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The Sound Water World Maritime University The Maritime Commons: Digital Repository of the World Maritime University Books Maritime Environmental Research (MER) Group 12-2013 The oundS water - Humans and nature in perspective Gonçalo Carneiro World Maritime University, [email protected] Henrik Nilsson World Maritime University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://commons.wmu.se/mer_book Part of the Natural Resources Management and Policy Commons, Other International and Area Studies Commons, Public Administration Commons, Urban Studies and Planning Commons, and the Water Resource Management Commons Recommended Citation Carneiro, Gonçalo and Nilsson, Henrik, "The oundS water - Humans and nature in perspective" (2013). Books. 2. http://commons.wmu.se/mer_book/2 This Open Access Book is brought to you courtesy of Maritime Commons. Open Access items may be downloaded for non-commercial, fair use academic purposes. No items may be hosted on another server or web site without express written permission from the World Maritime University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Gonçalo Carneiro and Henrik Nilsson The Sound water Humans and nature in perspective THE SOUND WATER HUMANS AND NATURE IN PERSPECTIVE HUMANS AND NATURE THE SOUND WATER ISBN 978-91-637-4264-4 Gonçalo Carneiro and Henrik Nilsson The Sound water Humans and nature in perspective Print and layout: Holmbergs i Malmö AB, Sweden All aerial photos taken by Peter Caputa. Cover page Michael Palmgren Copyright 2013, Henrik Nilsson and GonÇalo Carneiro ISBN 978-91-637-4264-4 Disclaimer clause This book reflects the authors’ views and the EU Commission and the Managing Authority is not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. Authors’ acknowledgement The authors wish to express their sincere gratitude to all those who supported us in the development of this book. A special thank you is dedicated to the persons who welcomed us at their workplaces and shared their knowledge and experiences about the Sound with us. Your contributions have been decisive and invaluable to this book. We are especially grateful to the photographer and pilot who carried out the aerial photography. Your effort has helped us visualize the Sound and show differences over time that otherwise wouldn’t have been possible. We are particularly indebted to all those who freely agreed to share images, drawings, maps and data with us. These have enriched the book by illustrating complex situations in an eloquent and graphically attractive way. We also wish to acknowledge the remarkable work of language editing and graphical layout that helped us translate our ideas into a book aimed for a large audience. Finally – and most importantly – we wish to thank our supervisor, Professor Olof Lindén, at the World Maritime University who never says no to new ideas and who first came up with the idea to write this book. G. Carneiro H. Nilsson Malmö, October 2013 The Falsterbo canal ConTents PREface ......................................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER I InTRoduction – A bRIEf EnvIRonmEntal HIsToRy ..........................................3 CHAPTER II InsTITuTIonAl fRAmEwoRk foR mARInE mAnAgEmEnT ..............................11 Maritime sovereignty .........................................................................................................................................................11 Coastal and marine spatial planning .......................................................................................................................... 13 Nature conservation ..........................................................................................................................................................17 Shipping and ports ..............................................................................................................................................................18 The Sound dues and the regime of navigation in the Danish straits ...........................................................21 Commercial fisheries and aquaculture .....................................................................................................................22 Offshore energy ..................................................................................................................................................................26 Marine minerals ...................................................................................................................................................................26 Maritime leisure & underwater heritage ..................................................................................................................29 CHAPTER III THE bIo-PHysICAl EnvIRonmEnT ........................................................................... 31 Climate in the Sound region .......................................................................................................................................... 31 Sea bottom geology and sediments .......................................................................................................................... 31 Bathymetry and hydrology .............................................................................................................................................33 Temperature, oxygen and light ..................................................................................................................................... 34 Biological communities ...................................................................................................................................................36 Human-induced changes in the marine environment ........................................................................................51 CHAPTER Iv ACToRs, InTEREsTs And HumAn usAgE .............................................................. 63 Shipping ................................................................................................................................................................................64 Development of number of passages through the Sound .............................................................................64 Accidents and Risks ...........................................................................................................................................................64 Cruise ships ...........................................................................................................................................................................70 Mariculture ............................................................................................................................................................................70 Offshore wind farms ....................................................................................................................................................... 72 Fisheries....................................................................................................................................................................................74 Differences in fisheries regulations in Swedish and Danish waters............................................................. 75 Number of fishing boats in the Sound .....................................................................................................................76 Recreational fishing and organised fishing tours ................................................................................................ 76 Port expansion and marinas ........................................................................................................................................79 Commercial ports ..............................................................................................................................................................79 Shoreline protection in Sweden and Denmark ....................................................................................................90 Extraction of sand and gravel .......................................................................................................................................92 CHAPTER v summARy And fuTuRE ouTLOOK .......................................................................... 95 1 PrefaCe In most coastal regions of the globe, humans have historically relied on the ocean for the provision of a variety of goods and services. Settlements have been established along all coasts in the vicinity of fishing grounds and at maritime commerce points. The unprecedented growth in human population and the expansion in the global economy and trade of the last century have been accompanied by an ever increasing use and exploitation of the ocean. Technological advances, increasing levels of material wealth and growing concerns about the use of land-based resources have led to new claims for ocean space and resources. As a consequence, traditional maritime activities such as shipping, fishing and, in some parts of the world, aquaculture have to compete for limited space and resources with expanding offshore oil and gas exploitation, increasingly diverse maritime tourism activities, as well as emerging offshore renewable energy production and mineral resource exploration. The Sound1 constitutes no exception to this global trend. Historically a cornerstone in the political and economic
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