Presented By: P. JOSEPH MBOYA OBURU, SJ
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FACULTAD DE TEOLOGÍA INSTITUTO DE ESPIRITUALIDAD “MOVED BY THE LORD ON THE CROSS” A JESUIT SPIRITUALITY OF THE CROSS IN THE POST CONCILIAR PERIOD (GENERAL CONGREGATIONS 31 – 36) Presented by: P. JOSEPH MBOYA OBURU, S.J Directed by: PROF. DR. D. JOSÉ GARCÍA DE CASTRO, S.J MADRID-MAY 2018 DEDICATED: To Our Lady of Guadalupe Parish: Where I fell in love with the Crucified Christ. To Rigobert Kyungu, SJ; Who showed me the way to the Society of Jesus. To Sean O’Connor, SJ; The humble flame that enkindled in me the zeal for the Society of Jesus. To Terry Charlton, SJ: Who Introduced Me to God’s Infinite Mercy. To All the Jesuit Martyrs of the 20th Century, who embraced the Cross of Christ. Soul of Christ, Sanctify me. Body of Christ, save me. Blood of Christ, inebriate me. Water from the side of Christ, wash me. Passion of Christ, strengthen me. O good Jesus, hear me. Within your wounds hide me. Do not allow me to be separated from you. From the malevolent enemy defend me. In the hour of my death call me, and bid me come to you, that with your saints I may praise you forever and ever. Amen. (Anima Christi - Soul of Christ) Table of Contents Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................... 3 General Introduction ......................................................................................................... 4 Chapter One ....................................................................................................................... 9 “Moved by The Cross” – The Sources, the Context and the Spirituality ...................... 9 1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 10 1.1 The spirit of the second Vatican Council ........................................................................... 11 1.2 A call for Renewal of Religious Institutions (Perfectae Caritatis) ................................ 13 1.3 General Congregations in the Society of Jesus ................................................................. 15 1.4 General Congregation 31 ....................................................................................................... 16 1.5 Drinking from the Well of Ignatian Sources ..................................................................... 18 1.6 Christian Spirituality, Ignatian Spirituality and Jesuit Spirituality ............................ 20 1.7 A Theology of the Cross ........................................................................................................ 21 1.8 Ignatian and Jesuit Spirituality - a Christological and Christocentric Spirituality ... 24 1.9 The Implicit use of the Cross in Jesuit terminology ........................................................ 26 1.10 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 28 Chapter 2 ........................................................................................................................... 29 The Cross and Jesuit Identity: “Jesuits know who they are by looking at Him – The Crucified Christ” .............................................................................................................. 29 2.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 30 2.1 Jesuit Identity .......................................................................................................................... 30 2.1.1 Jesuit Identity and the Inspiration of La Storta................................................................... 33 2.1.2 Serving Beneath the Banner of the Cross: The Formula of the Institute ........................... 35 2.4 The Cross and General Congregation 32............................................................................ 37 2.4.1 The Jesuit as a Forgiven and loved Sinner .......................................................................... 39 2.4.2 The Service of Faith and the Promotion of Justice .............................................................. 40 2.4.3 GC 32 and Jesuit Life of Vows ............................................................................................. 41 2.5 The Cross and GC 33: Companions of Jesus Sent into Today’s World ........................ 42 2.6 The Cross and GC 34 .............................................................................................................. 46 2.6.1 The Jesuits and the Crucified Christ .................................................................................... 46 2.6.2 The Cross and “Our Way of Proceeding” ........................................................................... 47 2.6.3 Servants of Christ’s Mission................................................................................................. 49 2.7 The Cross and GC 35: Enkindled by the Cross ................................................................. 50 2.7.1 With Renewed Vigor and Zeal ............................................................................................ 51 2.7.2 Fires that Kindles other Fires ............................................................................................... 52 2.7.3 A Call to Reconciliation ........................................................................................................ 53 2.8 The Cross and GC 36: Witnesses of Friendship and Reconciliation ............................. 54 2.9 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 56 Chapter 3 ........................................................................................................................... 57 Jesuits and the Crucified Poor of Christ ........................................................................ 57 3.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 58 3.1 Service to the Poor in the Ignatian Tradition .................................................................... 62 3.2 The service of Faith and the Promotion of Justice............................................................ 64 3.2.1 Faith-Justice in the Post Vatican II Church ......................................................................... 65 3.2.2 The Society of Jesus and the Service of faith in the Promotion of Justice ......................... 67 3.3 The Cross and the Preferential Option for the Poor ........................................................ 71 3.3.1 Gustavo Gutiérrez on the Option for the Poor ................................................................... 72 3.3.2 Jon Sobrino on the option for the poor ................................................................................ 73 3.4 The Crucified Poor of Christ ................................................................................................ 77 3.4.1 «The Crucified People(s)» - A Definition ............................................................................ 79 3.4.2 The «Crucified People» and the Reign of God ................................................................... 83 3.4.3 Crucifying Events ................................................................................................................. 86 3.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 87 Chapter 4 ........................................................................................................................... 89 “Placed with Christ on the Cross” - The Cross and Jesuit Martyrdom ...................... 89 4.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 90 4.1 Martyrdom ............................................................................................................................... 92 4.2 Martyrdom in the Struggle for faith and struggle for Justice ........................................ 93 4.3 Pedro Arrupe’s Prophetic Prediction .................................................................................. 94 4.4 The Jesuit Martyrs in Latin America ................................................................................... 96 4.4.1 Rutilio Grande, Luis Espinal and João Bosco Burnier ........................................................ 96 4.4.2 Ignacio Ellacuría and the University of Central American Martyrs.................................. 98 4.5 The Jesuit Martyrs in Africa ............................................................................................... 100 4.5.1 John Conway, Martin Thomas & Christopher Shepherd-Smith ...................................... 101 4.5.2 João de Deus Gonçalves Kamtedaza and Sílvio Alves Moreira ...................................... 102 4.5.3 Christophe Munzihirwa ..................................................................................................... 102 4.5.4 The Rwandan Jesuit martyrs.............................................................................................. 103 4.6 The Jesuit Martyrs in Asia .................................................................................................. 103 4.7 Theologies of Death, Martyrdom and the Cross............................................................