ ter— of Red Tape. What we need er of an Action Memo recom¬ Faithfully, now is a Messiah who can make mending that he sign it. Sud¬ Dave the Red Tape part.” denly (I learned this from a The final document in the series is a friend in S/S), the Sacredary The next item is a small fragment, curious one. It is an odd-sized slab, came bursting into the S/S of¬ across the top of which is inscribed pearly pink in color. The pink slab fice, waving the earthenware- (in a cursive scrawl), “excerpt from reads: gram in his hand. He smashed this week’s TOME Magazine.” The These classified materials were it on the ground, turned to the fragment reads: found in an unlocked reposi¬ cowering S/S staff and said to During the festivities this week tory during a check of the them: “How many times must celebrating the first anniversary premises after close of busi¬ I tell you? I never want to see of Patriarch Moses’ return from ness. Classifications include a document that’s longer than atop Mt. Sinai, the Patriach Sacred. The responsible officia- two slabs.” Then he smote the turned to one of his aides at the tor should report to the Office entire staff with a rock12 and Wheat House and asked what of Sanctity upon receipt of this ordered them to have the text the reaction has been abroad to notice, and should be prepared of the enclosures re-drafted so the new rules and regulations. to supply a written explanation The aide replied that no word of the failure to secure these 12 This account may shed new light on has come in on that as yet be¬ materials. the biblical passage in which it is said cause no word has gone out on The pink slab is signed by an official that Moses smote a rock with his staff. Perhaps the meaning there is something that as yet. “Damn it all!” the with the unlikely name of “G. Mar¬ like what it is here. Patriarch exploded. “The De¬ vin Gentile.” ■

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36 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1973 We would all like to return to (EDITOR’S NOTE: MS. Olmsted was the the high promotions of the mid-60s recipient in 1972 of the AFSA-adminis- LETTERS TO | because this would mean that other tered Christian A. Herter Award, and was a leading force behind the effort to im¬ conditions of that period had also Static vs. Dynamic prove the status of women in the Foreign returned. We would be a larger and Affairs Agencies.) ■ We would be very interested in growing Foreign Service, private in¬ Reply: Ms. Olmsted is correct in point¬ dustry would be luring more officers learning how you arrived at the ing out that according to the Depart¬ promotion rates cited in the Foreign into voluntary separations and there ment’s “modeling” techniques, promo¬ Service JOURNAL editorial of June would be a larger junior officer in¬ tion rates in the future may not be as 1973 titled “State Promotions.” The take. These factors led to promo¬ bad as we indicated in our article. AFSA negotiating team quoted the tion numbers in the 800’s. In the Unfortunately, that still misses the same figures during formal consul¬ late ’60s Government salaries be¬ point. The editorial in the June issue tations, and we then asked for an came more competitive with private pointed out what would happen if explanation of the computations but industry and at the same time the such rates were sustained, in an effort have not received it. In an attempt job market tightened. Various reduc¬ to show how poor the last three pro¬ to approximate your figures we tions in strength squeezed require¬ motion lists have been. Of course, such rates could not be sustained, since ments at all levels but particularly came closest by assuming that all over time a large number of officers FSOs would be promoted to FSO-1 hit the junior positions where a would be terminated for time-in-class, by strict seniority and that no FSO large number of promotions were time in multi-class, or mandatory re¬ would leave the system except from made. Life in the Foreign Service tirement. As a result, the promotion Class 1. Obviously, neither of these was sufficiently attractive in com¬ rate would then improve for some as assumptions is correct. parison with the “outside” to re¬ other officers were forced out. It appears to us that AFSA has duce voluntary separations drasti¬ The fact is that if a given promo¬ taken a static one-list case and pro¬ cally. Total separations have further tion rate is sustained for a long enough jected it over the years in a dynamic dropped due to the moratorium on period, the average time-in-grade of system. This is, at best, a doubt¬ selection-out and increased security promotees will approach the inverse of the fraction promoted. Put more afforded mid-career officers. ful statistical technique. Further¬ simply, if every year ten percent of more, the time-in-class averages bear The classification study was initi¬ the officers in a given class are pro¬ no resemblance to the average ated by Task Force II in response moted, it will eventually take the aver¬ time-in-class of those promoted on to findings that too many senior age officer ten years to get promoted. the FY 73 list. If we take the FY positions existed in the Department. This technique which we used in our 73 averages and use the same tech¬ You are right in assuming that re¬ computations is legitimate, but its nique as the editorial, the 27-year classification would lower promotion utility is restricted to hypothetical old officer would reach FSO-1 at rates, but this is true only in the situations, and we should have been age 53. short run. The impact can be les- more careful in pointing that out in the editorial. All the same, there is evidence which indicates that our pro¬ AFSA Editorial Actual FY 73 Rates jections are not entirely divorced from Entry as 0-7 at age 27 27 reality. In most grades, for the past 0-6 at age 29 2 years 29 2 years three years the average age of pro¬ 0-5 at age 32 3 years 31 2 years motees and their average time-in-class have been increasing substantially. 0-4 at age 38 6 years 35 4 years That is not a healthy trend. To impose 0-3 at age 48 10 years 41 6 years a massive job-downgrading at this 0-2 at age 60 12 years 47 6 years time, when promotion rates have been 0-1 at age 71 11 years 53 6 years so low and when career prospects have been substantially reduced is highly ir¬ A trend analysis of promotion sened by averaging the change over responsible. That was the thrust of our rates over the years is a valid tech¬ a few years. This was done in the editorial, and we stick by it. nique for many questions but the FY 73 promotions and even with number of officers promoted in any the results of the reclassification Chinese Love Affair given year depends on requirements study averaged in we had a list ■ Ambassador Rankin suggested, at the next higher level and only larger than the previous opportuni¬ in a letter to the editor published in indirectly on how many have been ties. In fact, the recent list is con¬ June, that your March issue may promoted in the past. (See the siderably better than you have re¬ have encouraged a younger gener¬ February 1973 NEWSLETTER for a ported and, as indicated above, ation of Foreign Service officers to detailed report on the promotion would have the same hypothetical accept the Peking regime as made system.) Any change in require¬ officer reach FSO-1 at age 53. up of nice guys whom we should ments or number of employees will have embraced long ago, dumping change the promotion rate but the MARY S. OLMSTED the Nationalists at the same time. In classification program will play a Deputy Director of Personnel rebuttal, Ambassador Rankin then very minor role compared to other for Policy, Classification submitted a number of facts relevant events which have been much more and Evaluation to the 1948-1949 period of Sino- important to career patterns in the American relations. In conclusion, Foreign Service. Washington he remarked that not a few informed

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1973 37 Americans believe that China would ilar to that of Vietnam—but as I hereby certify that Mr. not be Communist today had our much greater in scale as China is George Taylor acted as trans¬ support for the Nationalists been larger than Indochina. In short, all- lating clerk for the French lan¬ more consistent and purposeful, and out support for the Nationalists guage to the Secretary of State’s less hampered by excessive Ameri¬ would have been a catastrophe. office, during the latter part of can criticism of their government. EDWARD E. RICE the time that I was in that de¬ Sino-American, relations in the FSO-Ret. partment, that his translations past have suffered from the circum¬ Tiburon were faithful and well done, and stances that China is a land both Looking Ahead bespoke a full degree of knowl¬ distant and exotic, that we tend to edge of that language: that he The high quality of some of the approach it in a credulous frame of ■ was very diligent and assiduous material published in the JOURNAL mind, and that the Chinese are an in this as in all his other duties. exceptionally persuasive people. In and the valuable light which some Given under my hand this the 1940s we went through one cy¬ of it sheds upon our professional 22nd day of February, 1798. cle, in which undue enthusiasm for views, problems and styles of con¬ Thomas Jefferson the Chinese government and the Na¬ ducting foreign affairs persuaded Efficiency reports, written in long- tionalist cause was followed by dis¬ me some time ago that it would be hand of course, were rather brief and illusionment, and it looks to some useful to cull the best of it and pub¬ concise 175 years ago! old China hands as though we are lish it in a single volume. Such a on the verge of going through a sim¬ compilation would be of interest JOAN E. CORBETT ilar cycle again. As one of them and utility not only to practitioners Washington wrote to me, after making a trip in our extensive foreign affairs com¬ back to China: “The present Sino- munity but to the academic com¬ American happiness has all the ex¬ munity and the general public. In¬ citement of a love affair. I suppose cidentally, as a testimonial to the New Hope we old-timers could prophesy its thinking which has been done ■ Recent announcement of the re¬ profile in the 1970s, with high points through the years in the profes¬ opening of the Consulate General still to come, reaching a level of un¬ sional sector, it might well bolster in Bratislava recalled our personal realism and suffering some punc¬ the sagging prestige of that sector. experiences, when my late husband, tures.” I would think that not only arti¬ Paul Roman, was closing up the of¬ Chairman Mao has been quoted cles should be culled but letters and fice, 23 years ago, June, 1950. as saying: “As for the imperialist other communications, including From those unhappy times a countries, we should . . . strive to some of the lighter contributions, promise of extended cordiality now coexist peacefully with those coun¬ for these sometimes throw as much appears between our peoples. tries, do business with them and pre¬ fight on our problems and concep¬ vent any possible war, but under no tions as full-length essays. ELEANOR ROMAN circumstances should we harbor any Such a volume would seem to be Silver Spring unrealistic notions about them.” We a proper project for AFSA’s “open¬ should be well-advised to apply sim¬ ness” program. It would provide a ilar advice to our relations with the more substantial and continuing People’s Republic of China. And in Attention All Foreign Service bridge between our and other com¬ the context of not harboring unreal¬ Wives in Washington! munities than more evanescent proj¬ istic notions, I think that Ambassa¬ ects pursued from time to time in ■ September 24 through 28 MED dor Rankin’s warning is well-taken. that program. is sponsoring, at no cost, a five-day I would not quarrel with any Since diplomacy helped to win conference on Drug Abuse Preven¬ of the facts which he has presented, our independence, perhaps this tion and Education at the National but he has necessarily omitted would also be an appropriate AFSA Drug Abuse Training Center, 1638 much background information which contribution to the bi-centennial Kalmia Road, Washington, near would be needed to put them in per¬ celebration. Walter Reed. The program stresses spective. Most important, I think the SMITH SIMPSON understanding of interpersonal rela¬ overwhelming majority of Ameri¬ Annandale tions, problem-solving techniques cans who passed the years of World and group dynamics while commu¬ War II in China would disagree with Efficiency Reports nicating factual information about his conclusion that American sup¬ drugs. Live-in quarters are available port, however consistent and pur¬ ■ Just before leaving my last assign¬ but students may commute. All costs poseful, and however unhampered ment in the Historian’s Office of the by American criticism of the Chi¬ Bureau of Public Affairs for train¬ at the school, including food, are in¬ nese government, would have pre¬ ing for my tour in the ECON sec¬ cluded. Preference will be given to vented the Communist conquest of tion in Vienna, I ran across the fol¬ wives going overseas soon. mainland China. Indeed, our recent lowing performance evaluation by Interested? Please call Sally experience in Southeast Asia sug¬ Thomas Jefferson, Minister to France Moore, Office of Medical Services, gests that even a massive interven¬ and later Secretary of State. The 632-2868, without delay. Or Harris tion by American troops would not translator, George Taylor, served Ball, 932-7350. have achieved that result. Rather, it under Mr. Jefferson during this pe¬ HARRIS H. BALL might have given us a problem sim- riod. Washington

38 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL,, September 1973 published by the AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION 2101 E Street. N.W., Washington. D.C. 20037

NEW BENEFITS and Death of Employees—Vol. 6 and his spouse—a task for which FAM 125-9 and 126.5 (M.O. 560.2) most administrative officers are After negotiating with officials will be revised to permit the des¬ unprepared. from management of State, AID ignation of a residence anywhere 5. Unaccompanied Baggage Al¬ and USIA since February 1973, in the United States upon retire¬ lowance—Vol. 6 FAM 147.2 (M.O. AFSA has finally won from the ment, separation or death of an 560.2). Henceforth, unaccompa¬ three Foreign Affairs Agencies employee. Employees may now nied baggage allowance will be several important new employee designate a new residence the balanced better with the real benefits. The negotiations, which day of or the day before retire¬ needs of travelers. Single em¬ were conducted by an AFSA Com¬ ment. If you plan to retire at a ployees and married couples with¬ mittee headed by Herman J. Co¬ place other than your designated out children will have consider¬ hen (AFSA/State), and assisted legal residence, this provision ably increased air freight under by Duane King (AFSA/USIA), and could save you considerable the agreement, and should no Roy A. Harrell, Jr. (AFSA-AID), money and worry. longer find it so difficult to fit all were held pursuant to E.O. 11636. 3. Unaccompanied Baggage Al¬ of their “personal belongings Over 30 proposals for improve¬ location for Newborn Children— needed immediately upon arrival” ment were submitted to AFSA. Vol. 6 FAM 121-l-5b (M.O. 560.2) into the new baggage limitations. The negotiators agreed to list ten will be revised to authorize a Chief Henceforth, the weight limitations items which were jointly regarded of Mission or his designee to will be based on a sliding scale. as some of the most important amend an employee’s travel or¬ The enactment of this regula¬ for Foreign Service personnel in ders, without regard to any time tion eliminates a major inequity the three Agencies. Several of limitation, to authorize shipment against single employees, but is these have far-reaching implica¬ of unaccompanied baggage from only part of what AFSA hopes tions for single employees, mar¬ the US to the post whenever eventually to achieve to give sin¬ ried couples without children, and American or other suitable lay¬ gle employees fair treatment. employees who have just started ettes are unavailable locally. The 6. Foreign Transfer Allowance: a family. What these benefits layettes, or anything else that Assistance in Defraying Hotel mean for you in dollars and cents newborn babies need, can be pur¬ Costs Prior to Departure from the is detailed below. chased in the United States. The U.S. on Assignment Abroad. Here¬ 1. Claims for Private Personal enactment of this proposal could tofore, Foreign Service employees Property Losses — Vol. 3 FAM mean a saving of hundreds of dol¬ and their families have been hard 691.12 (f) (M.O. 352.1) will be re¬ lars for employees at certain pressed to have effects packed vised to eliminate the $50 deduct¬ posts, especially hardship posts, and get on a plane the same day. ible assessed on all filed claims. who have recently joined the There has usually been some time Employees who have suffered ranks of new parents. between the departure of effects loss, destruction or damage to 4. Separate Maintenance Allow¬ and the departure of the family. effects will now be able to escape ance: Clarification of the term In many cases, Foreign Service the additional indignity of having “Breach in Domestic Relations.” employees have been required to another $50 added to their loss. Section 262.31c of the Standard¬ bear significant out-of-pocket ex¬ The new minimum for claims is ized Regulations will be revised penses for housing the family now $50. The maximum is $10,000. to replace the phrase “breach in with friends, or at the worst in a Management still hasn’t given domestic relations” with the fol¬ hotel. Civil Service employees are AFSA the maximum it has sought lowing language: “a voluntary le¬ authorized to divide their allow¬ under the Claims Act on six sub¬ gal separation between employee ance between pre-departure and categories of personal property and spouse; or a separation oc¬ post-arrival requirements. Now, losses. AFSA will continue to curring through a divorce decree, the Agencies have agreed in prin¬ press this part of the proposal for whether limited, interlocutory or ciple that Foreign Service em¬ reasons recommended by the task final." No longer will an adminis¬ ployees and their families can do force in “Diplomacy for the 70’s.” trative officer be called on to the same, thus saving hundreds 2. Shipment of Household Ef¬ judge the true state of domestic of dollars. However, as the De¬ fects on Retirement, Separation relations between an employee partment’s letter indicates, there

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1973 39 are still some loose ends to re¬ of Congress. considerably better terms than we solve (i.e., money) before this ma¬ 10. Rest and Recuperation Trav¬ won from State. Dues checkoff jor new benefit can be implement¬ el. Under this benefit, Vol. 3 FAM will make it easier for our mem¬ ed. AFSA will continue to press 698.8-4 (M.O. 459.1) will be revised bers to pay their dues by permit¬ for the earliest possible imple¬ to change the employees’ contri¬ ting a small amount to be deduct¬ mentation of this important new bution to $25 or $50 instead of ed each pay period, rather than employee benefit. the present $50 or $100 effective having to pay a lump sum. We 7. Education Allowance — Kin¬ August 1, 1973. Effective July 1, hope this new convenience will dergarten. AFSA was successful in 1974, the employee contribution also encourage more Foreign convincing Congress to eliminate will be eliminated completely. By Service personnel to join AFSA. a major item of discrimination mid-1974 employees will no longer In State, we have had the first against Foreign Service personnel, have to pay any contribution to formal hearing by a Disputes and authorize a kindergarten al¬ get away from the unhealthy and Panel over whether AFSA should lowance. Provision for this is con¬ unpleasant spots which have be granted limited access to the tained in the State Authorization been designated as R&R posts. Department’s cable facilities. If Bill. Some Foreign Service par¬ This could save you $50-$100 on AFSA’s arguments prove persua¬ ents were paying $2,000-$3,000 to every R&R trip you take. sive, it should be much easier for send their children to kindergar¬ AFSA has still over 25 employee us to communicate with our mem¬ ten. Once the authorization bill is benefit proposals on the negotiat¬ bers overseas in the future when¬ passed by the Congress, and ing table. These include restora¬ ever time is an important factor. signed by the President, employ¬ tion of ship travel, post allowance We believe the capacity to com¬ ees will be eligible to receive edu¬ increases, special shipping allow¬ municate rapidly is essential if we cation allowances for children ances for professional materials, are going to represent your inter¬ aged four years and higher who elimination of geographical re¬ ests fully. Negotiations have also will be attending kindergarten strictions on emergency visitation just begun in State on the pre¬ during the 1973-74 academic year. travel, per diem benefits at FSI, cepts for the officer-level selec¬ This benefit is significant for new revision of rules concerning re¬ tion boards. We hope to obtain parents, thus enabling children to payment of R&R costs, revision several wide-ranging improve¬ begin schooling during one of the of shipping and storage allow¬ ments in the precepts, particular¬ most formative periods in their ances, and others. AFSA, as your ly in the areas of selection out, lives. Implementation will still de¬ exclusive employee representa¬ the role of interfunctional promo¬ pend on budgetary support, but if tive, will continue to press for tions, the threshold process, the all goes well, this benefit could be these and other benefits. senior boards, and procedural worth thousands of dollars to you. safeguards. In preparing for these 8. Revision of Residence and THIS MONTH IN WASHINGTON negotiations, we have received a Dependency Report—Form JF-20 by Rick Williamson number of helpful comments from —“Residence and Dependency (NOTE: This will be the first of a series the field. We would appreciate Report" will be revised to elimi¬ of monthly overviews on the activities any additional comments which nate reference to “legal resi¬ of the Association by the AFSA Coun¬ members might have, particularly dence” and “previous nationality selor.) on the threshold process and the of spouse.” The tax savings re¬ July and August in Washington senior boards. This is the first sulting from this benefit could be have been as hot and muggy as year in which Foreign Service em¬ significant. ever, and this year the air pollu¬ ployees will have a direct role in 8. Assistance to Handicapped tion has been worse than usual. determining how they are select¬ Children. The Department of State Moreover, Watergate has cast a ed for promotion, and what we Medical Division will undertake a shadow over the entire town. In achieve in State will have impor¬ study to determine what may be spite of the depressing atmos¬ tant consequences for USIA and done to assist employees who phere, the past month has seen AID as well. have handicapped children. The several substantial gains for AFSA In AID, a major emphasis now study will be completed no later in our negotiations with the man¬ is on eliminating the absurd situ¬ than March 1, 1974. As a result of agement of the three Foreign Af¬ ation in which a high percentage negotiations, AFSA has convinced fairs Agencies. By far the most of AID’S employees continue in a the Department that the presence important of these has been the state of limbo as FSRLs, some¬ of a handicapped dependent in a agreement just reached on ten times for 10 years or more. We be¬ Foreign Service family is not only new employee benefits. Several of lieve this is not only unfair to the a personal tragedy, but is finan¬ these could save you hundreds or individuals, but is poor person¬ cially burdensome. The study even thousands of dollars over nel policy as well. AFSA supports group will put together a draft the course of the next few years. the view of AID management’s program that responds to the Details on these benefits are ex¬ own personnel task force that em¬ needs of the employees con¬ plained in the preceding article. ployees should be either given cerned. When such a program re¬ Another major breakthrough for permanent status or terminated quires new legislation or addition¬ the Association came in AID and after an appropriate trial period of al funds, AFSA will see that it is USIA, where AFSA reached agree¬ perhaps 30 months. Another ma¬ discussed with appropriate agen¬ ment with management for a dues jor concern in AID has been to in¬ cies of government and members checkoff arrangement, and on crease the number of AID per-

40 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1973 sonnel who are AFSA members. sional activities has been the E. Bruce; Stephanie Horner, Sel- Although AFSA won exclusive rep¬ Face-to-Face program which AFSA den Chapin Memorial; Stephen resentative status by the highest jointly sponsors with the Carnegie Van Dyke Horner, Selden Chapin percentage in AID of any of the Endowment for International Memorial; Terry David Horner, agencies, AID has the lowest per¬ Peace. We still need additional AAFSW; Michel A. Ivy, AAFSW; centage of AFSA members. If you nominees to replace Dave Bilt- Ann Pamela Jurecky, James L. are in AID, and are a member of chik this December as the head of Carson Memorial; Jane E. Jurecky, the Association, one of the most this exciting professional program. Gertrude Stewart Memorial; Kath¬ important things you can do to This position is open to all mem¬ ryn Dee Kincaid, Margaret F. Ber¬ help us, so that we can do more bers but might be particularly at¬ ger Memorial; Francis P. LaRoc- for you, is to encourage others to tractive to a USIA officer. For ca, Jr., William Dale Fisher; Mar¬ join. more information, see the inter¬ tha F. Lyman, AAFSW; Kristine At USIA, our principal concern view with Dave in the July issue. Maish, AAFSW; Mary F. Mattran, has been the budgetary cuts One last thought: AFSA, as a AAFSW; Marie McAuliffe, George which Congress has threatened to professional organization, as a un¬ H. DeMange; Kevin M. McNeill, impose. Fortunately, as we noted ion, and as a member’s service Wilbur J. Carr Memorial; Robert in this month’s editorial, the situ¬ organization, exists to defend your B. Nolan, Edward T. Wailes Me¬ ation now looks a little better. But interests and improve the Foreign morial; Stephen J. Nolan, Julius we have already gone on record Service and the lives and careers C. Holmes Memorial; Paul M. that if cuts have to be taken, the of the people in it. To do so, how¬ Price, Douglas Coster Memorial; concentration should be on non- ever, we need two things: a large Allene Shimomura, Charles E. Foreign Service personnel. For¬ membership, which gives us the Merrill Trust; Judith R. Sillari, eign Service personnel in USIA wherewithal to function, and your AAFSW; Martin Sobol, Paris Fund; took disproportionate cuts during active involvement. We hope all of Sydney B. Sowell, Gertrude Stew¬ BALPA and OPRED, and exempt¬ you will not only help out in the art Memorial; Judith Springer, ing them this time from major membership drive, but will get ac¬ Raymond Alvarez; Sarah Springer, cuts would help to restore a tive in the Chapter at your post, or Clare Timberlake Memorial; Ed¬ healthier balance in the Agency’s in AFSA activities here in Wash¬ ward A. Tsoy, Jefferson Patterson; staffing. ington. In any case, please drop Ursula Anna Wagner, AAFSW; Mar¬ On the professional side, con¬ us a line and let us know what is tha Jean Wagner, AAFSW; Rebec- siderable thought is being given bothering you, or what we can do W. Wellde, Jr., AAFSW; Kristen by AFSA/USIA to the broader on your behalf. Marie Wellde, AAFSW. challenges to the Agency. Any thoughts which USIA members SCHOLARSHIPS AWARDED EXECUTIVE PAY have on this subject should be for¬ The Board of Directors of the warded to Al Perlman or Lois American Foreign. Service Asso¬ We are sorry to report that the Roth, the USIA members of the ciation appreciates the continued House has defeated by a vote of AFSA Board, care of AFSA Head¬ support given to the scholarship 237 to 156 a bipartisan Senate bill quarters. We would hope to in¬ program by our members and introduced by Senator McGee and clude these comments in our tes- friends. co-sponsored by Senator Fong. timohy to the Commission on the The following are the names of The bill, which had Administration Organization of the Government recipients of AFSA Scholarships backing and had passed the Sen¬ for the Conduct of Foreign Policy. for 1973-1974 and their respective ate by a wide margin, would have Speaking of professional issues, awards. authorized pay studies every two in spite of AFSA’s new role as an 1973-1974 years for executive-level pay rather exclusive representative of For¬ Edick Algot Anderson, Charles than every four years as at pres¬ eign Service employees, profes¬ E. Merrill Trust; Heather Lynn An¬ ent. This issue is particularly im¬ sionalism remains a major con¬ derson, Charles E. Merrill Trust; portant to senior Foreign Service cern of the Association. In addi¬ Mark Kennan Anderson, Charles personnel in the three Agencies tion to our upcoming testimony E. Merrill Trust; Robert L. Austin, because of the requirement that before the Commission, and the Gertrude Stewart Memorial; Paul the pay for career officials cannot Godley nomination which, as we Bastek, David K. E. Bruce; Jes¬ exceed executive level V, cur¬ mentioned in the last edition of sica Blalock, Isabel Preston Hill; rently set at $36,000. As a conse¬ the Journal, constituted a serious Martha Jo Braycich, Ernest L. quence, FSO/FSR/FSIO-ls and problem for the career principle, Ives; Charlotte Hill Brown, Arthur some 2s are currently being de¬ there have been a number of de¬ B. Emmons; Daniel L. B. Brown, nied pay increases due them un¬ velopments. Most important of American Women’s Group of der federal pay comparability these has been a letter from Sen¬ Bonn/Bad Godesberg; Lisa Yildiz studies. If the bill had passed the ator Fulbright requesting AFSA’s Brown, American Women’s Asso¬ House, it could have meant in¬ comments on proposed guidelines ciation of Kabul; Martha Rowland creases of as much as $5,000 for for Senatorial approval of Ambas¬ Brown, Embassy Women’s Group some senior Foreign Service em¬ sadorial nominees. We will be re¬ Mexico City; Michael J. Dembski, ployees. Senior officials will now sponding to Senator Fulbright in Gertrude Stewart Memorial; Rob¬ probably have to wait until 1974 to the near future. ert E. Dembski, Herbert Peck obtain increases which are long One of AFSA’s major profes¬ Fales; Karl Bruno Gatti, David K. overdue.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1973 41 Incidentally, Senator McGee B. Vance, on June 23, in San Fran¬ Howard B. Schaffer on August 4, quoted the editorial in the May cisco. Mr. and Mrs. Robert Vance in Washington. edition of the FSJ as evidence reside at 11B Taylor St., San supporting the bill. Raphael, Calif. DEATHS Acly. Robert A. Acly, FSO-retired, Deming-Larraga. Rosamond Ben¬ AAFSW NEWS died on July 28 in Pittsfield, Mass. nett Deming, daughter of Ambas¬ Mr. Acly entered the Foreign Serv¬ The AAFSW would like to ex¬ sador and Mrs. Olcott H. Deming, ice in 1929 and served at Mon¬ press its appreciation to all of you was married to Luis Larraga Rod¬ who have so generously assisted riquez de Vera on June 2 in Wash¬ treal, Tegucigalpa, Ceiba, Stras¬ the coming October Book Fair. ington. Mr. and Mrs. Larraga will bourg, Johannesburg, Durban, At present the AAFSW would reside in Madrid. Ambassador Lourenco Marques, Capetown, like to request your support in Deming is now Director of the Leopoldville, Rangoon and Pana¬ collecting postage stamps for the Foreign Student Service Council ma before his retirement in 1962. Stamp Corner. Your donations can in Washington. He is survived by his wife, Mrs. be mailed directly to the Co-Chair¬ Beatrice Acly, P.O. Box 383, Stock- man, Mrs. Jack Matlock, 2913 P Schraud-Matheson. Patricia Enid bridge, Mass., two daughters a St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20007. Schraud, daughter of FSO-retired son and one grandaughter. and Mrs. Myron H. Schraud, was This year the Book Fair Art Sec¬ Brinton. Mary Elizabeth McDade tion would like to be able to married on June 9 to Michael John Matheson, in Chula Vista. Brinton of the Office of Inter- feature works by our Foreign Serv¬ American Programs died on July ice family. If you have anything The bride is employed by AID and the groom is on the staff of the 30 in Washington. Mrs. Brinton that you are willing to contribute was educational and cultural ex¬ to the AAFSW Book Fair please Legal Department of the Depart¬ ment of State. Mr. and Mrs. change officer for the Caribbean call Mrs. Harold Snell, 546-0679. region at the time of her death. Welcome contributions to the Matheson will reside in Arlington, Va. She had joined the Bureau of Art Section are needlepoint works, Public Affairs at State in 1958 after paintings, sketches, pottery, glass Sligh-Boyce. Kathryn Sligh, daugh¬ service with the War Department and ceramics. ter of Mr. and Mrs. Frederick H. and the US Navy. She is survived William J. Porter, Under Secre¬ Sligh, AID, was married to Ralph by her mother, Nora Gertrude Mc¬ tary for Political Affairs, will be Boyce, son of Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Dade and a brother, Charles Rich¬ the featured speaker at the L. Boyce, USIA, on July 21, at ard McDade, both of Chester, N.J. AAFSW’s first meeting on October Rokesville, Va. Kathy and Skip Caffery. Gertrude McCarthy Caf- 9. The coffee will be held on the met in high school in Lahore and eighth floor of the State Depart¬ are now in their final year at fery, wife of Jefferson Caffery, Amb. ret., died on July 13, in La¬ ment, 10-12 noon. New members George Washington University. are invited and Mabel Kibble, fayette, Louisiana. Mrs. Caffery Membership Chairman, will be on Train-Swanson. FSO Marilyn Ann received the Academic Palms hand to sign them up. For mem¬ Train was married to Maj. Harold from the French Government in bership information call Mrs. Kib¬ M. Swanson on June 9 in Stock- 1937, the grand cordon of the ble at 488-9069, or write AAFSW, ton, California. Maj. and Mrs. Order of Al Kamal from the P.O. Box 8068, D.C. 20024. This Swanson will reside at Four Foun¬ Egyptian Government in 1954 and meeting also affords an opportu¬ tains, B2, 30 Thunderbird Pkwy., the medal Pro Ecclesia et Ponti- nity to register for the various Tacoma, Washington 98498. fice from Pope Pius XII in 1957. activity committees, Language She is survived by her husband Study, Community Relations, BIRTHS of 223 Garfield St., Lafayette, La., Speaker’s Service, etc. Harris. A son, Allen Scott, born on a sister-in-law and two nephews. Members and eligible members August 2, to FSO and Mrs. F. Allen Davies. Sarah Burgess Davies, only may reserve for this meeting. Harris. Tex and Jeanie report that wife of Deputy Assistant Secretary For information call 632-3573 or all three are doing well. of State for Near Eastern and visit the AAFSW Desk, Room 1248, Schaffer. A son, Michael Currie, South Asian Affairs Rodger Davies, Department of State. The Colum¬ died on July 28, in Washington. bia Plaza Garage at 2400 Virginia born to FSOs Teresita C. and She is survived by her husband, Avenue will make a special effort 5315 Duvall Dr., Westmoreland to provide parking space for Hills, Md., a daughter, Anna Dana AAFSW members for this meeting. of Mills College, Calif., and a son, John Davies, of the home address. Nelson. Carl (Jerry) Nelson, 26, MnnSepificeiigH son of Carl J. Nelson, FSO-ret., and Mrs. Nelson, died on August MARRIAGES 4 from injuries received in an Bush-Vance. Robin Bush was mar¬ automobile accident. He is sur¬ ried to Robert Clarke Vance, son vived by his parents of 241 Pano¬ of Ambassador and Mrs. Sheldon rama Dr., Oxon Hill, Md.

42 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September, 1973 ASIAN AFFAIRS, An American Review, a new policy- oriented periodical of Asian affairs, began publication in September, 1973. It is published by Crane, Russak & Company for the American-Asian Council, Inc. The new periodical, which is published bi-monthly, will concern itself primarily with United States policy Asian in Asia and will include, as well, articles on the domestic politics and economics of the Asian countries, and on their international relations. ASIAN AFFAIRS addresses itself primarily to the well- informed citizen. The articles will avoid scholarly Affairs jargon in favor of simple, declarative, well-written journalistic prose. ASIAN AFFAIRS will also direct itself An American Review to social studies and political science teachers at high school and college levels, to executives in international business, current affairs groups, people in government and politics, journalists, and political analysts. William Henderson in is editor. He was formerly associate executive director of The Council on Foreign Relations, publisher of Foreign Affairs. Dr. Henderson is currently president of his own consulting firm, William Henderson Consultants, Inc. Chairman of the Editorial Advisory Board is Frank N. Trager, professor of international affairs and director of the National Security Program at New York University, and director of studies of the National Strategy Information Center. He writes on Asian topics and is a consultant to the Department of Defense. The geographic scope of ASIAN AFFAIRS extends from Japan to Afghanistan, inclusive of Southeast Asia and the mainland countries. Special attention will be given to such exposed salients of the Free World as South Korea, the Republic of China on Taiwan, South Vietnam, and the Indian Ocean area. The initial issue is dated September-October. Among the contributors in this issue is a journalist, a retired Australian army officer, a senior political advisor to a Southeast Asian government, and a professor of economics who was a deputy assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs. The lead-off article in the first issue of ASIAN AFFAIRS is “Doctor Kissinger’s Asia: Balance or Ver¬ tigo?” by Sol W. Sanders of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, a long-time Asian correspondent for U.S. News and World Report. Other articles in this issue include: “The Emerging Political and Military Balance” by Brigadier F. P. Serong; “Land Reform: A Progress Report.” Crane, Russak by James L. Tyson, an economist with International Business Machines Corporation; “Politics and & Company, Inc. Economics—the Survival and Development of Taiwan” by Yuan-li Wu of the University of San Francisco; and 52 Vanderbilt Avenue “Indonesia and North Vietnam” by Arnold C. New York 10017 Brackman, Asian affairs specialist and former foreign correspondent. ASIAN AFFAIRS is published in a 7 x 10 format. The subscription price is $ 12 per year in Continental North America, postpaid; $14 elsewhere. Single copies: $2.00 It makes good sense.

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