Bari Grammar and Vocabulary
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i 0& LIBRARY University of California. Class BAR! GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY. BAEI GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARYJ EDITED BY Caft. R. C. R. OWEN, c.M.G. FELLOW OP THE ROYAL GEOGTRAPHICAL SOCIETY GOVERNOR, MONGALLA PROVINCE, SOUTHERN SUDAN J. k E. BUMPITS, LTD. 350, OXFORD STREET, LONDON 1908 : LONDON PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITEP, DUKK STREET, STAMFORD STREET, S.E., AND GREAT WINDMILL STREET. W t^Lgobi >/ PBEFACE The Bari tribe inhabit the country lying approximately between Latitudes 3° 40' N. and S*^ 45' N. — their Southern boundary being the River Assua. Their Northern neighbours are the Dinkas, to the South of them are the Madi, to the East the Berri, Beir and Latuka tribes, and to the West the Makraka, Azanda and Dinka tribes. The Bahr el Jebel runs through the centre of their territory. The river is broken up by many islands large and small ; the former are called by the Bari " Tikenyo " and the latter " Pipia." Most of these islands are extensively cultivated and provide the principal food supplies for the tribe. In the days of Sir Samuel Baker and Emin Pasha the Bari were a numerous and warlike tribe and rich in cattle, but under Dervish rule they suffered severely and the tribe is now a small one, with very few cattle. The Southern part of their country is mountainous, to the West (from North to South) being Mounts Lado, Nyerkoni, Jebel el Hadid, Kurruk, Kunguii and Weya, with Mount Logwek at Rejaf. On the East are Mounts Belinian, Luri and Longa, and still further East and South East are the Lokoya and Liria Mountains. Most of the Bari villages are near the river. Their principal crops are dura (red), simsim, telabun, and tobacco, which, for the last few years, have suffered considerably from the two extremes of drought and flood. Of minerals, iron is very plentiful. Of the flora, the principal trees are palms (Hyphaene thebaica and Borassus aethiopum), mimosa (especially the Mimosa nilotica, nabak (Rhamnus nabeca), heglik and tamarind. 211?19 VI PREFACE. Game is fairly plentiful, lion, leopard, elephant, rhinocei'os, hyena, buffalo, antelope, gazelle, hippopotamus, crocodile, giraffe, zebra, &c., being found in fair numbers ; of birds, the ostrich, bustard, marabout, osprey, golden-crested crane, pelican, shoebird (Abu Markub or Bala?niceps rex). Ibis, ground horn-bill and many others. Snakes are numerous, especially the death-adder. The Bari are physically a fine race, slim, well proportioned and well built. The majority of the men are entirely naked and carry a spear or bow and arrows. The women wear in front a small apron or fi'inge either of leather or of jilaited little iron chains, and at the back a long tuft of fine leather straps, grass or wool, which gives them the appearance of having a long tail ; they do most of the tilling and cultivation, and many are to be seen working in the fields carrying their babies on their backs. Sometimes if a tree is handy to their work they will put the baby in a kind of leather sack and hang it up to the tree while they are at work. Many of the men wear a ring of ivory on their left arm above the elliow and decorate their heads with feathers. It used to be a common ha1)it among the men to besmear themselves with a mixture of oil (from the hurnleng, wild oil tree) and red earth, but this custom is dying out. They are great smokers and cultivate their own tobacco, which they make into cakes. The tobacco grown in the Lokoya hills is the most prized. The women manufacture clay pipes. As regards their religious views, they have a name for the Supreme Being, "No UN," who is the representative of goodness and therefore not to be feared and requires no sacrifices. The noun " Ngun " comes from the obsolete verbal root ngun (to be big), from which the word to'ngiin (to be bigger, to surpass) appears more complete and is frequently used. If a man is old and is afraid of death, he is asked : do Ngun ? Are you God 1—that is to say. Do you want to live for ever 1 They have also an expression for the evil spirit, ajol; pi. ajoJcan, or jueJc, whom they are obliged to appease by offering sacrifices {robemgga, pi. rohdnggajin). Some old Baris call the viper their grandmother, and offer it milk as a sacrifice. They have also their sorcerers, and a distinction is made between good and bad ones. The former, hunit, pi. hunuk, are in possession of secret remedies, especially for cases of sickness. There are also the PREFACE, VU so called "rain-makers" (bunuh-ti-hidu), who maintain that it lies in their power to bring rain, and when called upon to produce it demand beforehand a special payment of cattle. This is, however, a dangerous art, for if it does not rain at the right time the rain-maker is hunted out and often put to death that he may give up the rain he has kept l)ack. The evil sorcerers or chief wizards, who only do harm and bi'ing trouble, are called demdnit, pi. demdh. R. C. R. O. — — THE GEAMMAE. CHAPTER I. The Alphabet. The Baris have no writing of their own. Seeing a stranger write they say, " nge louivur," he is scratching, engraving, drawing. Wnr = to write. Wuriiti = writing. The complete Alphabet, expressed in the Latin characters with modifica- tions and the addition of the Teutonic " w," is as follows : a, a, a, a, b, d, «> e', e, f, g, i, i, i, y, J, Jc, I, m, n, ng, 'ng, mj, o, 6, 6, o, p, r, s, t, u, u, u, w. Note 1. —The letters c, h, q, x, z do not appear, because there is no corresponding sound in Bari. -N"oTE 2. ''Y" is placed immediately after " /,'' because it sometimes serves as a short English " e" or " y." Note 3. — " P " is almost always pronounced as " F," with the exception of very few words. Consequently in this book "P" has been generally replaced by " F" in the Grammar. In some villages the "P" is more often pronounced ; therefore when looking up a word in the Vocabulary commencing with "P " the reader must look it up under " F." In the Vocabulary " F" only has been used. CHAPTER II. 2. A.—The Vowels and their Pronunciatiox. " is, like all vowels without accent, clear and pure, like the English " a in farthing and father. Ex. : I'ak, earth ; halm, to cease. corresponds to the broad a [a) in French and Greek. Ex. : hdrara, to go and bring, to fetch ; hardndu, to overflow ; add f how ? B ; 2 BARI GRAMMAR. " ('i (rare) is pronounced like the circumflex " a in other languages. Ex. : ddh, tobacco-pipe ; ddra, to be tired : honggudt, clothes. n occurs only in two words, hiirya, seven ; loguldu. cock, and is sounded like the English " a " in fall, ail. 3. e A pure, clear sound. Ex. : def or dep (dedep), to raise, to keep ; dede, later, then. " " e is like the oxytone e in other languages. Ex. : de, to hide ; dele, hide ; Jcele, tooth ; hiaser, sister. " e The long e." Ex. : dei-u, gra,ss, hay ; mje, to eat. 4. i Pure and clear. jik [jijiJc), to gin (gigin), Ex. : lead ; to tear ; ying (yiying), to hear. " {." i The sharp Ex. : moji, imp. (mojita), drink. ^ Long. Ex. : lihtn, to lose ; lilik, to be dry ; hidik, small. " «"." y (as a vowel) always a quite short Ex. : towyli, heart ; murye, blue ; ndnyet, her (suflix). 5. read clear and pure. Ex. : lodoTie, toad ; lokokorit, boundary ; lorn, side. 6 spoken shai-ply. Ex. : loyur, sad ; lomurye, blue ; lotor, red. : dol-, similar, like, as 6 read long. Ex. to wind a skein ; givoso, ; mo (contr. of molu), later. o corresponds to the Turkish " o," and approaches the English sound in murder, or the French " eu" in seul. It occurs frequently and care must be taken to keep the sound well closed, so as not to confound it " with e." Ex. : Tiddini, tree, wood ; toM, again ; Ttdfurdt or Jcdpiirot, smoke ; lupo or lufo, to enter ; against this, lupe or lufe, to go out durjo (diirjyd); to grow ; durje, to milk. 6. ~^ .shield. n Clear and pui^e. Ex. : hut (bubut), to strike ; buJcu, u An oxytone " m." Ex.: karutef, exchange; hihdnlu, bat; lutii, son-in-law. " uri, pi. uryij, u a long u" only occurs in a few words. Ex. : boar ; hiikudi, armhole, armpit. There are no so-called diphthongs in Bari, except " au" in l-ati, whip; yaua, beer (merissa). The remaining words kaureleng, matter of the eye ; —— — — BAR! gra:\imar. 3 with " au," in which the "a" 'and "u" are pronounced sepai-ately, are distinguished by the acute accent, which is placed over each accented vowel. Ex. : anlue, chosen ; anro {awuro), written ; loui/n, f. ndiiyn, wet, damp. In the same way the remaining vowels coming together are always pronounced separately. Ex. : gei (get) = ge-i, dotoet = doto-et ; diediero = di-e-di-ero. 7. B. The Pronunciation of the Consonants. The consonants are produced by three parts of the vocal mechanism, directed from the back towards the front of the mouth. They are divided into six classes : 1-. I. Gutturals : g. IT. Palatals : s, /, y. III. Liquids : I, r. IV. Dentals : n, d, t. V. Labials : h, to, p, f, in. VI. Nasals : ng, 'ng, ny. I. The Gutturals. g is pronounced soft throughout, like a German " cJi" or as before a, o, u, in Roman.