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Freedom of Religion Or Belief World Report 2013

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Freedom of Religion Or Belief World Report 2013 Freedom of Religion or Belief World Report 2013 Edited by Willy Fautré Mark Barwick, Alfiaz Vaiya, Serena Romeo & Vicki Mckenna Human Rights Without Frontiers Int’l Copyright Human Rights Without Frontiers International. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from Human Rights Without Frontiers International. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of this publication should be mailed to the address below. Human Rights Without Frontiers International Avenue d’Auderghem 61/16, 1040 Brussels, Belgium Tel./ Fax: +32-2-3456145 Website: http://www.hrwf.org Email: [email protected] Table of Contents Introduction Countries of Particular Concern China Egypt India Indonesia Iran Iraq Kazakhstan Malaysia Nigeria Pakistan Russia Syria Uzbekistan Conclusions INTRODUCTION In 2013, the situation of freedom of religion or belief (FoRB) in a number of countries has made headlines in the international media while other FoRB violations in other countries, sometimes just as serious, have gone unnoticed. This report of Human Rights Without Frontiers1 is based on a compilation of incidents in 80 countries from public and private sources. The report focuses on 13 countries of particular concern where the freedom to change one’s religion or belief, the freedom to share one’s religion or belief or the freedom of association, worship and assembly have been severely restricted by repressive state regulations, governmental policies, social hostility2, inter-ethnic or inter- communal tensions and various forms of armed conflicts. In 2013, China, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Iran, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Russia, Syria and Uzbekistan distinguished themselves by a high number of incidents which indicate the violation of FoRB. Concrete examples documented in this report support this selection and illustrate different facets of the violations that have been identified. The examples are also contextualized and analysed accordingly. The report covers cases pertaining to a wide range of religious or belief communities and their members: Catholic, Orthodox and Protestant churches and Jehovah’s Witnesses Sunni and Shi’a communities, Ahmadis, Sufis and Said Nursi readers Jews, Buddhists, Baha’is, Hindus, Sikhs, Zoroastrians, Falun Gong practitioners and atheists However, this FoRB overview seen from the sole angle of ‘incidents occurred in 2013’ would not give a reliable assessment of the issue unless it also examines the systemic problems generated by state laws that provide for prison terms or even the death penalty. Such laws have such a deterrent effect that nobody dares infringe upon them. This means that incidents go unreported and the countries concerned are able to escape criticism. A number of states have also implemented various forms of ‘soft’ religious cleansing over the last decades such that diversity 1 Human Rights Without Frontiers is a non-religious organization promoting human rights, the rule of law and democracy. 2 This report does not deal with social hostility or ethno-religious conflicts as such but addresses their impact on the individual and collective exercise of freedom of religion or belief. has been masked and the rights of minorities have become a non-issue. This process is still ongoing in some parts of the world. Mapping FoRB in all its complexities can only be a kaleidoscope taken from different perspectives: laws and policies restricting the main components of FoRB, incidents, discrimination, social hostility of variable intensity or the protection of minorities. Reports from these various angles are useful to identify a sudden rise in the number of violations, their frequency and significance, possible solutions and appropriate policy recommendations.. Such reports can also complement each other, but none of them can claim to present a unique and true picture of the reality. An artificially unified picture with a ranking or a coloured map may be interesting and appealing to the media and the general public, but it is not a useful tool for addressing the challenges affecting FoRB in our times. The challenges here outlined by Human Rights Without Frontiers in 2013 are symptomatic of deeper problems that are suffered in many other countries as the table hereafter shows. From this perspective, it can be said that North Korea remains the most repressive state in the world in regard to religion. The practice of religion has been all but eradicated and replaced by a civil religion, the worship of the Kim dynasty. It is followed by a group of 14 Muslim countries where restrictive laws criminalize conversion from Islam to another religion as well as missionary activities, providing for the death penalty: Afghanistan, Algeria, Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Maldives, Mauritania, Morocco, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen. Last but not least, China remains the country with the highest number of faith prisoners, followed by Iran and Eritrea. Freedom of Religion or Belief World Watch List 2013 Laws severely restricting freedom of religion or belief Punishable by Countries Freedom Freedom Freedom Freedom to Prison Death to association worship share term change/keep assembly beliefs religion/belief Proselytism Afghanistan XXX X X X XXX Algeria XXX XX XX XXX Azerbaijan X XX XX Bahrain XXX XXX Brunei XX XX China X X XX XX Comoros X X Egypt X Eritrea XX XX XX India X Indonesia XX XX XX Iran XXX X XX XXX XX XXX Iraq XXX X X XXX Jordan X X Kazakhstan XX XX XX Kuwait XXX X XXX Laos X X XX XX Libya X X Malaysia XX X X XX Maldives XXX X X XX XX XXX Mauritania XXX X X X XXX Morocco XXX XX XX XXX North X XX XX XXX XX XXX Korea Oman X X Pakistan XXX X XXX Qatar XXX XX XX XXX Russia X XX XX Saudi XXX X X XX XX XXX Arabia Somalia XXX X X XXX XXX Sudan XXX XXX XX XXX Syria X X Tajikistan X X Tunisia X Turkmenis X XX XX Tan UA XXX XX XX XXX Emirates Uzbekistan X X XX XX Vietnam XX XX Yemen XXX X XXX Footnote: The number of crosses in the last two columns indicates the range of penalties that could be inflicted for the violation of some aspect of FoRB. Two or three crosses indicate the institution of undemocratic laws that are inconsistent with UN standards. Where only one cross is present, it means that sentences other than prison of death may be imposed, such as administrative fines, deportation, discrimination, civil death or some other penalty. Countries of Particular Concern CHINA According to Bureau of Statistics information as of 1st November 2010, the population of mainland China is 1,339,725,000. Accurate estimates of the numbers of religious believers vary widely depending on the source. According to the State Administration for Religious Affairs (SARA), there are more than 21 million Muslims in the country; unofficial estimates range as high as 50 million. Hui Muslims are concentrated primarily in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and Qinghai, Gansu, and Yunnan provinces. Uighur Muslims live primarily in Xinjiang. According to Xinjiang Statistics Bureau data from 2010, there are approximately 10 million Uighurs in Xinjiang. The 2011 Blue Book of Religions, produced by the Institute of World Religions at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences which functions directly under the State Council, reports the number of Protestant Christians to be between 23 and 40 million. A June 2010 SARA report estimates there are 16 million Protestants affiliated with the Three-Self Patriotic Movement (TSPM). According to 2010 Pew Research Centre estimates, there are 67 million Protestant Christians, of whom 23 million are affiliated with the TSPM. According to SARA, more than six million Catholics worship in sites registered by the Catholic Patriotic Association (CPA). The Pew Centre estimates that there are nine million Catholics on the mainland, 5.7 million of whom are affiliated with the CPA. In addition to the five nationally recognized religions, local governments have legalized certain religious communities and practices, such as Orthodox Christianity in Xinjiang, Heilongjiang, Zhejiang and Guangdong Provinces. Prior to the government’s 1999 ban on Falun Gong, a self-described spiritual discipline, it was estimated that there were 70 million adherents. The government of China recognizes five so-called ‘normal’ religions: Protestantism, Catholicism, Buddhism, Taoism and Islam. The registration of particular religious groups is a prerogative of the state. For each of the five officially recognized religions there is a government-affiliated association that monitors and supervises its activities: the Chinese Buddhist Association, the Catholic Patriotic Association, the Protestant Three-Self Patriotic Movement, the Chinese Islamic Association and the Chinese Taoist Association. All religious groups must register with the appropriate religious organisation to be allowed to carry out their activities legally. State recognition is all the more important since only state-sanctioned groups are afforded ‘protection’ under China's religious freedom rules. The other side of this so-called protection is that they must accept strict government supervision and can only preach inside designated temples, churches and mosques. Religious groups that are not affiliated to one of the five government-recognised religious associations are illegal and cannot carry out any activity, even in private homes. In November 2013, China was given a controversial three-year seat on the UN Human Rights Council, although the country has not ratified the ICCPR (International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights) and has a persistent and troublesome record of human rights violations. Some Incidents Raids on Unregistered Churches On 1st January, police raided the home Zhang Keding in Mengzhou City, Henan Province, where a meeting of Christians was taking place. An electronic organ, an accordion, a printer, a TV set, audio equipment, cell phones, beds and bedding, passports and other legal documents and clothing were confiscated.
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