Vol. 25, No. 52 December 27, 1982

A CHINESE WEEKLY OF NEWS AND VIEWS

G Constitution of the People's Republic of o More Roilwoys for the Modernizotion Drive o Beiiing Review Subiect lndex (Nos. 27-52,1982) draw examples for their own land lished departments of sociology but to know that country as it is. will pave the way to modernize TETTERS and consolidate political However, since you solicit read- the and ers' criticisms to improve your socio-economic work of your Acirievoble Goolr country. This field is beneficial work and win new readers, I feel to My regular reading your the third world countries' students of obliged to venture some of my own and magazine has acquainted me with opinions about Re0ieu. scholals. China's efforts and achievements. Prasain First, a magazine with both J. To build socialism in a country Kathmandu, Nepal with such an immense population, articles' and pictures more pho- a quarter tos than Beijing Reuieus- and more of humanity, is truly Clorifying Chinese a long-term, arduous task. articles tban China Pictorial, llke China Reconstructs is more suit- Government Policy You have recently announced able to West European- leaders. comprehensive plans. It is said There is a lot of rumour about that man can accomplish anything Second, an e;tensive column, Chinese Government policy. I he puts his mind to and this is containing, lor instance, informa- think it would help your foreign applicable to the Chinese people tion about package tours for in- readers if there could be published as your long, glorious history dividuals and groups, reports interviews with government lead- ciearly confirms. about tourism including articles ers on key issues to clarify the written by the travellels them- situation. Therefore, I think your goals selves and coverage of foreigners can be realized. rvho work in China. should I think that a section on trade and investment in China I am convinced be started. I knou, many of my that by seeking acquaintances u,ould would be welcomed by many truth from.facts the Chinese peo- be inter- ested in this. foreign leaders. ple will surely advance and win LA. Rayner great victories. Matthias Hirsch Xianggang (Hongkong) Nenmuster. FRG Mario Bernal R. Bogota, Colombia Tibet ond Donce Chinese Sociology The Iatest charm of your maga- An Additiorrol Column Congratulatiohs to you in pub- zine is the articles about Tibet: Iishing the article entirled "A "PoJicy Towards Dalai Lama" (is- I have been reading Beijing Re- sue No. 46) and the interview with uiew, China Pictorial, and China Chinese-Styie Sociology" (issue No. 43). I have been reading Bei- a Tibetan leader (issue No. 4?). Reconstructs since 19?S but have jing never written to any of you Reoieu: fol two yeals I lead Further. it is the first time an be- this article m cause I believe that as Chinese thoroughly, and I interesting and informative ar- very happy see an magazines, they should have to such article ticle has been published in 5rour their as I am a post-graduate own ways of expression and con- student of magazine (issue No. 46) about the tents so as to reflect Chinese sociology and cultural anthro- long history of dance in China. pology in our country. thinking and social customs. peo- Sheraz Manzoor Haider ple visit a strange country not to I hope that the newly estab- Sargodha, Pakistan

EVENTS & TRENDS 4-6 the People Sidelights on Fifth Session- of Fifth No- BEIJING REVIEW Communist Youth Leogue Con- tionol People's Congress gress Opens Our Correspondent Zhi Ye- 30 Roilwoys: Todoy ond Tomor- Publi!hed every Mondoy by roW CULTURE & SCIENCE 33-34 BEIJING REVIEW Turkish President Visits PAGE 24 Boiwonzhuong Rood, Beijing Chino ARI 35 The People's Republic of Chino Commemoroting Two lndion SUBJECT INDEX (Nos. 27-s2l Doctors COVER; The newly constructed CONTENTS INTERNATIONAL 7-9 Zhuzhou-Guiyong Roilwoy. Photo by Long Qiyun Seo Low Convention Bottle Wong Shifong - Vol. 25, No, December 27,19O2 52 South Af rico Denounced for New Crime Wong Dodoo BElJllllG BEVIEW (USPS No. 058-1101 is TETTERS 2 - Who Wos Reolly Responsible published weekly lor US$ 1 3.50 per year by for the Beirut Mossocre? Beiiing Review, 24 Baiwanzhuang Road, NOTES FROM THE EDITORS Zhong Toi - Boijing, China. Second-class postago paid The Third World Needs No 8t San fr8ncisco, CA. Postmaster: Scnd ARTICLES & DOCUMENIS Leoder lnternotionol address changes ro China Books & Editor Mu Youlin Constitution of the People's Re- Periodicals, lnc., 2929 24th Street, San Sino-lndion Relotions lnter- public of Chino 10 fiancisco, CA 941 10. notionol Editqr Mu -Youlin Exercising Power on Beholf of a

Notr.s lfront {hl. Iirlilors

Jleeds them and to encourage learning the lhird ttorld ilo Leader from each other and supplying each other's needs on the basis Do you have any comment to the principles guiding its for- of equality. about the view that China oc- eign relations. position Because our relations with cupies a sfecial in the China has consistently sup- third world and is its leader? other third world countries ported other third world coun- have been guided by these poii- Why should the third world tries in their struggles against cies, we are respected and trust- need a leader? A11 the third imperialism, hegemonism and ed by their gorrernments and world countries are indepen- coionialism. It has also made peoples, for . rvhich we feel dent sovereign states. They great efforts to provide aid, honoured. have freed themselves from to strengthen economic co- International Editor foreign yokes after prolonged operation and exchanges with - Mu Yrrulin struggles and are now safe- guarding their independence, developing their national econo- $ino-lndian Relations my and building up their own Are you optimistic abo,ut nized principles guiding the re- countries. They do not need a prospects for improving Sino- lations between states. force above them ordering them Indian relations? ago com- about. A short time Beijing China and India are close memorated tr,vo Indian doctols All the third world countries, neighbours and do not threaten rvho made invaluable contribu- big or small, are political each other. Thete are no dis- tions to the Chinese people's equals. They can discuss and putes in bilateral relations, with war against Japanese aggres- solve their problems in the the exception of the border sion. (See p. 6.) The Chinese spirit of unity and mutual as- issue. The strengthening oI people will never folget these sistance; they should have no contacts and co-operation is internationalist Iighters. leader,/follower relations among beneficial to both countries. The border issue between them. On some worldwide There is no leason, therefore, China and India is a ploblem issues, they support and co- that relations between them left over from histoly and com- operate with each other. thus cannot be improved. plicated by many factors. This influencing internationaL rela- Both China and India beloi-tg problem should be settled as tions to move the direction in to the third '*,orid and are de- quickly as possible lor the cause democracy equality. of and veloping countries. Both are big of peace in Asia and the wolld These struggle include the countries with iarge popula- as a whole. The Chinese Goveln- maritime hegemony. against the tions and rich natural resources. ment has expressed its u''illing- struggle oil- to support the Their combined population is ness to make positive cflol ts to exporting countries the and 1,700 million, more than one- this end. Given the sinceritY struggle change irra- to the third of the wor'ld's total. With and willingness to work together international economi'c tional similar past experiences, the in the spirit of mutual under- Today, world states order. third two nations now face the simi- standing and mutu:ri accolrl- are playing an increasing role lar tasks of developing their modation. the issue can be and exerting growing influ- a economies and building up their solved without difficulty and a ence in world affairs. countries. comprehensive and leasonable Any country which attempts The peoples of China and settlement can be achieved. to pose as a leader and contr-ol India have a long-standing Even it an agreement cannol others wiII be spurned. friendship and their ciose co- be reached lor the time being. Although China is a big coun- operation in the 50s is remem- it should not atfect h'iendly try, it has never sought a spe- bered with warmth by both exchanges and co-opelative re- cial position in the third world. peoples. The Firre Principles lations in the economic. tech- It is not the leader of the third of Peacelul Coexistence in- nological and cultural fields. worid today. nor will it be to- itiated then by Premiel Zhou morrow, because this kind ot Enlai and Prime Ministel Nehru -- lnternat.iortuL Editor "leadership" does not conform harre become universally l'ecog- MtL Yottlirt

December 27, 1982 cillNli\ iVENITS & 'tiIiNIDS

in order to be useful in revo- tion. He said that untiring ef- PO LITICA L lution and construction. forts should be made to enhance the consciousness and fine qual- He noted that f ulfilment of ities of the young people and China's goal quadruple the Gommunist Youth League to actively serve them. Youth gross output value of industry League olganizations at various Congress 0pens and agriculture by the end of he said, should be worthy this century relies to a great levels, The 11th National Congress of the name of assistants and extent on the young of of the Chinese Communist PeoPIe reserve force of the Party. Youth League opened in the today. They should shoulder Great Hall of the PeoPIe in this great historical task. Beijing on December 20, at- Zhaoguo, First Secre- ECONOMIC tended by more than 1,900 tary of the Central Committee delegates from 56 nationalities of the Chinese Communist all over China. Youth League, delivered a work [ailways: Ioday and Party and state leaders Hu report on behalf of the 1Oth fomorrow Yaobang, , Chen Central Committee of the Youth League. Entitled ''Youth of the Upgrading the railway net- Yun, and others works prominently Whole Country Unite and features in attended the opening ceremony China's recently published and extended their greetings to March Towards the. Brilliant Future of Socialist Moderniza- Sixth Five-Year Plan. the delegates. tion," his report was divided In the next three years , Member of the Sec- into three parts. (1983-85). China will build r,700 retariat of the Party Central He first summed uP the role kilometres of new railways, addressed the con- Committee, played by the Communisl Youth double-track 1,500 kilometres gress on behalf of the Party League since it was restored and electrify another 2,000 kilo- Thus 1985, the na- Central Committee. Hu Qili and developed in the Past ioul melres. by to said that the Party and the years. He pointed out that 26 tion's railways will be able of state now expect more than million of the Youth League s 48 handle 1,200 million tons pas- ever before that the young peo- million members were recruited fleight and 1,100 million sengers a year. ple heighten their conscious- in the pa6t f our years. Of ness, work hard and carry for- which, 2.7 million outstanding N{ost of the new lines will be ward the fine traditions of the members have been admitted in north. southwest and east youth movement nurtured by into the Communist Party. He China to facilitate the shipping the Party. said that ihe youth of China of mineral resources from these Hu stressed that two impor- have withstood the test and are areas, especially coal from tant historical conclusions are becoming a more promising gen- Province. accomPlish recorded in the glorious history eration that will Shanxi Province boasts a movement. much in the days to come. of China's youth verified coal reserve of 202,100 Communist Party First, the In the second part of his re- million tons, or one-third of the must arouse the consciousness port, he said that young people nation's total. Its coal is of fine young people, on of the rely betrveen 15 and 28 years old their strength and bring their quality and is located in shal- account for one-fourth of vanguard role into full play in low deposits that can be easilY China's population. Their main all undertakings so as to lead mined. The province's annual task in the modernization drive the Chinese revolution and con- coal output has hit 100 million is to work hard and study hard struction to victory. Second, the tons in the last few years and and set an example in young people must follow the Promot- is expected to top 140 million ing socialist morality. leadership of the Communist tons this year. However, owing Party and the guidance of In conclusion, he urged that to ufi acute transPortation Marxism-Leninism, be one with the Communist Youth League shortage nearly 10 million tons the people and firmly keep to become the core in uniting and of coal get stuck there everY the correct political orientation educating the younger genera- year'.

4 Beiiing Reuieu, No. 52 FOREIG N RE LATIO NS

Iurkish President Uisils Ghina President Kenan Evren of the Republio of Turkey paid an of- ficial visit to China from De- - Qinhuangdao '"rff.li'"JoJ1.",,,. I f i ,Qinhuanedao .,,r.it was ( /snll:."1lglg^fl I tion tons, 10.5 times the 1950 rhe first by a Turkish head of _- . I I figure, and the total number of state to China. and it was also Dezhou'l p".."tg"rs was 940 million, or his first visit abroad since be- i rr+rl many. as in 1e5.0. coming President. SHAl{il\J roaay,1 |qr".^:: China ranks second in lr I Premier Zhao zivang held the wortd in railway f;;ieh, ,;; , the Turkish Presi- passenger transport a""Jiiv p"r tajks with Kuomerre' dent. Their talks showed that both sides shared. similar or A number of railways are These achievements not- converging views on many being constructed to solve this withstandinB, China's railways inajor international issues. The problem. A 379-kilometre-long still fall short of the needs of two leaders agreed that foreign electrified double-track railway the fast-growing national troops must be withdrawn from Iine is near completion, leading economy. Afghanistan and Kampuchea Congress in- and that the issues of Afghani- sion of stan and Kampuchea should be .commu-the and settled in accordance with the ding railways) relevant UN resolutions' three strategic Condemning Israel's policy of sure the quad- aggression and expansion, the nation's total two leaders reiterated that gricultural out- China and Turkey support the end of the 20th Palestinian and other Arab peo- 90, the number ple in their just struggle to re- nd the volume cover the lost land and to restore ed by the rail- their national rights; they also per cent greater expressed support for the unre- oday. mitting ef forts of the Arab December. All this will greatly improve the transportation of Premier welcomes President Kenan Evren at the Great Hall of the People in Beiiing' coal from shanxi province. China is a vast country with a big population and rich natural resources. Its railways handle 70 per cent of the na- tion's total volume of freight and 60 per cent of the total number of passengers. Since liberation, railway lines have been extended from about 10,000 kilometres in 1950 to 50,000 kilometres in 1981. The total volume of freight the trains carried reached 1,048 mil-

December 27, 1982 ciltNli\ ivilvrs & 'ti(ENIDS

countries in seeking a compre- hensive and just solution to the Middle East problem. Premier Zhao and President Illliii: Evren expressed satisfaction rrtl with the development of Sino- l:r{rlt Turkish relations. ITfi Zhao Ziyang said that the III two countries should explore ways to expand their co-opera- tion on the basis of equality and mutual benefit. Such a relation- ship should enable China and Turkey to learn from each other. make up for each other's de- comrncmoralion Kotnis Atal. ficiencies, supply each otherls {t the meeting for and needs and achieve common de- velopment. He said that there was the leader of the team. died the Military Commission of the are great potentials and bright in Beijing during his second CPC Central Committee, met prospects for trade, economic trip to China in 195?. with the Indian guests befole and technical co-operation be- Speaking at the commen-rora- the meeting. He was with Kot- nis in the front of the struggle tween the two countries. t tion meeting, Wang Bingnan, President Evren expressed President of the Chinese Peo- fighting against the Japanese the hope that the two countries ple's Association for Friendship invaders in the 1940s. would strengthen co-operation With Foreign Countries. said Chairman of in various fields on the basis of that in honouring the memory the Standing Committee of the mutual understanding. of the two Indian doctors. the National People's Congress also best way is to learn from their met with the delegation and Commemorating Two great spirit of internationalism. other Indian friends at his their utter devotion to work residence. He had forged a pro- lndian lloctors and their spirit of selflessness. f ound friendship with Kotnis Mole than 3,000 people lrom He called on all present to carry and Atal during the war against all wllks of Iife in the capital f orward the cause of Indian- Japanese aggression. met on December 15 to China friendship, to which fhe Commemcrralion meetings commemorate the 40th anni- t'uvo doctors dedicated their were also held in early Decem- versary of the death of Dr. lives, and strengthen mutual ber at the Norman Bethune In- Dwarkanath S Kotnis and the support and mutual assistance ternational Peace Hospital tr1 25th aniversary of the death of between the Chinese and Indian the Chinese People's Liberation Dr. Menhanlal Atal. peoples, so that their traditional Army. of which Dr. Kotnis was f riendship will be continuall;y The two doctors came tcr the first director. and at the China as members of an aid- consolidated and developed. Norman Bethune Medical Col- China medical mission sent by An All-India Memorial Com- lege where Dr. Kotnis had the Indian Congress Party in mittee for Dr. Kotnis led by Dr. taught. 1938 to help the Chinese people Basu. the only survivor of the The People's Publishing House in their struggle against Japa- aid-China medical mission that brought out a book in commem- nese aggression. They joined came to China in 1938, Dr. Kot- oration of Dr. Kotnis. In the in the medical work of the nis' relatives and the Indian book, there are inscriptions bY Eighth Route Army in Yanan Ambassador to China attended Ye Jianying, Deng Xiaoping and and on the north China front. the rneeting. . as well as in- Kotnis was a young doctor on Nie Rongzhen. Member of the scriptions and articles by his the medical team who died of an Political .Bureau of the Chinese friends and relatives. The book illness and overwork when he Communist Party Central Com- also contains some of Dr. Kot- was 32 years old. Atal. who mittee and Vice-Chairman ol nis' letters.

6 Beijing Retsiew. No. 52 rN'reRI\tA'noNtl\r REPQRT! & CTJMMiF!'ri

vention adopted at the lOth Sea Law Convention Battle Session of the UN Law of the Sea Convention in August of THE third UN Conference on and its resources are the 1981 made possible the official r the Law of the Sea conclud- common heritage of all sea law convention. ed in Montego Bay, Jamaica, on mankind, The new convention Dec. 10 with the signing does not consider just the in- Tosk Not Yet Ended of a new Law of the Sea Con- terests of the developing coun- vention after nine years of ar- tries, but it also considers the After the conclusion of the duous negotiations. The repre- interests of the developed coun- 10th Session of the Third UN sentatives of 117 nations and tries. It embodies the interests Law of the Sea Conference, the two other organizations signed of both coastal and landlocked United States roped some de- the new convention, far more countries. Therefore, this is the veloped countries into agreeing than the 60 countries needed to most reasonable and acceptable on a "mini-treaty" alternatirre to the Law the Sea Conven- make it ef f ective. This is a convention for most countries t

December 27, 1982 the convention will remain open tion will undoubtedly f ace Unity and President of Kenya, f or signature in the Foreign many obstacles which will de- Daniel Arap Moi, pointed out in Ministry of Jamaica for two mand continued joint efforts his Dec. 10 statement that the years. It also may be signed in and steadfast struggles on the continued South African ag- the UN Headquarters, from part of the participating coun- gression against independent July 1, 1983 to Dec. 9, 1984. tries, particularly the third countries in southern Africa world countries, to protect the cannot stop the liberation The birth of the new conven- gains already achieved and struggles in the region. These tion marks a great change in thb finally turn, the sea into a real struggles will continue until balance of the international po- asset of all humanity. their final victory. he added. Iitical forces. Its implementa- Shifang Many African governments -Wang and leaders have condemned the South African apartheid re- gime for its latest atrocity and South Africo Denounced have pledged solidarity with Lesotho's government and For New Crime people. The UN resolutions denounc- q TRONG condemnations of independence and sovereignty v ing the latest South African at- the South African Dec. of these countries and have ag- tack on Lesotho demand f ull 9 attack on Lesotho were gravated tensions in southern and adequate comPensation bY adopted by the UN General As- Africa. The South African South Africa for the losses in sembly and Security Council on racist regime is clearly the main life and property suffered Dec. 14 and 15, respectively. source of trouble in that region. by Lesotho. They also caII for The Dec. 9 raid by South Afri- The repeated South African measures to prevent further can troops on Maseru, the capi- acts of aggression are obviously aggression by South Africa tal of Lesotho, is yet another in aimed at destabilizing its neigh- against its neighbours. These the series of serious crimes bours by sabotaging their do- fol]ow the 10 UN resolutions committed by the South African mestic construction and at dis- of December 9 condemning racist regime earlier South African aggres- against its neigh- SION. 50 100 xm bours. More than 0 The Chinese Government and 40, including wo- people strongly urge that strict men and children, sanctions be applied to halt were killed in the South African aggression' Chi- surprise raid. nese Permanent RePresentative to the United Nations Ling Lesotho, a small Qing pointed out at the Dec. landlocked country 15 Security Council meeting surrounded by that the big power which has Africa on South 1,+,a alt along indulged and shielded all sides, has South Africa is dutY-bound ,to sustained several exert pressure to stoP the South South African at- African authorities f rom con- tacks in recent months. South coul'aging their support for the tinuing their atrocities. African troops also have re- South African and Namibian Dadao peatedly invaded Angola, Mo- peoples' just stluggles, so as to -Wang zambique and Botswana and weaken liberation movements in have carried out harassing and southern Africa as a whole. But CORRECTIONS: vol. 25. No. 51. PP. 36 subversive activities against these schemes will never suc- and 37, ''Pa8oda of Ten 'Ihousand Zimbabwe and other countries. ceed. Buddhas" should read "Pagoda o{ One Hundred. Thousand (100,000) Bud- In violation of the basic prin- .The cold-blooded massacre in dhas," and p.37. left column, line 18. "10.000" should l'ead '100.000." ciples governing international Lesotho has evoked widespread The caption on the iUustration on relations, these barbarous acts protests in Africa and through- the right-hand column of P. 28, No. by the South African authorities out the world. Chairman of 16, should read: "A line drawing oI a dancer from the Dunhuang murals have gravely infringed on the the Organization of African ol the Tang Dynasty (618-907)."

8 Beijing Reuiew, No. 52 rNl ttnNl+\ noNA!. TTEPOR TS & COI\d\,\,\ENIIS

Sept. 17. During their meeting, Eitan praised the Phalange's Who Was Really Responsible operation in the camps. Yaron said Eitan allowed the Phalange For the Beirut Massacre ? to remain in the camps until 5 a.m. of Sept. 18. In his Oct. 25 rnHE recent report of the aroused a powerful rnovement testimony, Sharon acknowledg- I Islaeli judicial commission within Israel itself. ed that he had received a phone investigating the Beirut mass- cail from General Eitan at 9 acre den-rands that Israeli Forced by circumstances, the p.m., Sept. 17, about the atroei- Prime Minister Menachem Israeli authorities on Sept. 24 ties committed against civilians Begin and others answer for agreed to let a judicial commis- in the two camps. their "negligent and irresponsi- sion formed by the highest ble actions" concerning this Israeli court investigate the Israel's Communication Min- testi- affair. The part that Begin and massacre of the Palestinian ister Mordechai Zippori fied that he called Foleign Min- Defence Ntinister Ariel Sharon refugee camps in Beirut. played in planning and directing ister Shamir on Sept. 1? to say The judicial commission has the Phalange were "carrying this criminal act already is now completed the preliminary becoming ciear to all. The fact out a slaughter." Shamir testi- phase of its investigation. In Zippori used expres- is that they deliberately used fied the his testimony on Oct. 25, De- sion "running amok" and not the hostility between the PaI- Ience Minister Sharon told the estinians "slaughter. " and the Lebanese Pha- comrrrission that Begin's cabinet lange to manufacture this inci- decided on Sept. 15 to send Leb- Prime Minister Begin testi- dent, hoping that by this scheme anese Phalangist militiamen fied that the first he heard of of indirect assassination they into the Sabra and Shatila the massacre was on the British could weaken the revolutionary Camps and to give them a wider news broadcast on Sept. 18. He strength of Palestinians. the role in the combat. He said said, "It was never imagined Begin and accomplices his that he then made a personal that the Lebanese forces already stand accused before visit to an Israeli observation would want or be able to the bench of world public post overlooking the camps in perpetrate - i-nassacre."- ()ptnton. a But accordance with the cabinet's Begin acknowledged that Depu- decision, and agreed to the mop- ty Prime Minister David Levy !sroel's lnepcopoble ping-up operations against warned at the ceibinet meeting Culpobility "terrorists"' (Palestinian fight- of Sept. 16 that the Phaiange Following the Beii'ut mass- ers), so as to minimize Israeli might avenge the d€ath of their acre, officials of Israel, ol the casualties. leader, president-elect Bashir Lebanon Phalange and Gemayel who was assassinated of Major Israeli Brig. General Amos Sa'ad Haddad's Free two days before. Lebanon Yaron, commander of Israeli militia all denied any responsi- forces in Beirut, admitted in his massacre. bility for the The testimony that he had reports Too Lenient o Chorge Israeli government also issued from his officers on the night of The Israeli judicial commis- a statement declaring that Sept. 16 that civilians were sion only charged Begin, Sharon since Israel condemns ali ter- being killed in the camps and and Shamir with responding rolist activities, as soon as the the next morning he told Amir ''irresponsibly" the Beirut killing was discovered, the gov- to Drori, Israel's northern com- massacre. This indictment, is ernment used every possible mander. rather too lenient. means to control and stop the massacle. However, these lies He also testified that Israel's The facts already show that fooled no one. The Arab na- Chief of Staff Rafael Eitan ar- Begin. Sharon and company tions and world public opinion rived in Beirut in the afternoon were really responsible for angrily accused Israel of having of Sept. 17, that Eitan and top creating the Beirut massacre. directed this fi'ightening and Israeli officers met with Pha- criminal massacre. This also commanders p.ffi., Tai lange at 4 - Zhong December 27, 1982 I Artieles & I)oeuments Constitution Of the People's Republic of Chino Adopted on December 4, 1982 by the Fifth National Peopie's Congress of the People's Republic of China At lts Fifth Session

TABLE OF CONIENTS

Preomble Section V. The Locol People's Con- gresses ond the Locol Chopter One Generol Principles People's Governments ot Chopter Two The Fundomentol Rights Different Levels ond Duties of Citizens Section Vl. The Orgons of Self-Gov- Chopter Three The Structure of the Stote ernment of Notionol Section L The Notionol People's Autonomous Areos Congress Section Vll, The People's Courts ond Section ll. The President of the Peo- the People's Procuroto- ple's Republic of Chino rotes Section lll. The Stote Council Chopter Four The Notionol Flog, the Section lV. The Centrol Militory Com- Notionol Emblem ond the miss ion Copitol

The Revolution of 1911, led bY Dr, Sun Preamble Yat-sen, abolished the feudal monarchy and gave birth to the Republic of China. But the fr HINA is one of the countries with the Chinese people had yet to fulfil their historical \J longest histories in the world, The people task of overthrowing imperialism and feudalism' of nationalities in China have jointly created all After waging hard, protracted and tr:rtuous splendid culture and have a glorious revolu- a struggles, armed and othet wise, the Chinese tionary tradition. people of all nationalities led by the Communisl Feudal China was gradually reduced after' Party of China with Chairman as 1840 to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal country. its leader ultimately, in 1949, overthrew the rule The Chinese people waged wave upon wave of of imperialism, f eudalism and bureaucrat- hercic struggles for national independence and capitalism, won the great victory r-rl the nerv- Iiberation and for democracy and freedom. democratic revolution and f ounded the People's Republic oI China. Thereupon the Great and earth-shaking historical changes Chinese people took state power into theil own have taken place in China in the 20th century. hands and became mastels of the country.

10 Beijing Reaiew, No" 52 After the founding of the People's Republic, China's socialist system and try to undermine the transition of Chinese society from a new- it. democratic to socialist society rvas effected a is part of the sacred territory of the step by step. The socialisf transformation of the People's Republic of China. It is the lofty duty private ownership of the means of production of the entire Chinese people, including our com- was completed, the system exploitation of of patriots in Taiwan, to accomplish the great task man by man and the socialist system eliminated of reunifying the motherland. established. The'people's denrocratic dictator- ship led by the working class and based on the In building socialism it is imperative to rely alliance of workers and peasants, which is in on the workers, peasants and intellectuals and essence the dictatorship of the proletariat, has unite with all the forces that can be united. In been consolidated and developed. The Chinese the long years of revolution and construction, people and the Chinese People's Liberation there has been formed under the leadership of Army have thwarted aggression, sabotage and the Communist Party of China a broad patriotic armed provocations by imperialists and hege- that is composed of democratic monists, safeguarded China's national indepen- parties and people's organizations and embraces dence and security and strengthened its national all socialist working people, all patriots who defence. Major successes have been achieved in support socialism and all patriots who stand for economic development. An independent and reunification of the molherland. This united fairly comprehensive socialist system of indus- front will continue to be consolidated and de- try has in the main been established. There has veloped. The Chinese People's Political Consul- been a marked increase in agricultural produc- tative Conference is a broadly representative or- tion. Significant progress has been made in ganization of the united front, which has played educational, scientific, cultural and other under- a significant historical role and will continue to takings, and socialist ideological education has Co so in the political and social life of the yielded noteworthy results. The living stand- country, in promoting friendship with the peo- ards of the people have imploved considerably. ple of other countries and in the struggle for socialist modernization and for the reunification Both victory of China's new-democratic the and unity of the countl'y. revolution and the successes of its socialist cause have been achieved by the Chinese people of all The People's Republic of China is a unitary nationalities under the leadership of the Com- multinational state built up jointly by the people munist Party of China and the guidance of of all its nationaiities. Socialist relations of Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought. equality, unity and mutual assistance have been and by upholding truth. correcting errors and established among them and will continue to be overcoming numerous difficulties and hardships. strengthened. In the struggle to sateguard the The basic task of the nation in the years to come unity of the nationalities, it is necessary to is to concentrate its effort on socialist moderni- c

December 27, 1982 11 supports the oppressed nations and the instituted through democratic election. They developing countries in their just struggle to are responsible to the people and subject to their win and preserve national independence and supervision. develop their national economies, and strives to AII administrative, judicial procura- safeguard world peace and promote the cause of and human progress. torial organs of the state are created by the peo- ple's congresses to which they are responsible This Constitution affirms the achievements and under whose supervision they operate. of the struggles of the Chinese people of a1I The division functions and powers be- nationalities and defines the basic systern and of tween the central and local state organs is guid- basic tasks of the state in legal form; it is the ed by the principle giving play to the fundamental law of the state and has supreme of full initiative and enthusiasm of the local authorities legal authority. The people of all nationalities, under unified leadership central ali state organs, the armed forces, all political the of the authorities. parties and public organizations and all enter- prises and undertakings in the country must Article 4 take the Constitution as the basic norm of con- duct, and they have the duty to uphold the All nationalities in the People's Republic of dignity of the Constitution and ensure its im- China are equal. The state protects the lawful plementation. rights and interests of the minority nationalities and upholds and develops the relationship of equality, unity and mutual assistance among aII Chapter One of China's nationalities. Discrimination against and oppression of any nationality are prohibit- General Principles ed; any acts that undermine the unity of the nationalities or instigate their secession are prohibited. Article I The state helps the areas inhabited by The People's Republic of China is a socialist minority nationalities speed up their economic state under the people's democratic dictatorship and cultural development in accordance with Ied the working class and based the by on the peculiarlties and needs of the different alliance of workers and'peasants. minority nationalities. The socialist system is the basic system of Regional autonomy is practised in areas the People's Republic of China. Sabotage of the where peopl.e of minority nationalities live in socidlist sysiem any organization by or individ- compact communities: in these areas organs of ual is prohibited. self-government are established for the exer- cise of the right of autonomy. All the national Article 2 autonomous areas are inalienable parts of the All po'rer in the People's Republic of China People's Republic of China. belongs to the people. The people of all nationalities have tl:e The organs through which the people exer- freedom to use and develop their own spoken cise state power are the National People's Cor-r- and written languages, and to preserve or re- gress and the local people's congresses at dif- form their own ways and customs. ferent levels. Article 5 The p,eople administer state aff airs and manage economic, cultural and social affairs The state upholds the uniformity and dig- through various channels and in various ways nity of the socialist legal system. accordance with the law. in No law or administrative or local rules and regulations shall contravene the Constitution. Article B Alt state organs, the armed forces, all The state organs of the People's Republic of political parties and public organizations and all China apply the principle of democratic central- enterprises and undertakings must abide by the lsm. Constitution and the law. Al1 acts in violation The National People's Congress and the of the Constitution and the law must be looked local people's congresses at different levels are into.

12 Beiiing Reaiew, No. 52 No organization or individual may enjoy ed land and beaches that are owned by collec- the privilege of being above the Constitution tives in accordance with the law. and the law. The state ensures the rational use of natural resources and protects rare animals and plants. Article 6 The appropriation or damage of natural re- The basis of the socialist economic system sources by any organization or individual by of the People's Republic of China is socialist whatever means is prohibited. public ownership of the means of production, namely, ownership by the whole people and col- Article l0 Iective ownership by the working people. Land in the cities is owned by the state. The system o{ socialist public ownership Land iir the rural and suburban areas is supersedes the system of exploitation of man by owned by collectives except for thcse portions man; it applies the principle of "from each ac- which belong to the state in accordance with the cording to his ability, to each according to his law; house sites and private plots of cropland work." and hilly land are also owned by collectives. The state may the public interest take Article 7 in over land for its use in accordarrce with the law. The state economy is the sector of socialist No organization or individual may appro- economy under ownership by the whole people; priate, buy, sell or lease land, or unlawfully it is the leading force in the national economy. transfer land in other ways. The state ensures the consolidation and growth of the state economy. AII r-rrganizations and individuals who use land must make rational use of the land. Article 8 Article 11 Rural people's communes, agricultural pro- ducers' co-operatives, and other forms of co- The individual economy of urban and rural operative economy such as producers', sqpply u,orking people, operated' within the limits and marketing, credit and consumers' co-opera- prescribed by law, is a complement to the so- tives, belong to fhe sector of socialist economy cialist public economy. The itate protects the under collective ownership by the working peo- lawful rights and interests of the individual ple. Working people who are members of rural eccnomy. economic collectives have the right, within the The state guides, helps and supervises the limits prescribed by law, to farm private plots individual economy by exercising administra- of cropland and hilly land, engage in houSehold tive control. sideline production and raise privately owncd livestock. Article 12 The various forms of co-operative economy Socialist public property is sacred and in- in the cities and towns, such as those in the violable. handicraft, industrial, building, transport, com- The staie protects socialist public property. mercial and service trades, all belong to the sec- Appropriation or damage of state or collective tor of socialist economy under collective owner- property by any organization or individual by ship by the working people. whatever means is prohibited. The state protects the lawful rights and in- terests of the urban and rural economic collec- Article 13 tives and encourages, guides and helps the The state protects the right of citizens to growth of the collective economy. own lawfully earned income, savings, houses and other lawful property. Article I The state protects by law the right of citi- Mineral resources. waters, forests, moun- zens to inherit private property. tains, grassland, unreclaimed land. beaches and Article 14 other natural resources are owned by the state, that is, by the whole people, with the exception The state continuously raises labour produc- of the forests. mountains, grassland, unreclaim- tivity, improvcs economic results and develops

December 27, 1982 13 the productive forces by enhancing the enthu- Article 18 siasm of the working people, raising the level of The People's Republic China permits their technical skill, disseminating advanced of foreign enterprises, other foreign economic science and technology, improving the systems organizations and individual foreigners to in- of economic administration and enterprise oper- vest in China and to enter into various forms ation and management, instituting the social- of economic co-operation with Chinese enter- ist system of responsibility in various forms and prises and other economic organizations in ac- improving organization of work. cordance with the law of the People's Republic The state practises strict economy and com- of China. bats waste. All foreign ent€rprises and other foreign The state properly apportions aicumulation economic organizations in China, as well as and consumption, pays attention to the interests joint ventures with Chinese and foreign invest- of the collective and the individual as well as of ment located in China, shall abide by the law the state and, on the basis of expanded produc- c;f the People's Republic of China. Their lawful tion, gradually improves the material and cul- rights and interests are protected by the law of tural life of the people. the People's Republic of China.

Article 15 Article l9 The state practises economic planning on The -state develops sociaList educational the basis of socialist public ownership._ It en- undertakings and works to raise the scientific sures the proportionate and co-ordinated growth and cultural level of the whole nation. of the national economy through overall balanc- The state runs schor>ls oI various types. ing by economic planning and the supplemen- makes primary education compulsory and uni- tary role of regulation by the inarket. versal. develops secondary, vocational and higher education and promotes preschool educa- Disturbance functioning of of the orderly tion. the social economy or disruption of the state economic plan by any organization or individual The state develops educational facilities of is prohibited. various types in order to wipe out illiteracy and provide political. cultural, scientific, technical Article 16 and prolessional education for workers, peas- ants. state functionaries and other working peo- State enterprises have decision-making ple. It encourages people to become educated power in operation and management within the through self-study. limits prescribed by law. on condition that they The state encourages the collective eco- submit to unified leadership by the state and nomic organizations, state enterprises and un- fulfil all their obligations under the state plan. dertakings and other social forces to set up State enterprises practise democratic man- educational institutions of various types in ac- agement through congresses of workers and cordance with the law, and other ways accordance with staff in in the The state promotes the nationwide use o[ Iaw. Putonghua (Common Speech based rin Beijing pronunciation). Article l7 Article 20 Collective economic organizations have de- cision-making power in conducting independent The state promotes the developrhent of the economic activities, on condition that they ac- natural and social sciences, disseminates scien- cept the guidance of the state plan and abide by tific and technical knowledg,e, and commends the relevant laws. and rewards achievements in scientific research inven- Collective economic organizations practise as well as technological discoveries and tions. democratic management in accordance with the law, with the entire body of their workers elect- Article 21 ing or removing their managerial personnel and deciding on major issues concerning operation 'Ihe state develops medical and health serv- and management. ices, promotes modern medicine and traditional

14 Beijing Reuieto, No. 52 Chinese medicine, encourages and supports the Article 26 setting up of various medical and health facili- ties by the rural economic collectives, state en- The state protects and improves the living terprises and undertakings and neighbourhood environment and the ecological environment, organizations, and promotes sanitation activities and prevents and remedies pollution and other of a mass character, all to protect the people's public hazards. health. The state organizes and encourages af- forestation and the protection of forests, The state develops physical culture and promotes mass sports activities to build up the people's physique. Article 27 All state organs carry out the principle of Article 22 simple and efficient administration, the system of responsibility for work and the system of The state promotes the development of lit- training functionaries and appraising their work erature and art, the press, broadcasting and in order constantly to improve quality of work television undertakings, publishing and distri- and efficiency and combat bureaucratism. bution services, libraries, museums, cultural centres and other cultural undertakings, that All state organs and functionaries must rely serve the people and socialism, and sponsors on the support of the people. keep in close touch mass cultural activities. with them, heed their opinions and suggestions, accept their supervision and work hard to serve The state protects places of scenic and his- them. torical interest, valuable cultural monuments and relics and other important items of China's Article 28 historical and cultural heritage. The state maintains public order and Article 23 suppresses treasonable and other counter- revolutionary activities; it penalizes actions that The state trains specialized personnel in all endanger public security and disrupt the so- fields who serve socialism, increases the number ciaiist economy and other criminal activities, of intellectuals and creates conditions to give and punishes and reforms criminals. full scope to their role in socialist modernization. Article 29 Article 24 The armed forces of the People's Republic The state strengthens the building of social- oI China belong to the people. Their tasks are ist spiritual civilization through spreading to strengthen national defence, resist aggr€ssion, education in high ideals and morality, general defend the motheriand, safeguard the people's education and education in discipline and the peaceful labour, participate in national recon- legal system. and through promoting the formu- struction, and work hard to serve the people, lation and observance of rules of conduct and common pledges by different sections of the The state strengthens the revolutionization, people in urban and rural areas. modernization and regularization of the armed forces in order to increase the national defence The state advocates the civic virtues of love capability. for the motherland, for the people, for labour, for science and for socialism; it educates the Article 30 people in patriotism, collectivism. international- ism and communism and in dialectical and The administrative division of the Peo- historical materialism: it combats capitalist, ple's Republic of China is as follows: feudalist and other decadent ideas. (1) The country is divjded into plovinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly Article 25 under the Central Government; The state promotes family planning so that (2) Provinces and autonomous regiolls are population growth may fit the plans for eco- divided into autonomous prefectures. counties, nomic and social deveiopment. autonomous counties and cities;

December 27, 1982 15 (3) Counties and autonomous counties are background, religious belief, education, proper- divided into townships, nationality townships ty status, or length of residence, except persons and towns. deprived of political rights according to law. Municipalities directly under the Central Article 35 Government and other large cities are divided Citizens of the People's Republic of China into districts and counties. Autonomous' pre- enjoy freedom of speech, of the press, of assemb- fectures are divided into counties, autonomous ly, of association, of procession and of demon- counties, and cities. stration. AII autonornoirs regions, autonomous pre- fectures and autonomous counties are national Article 36 autonomous areas. Citizens of the People's Republic of China enjoy freedom of religious belief. Article 31 No state organ, public organization or in- The state may establish special administra- dividual may compel citizens to believe in, or tive regions when necessary. The systems io be not to believe in. any religion; nor may they instituted in special administrative regions shall discriminate againsi citizens who believe in, or be prescribed by law enacted by the National do not believe in, any religion. People's Congress in the light of the specific conditions" The state protects normal religious activi- ties. No one may make use of religion to engage in activities that disrupt public order, Atticle 32 impair the health of citizens or interfere rn'ith The People's Republic of China protects the the educational system of the state. lawful rights and interests of foreigners within Religious bodies and religious affairs are Chinese territory, and while on Chinese territory not subject to any foreign domination. foreigners must abide by the law of the Peo- ple's Republic of China. Article 37 The People's Republic of China may grant The freedom of person of citizens oI the asylum to foreigners who request it for political People's Republic of China is inviolable. reasons. No citizen may be arrested except with the approval or by decision of a people's procura- torate or by decision of a people's court, and Chapter Two arrests must be made by a public security organ. The Fundamental Rights Unlawful deprivation or restriction of citizens' freedom of person by detention or And Duties of Citizens other means is prohibited; and unlawful search of the person of citizens is prohibited. Article 33 Article 98 AII persons holding the nationality of the People's Republic of China are citizens of the The personal dignity of citizens of the Peo- People's Republic of China. ple's Republic of China is inviolable. Insult, libel. false charge or frame-up directed against All citizens of the People's Republic of citizens by any means is prohibited. China are equal before thc law. Every citizen enjoys the rights and at the Article 39 same time must perform the duties prescribed The home of citizens of the People's Repub- by the Constitution and the law. lic of China is inviolable. Unlawful search of, r'rr intrusion into, a citizen's home is prohibited. Article 34 Article 40 All citizens of the People's Republic of China who have reached the age of 18 have the The freedom and privacy of correspondence right to vote and stand for election, regardless of citizens of the Peop)e's Republic of China are of nationality, race, sex, occupation, f amily protected by law. No organization or individual

16 Beijing Reuietu, No. 52 may, on any ground, infringe upon the freedom The state expands facilities for rest and and privacy of citizens' correspondence except recuperation of working people, and prescribes in cases where, to meet the needs of state securi- working hours and vacations for workers and ty or of investigation into criminal offences, staff. public security or procuratorial organs are per- mitted to censor correspondence in accordance Article 44 with procedures prescribed by law. The state prescribes by law the system of retirement for workers and enterprises Article 41 staff in and undertakings and for functionaries ol Citizens of the People's Republic of China organs of state. The livelihood of retired per-' have the right to criticize and make suggestions sonnel is ensured by the state and society. to any state organ or functionary. Citizens have the right to make to relevant state organs com- Article 45 plaints and charges against, or exposures of. violation of the law or dereliction of duty by Citizens of the People's Republic of China any state organ or functionary; but fabrication have the right to material assistance from the or distortion of facts with the intention of libel state and society when they are old, ill or dis- or frame-up is prohibited, abled. The state develops the social insurance, social relief and medical and health services In case of complaints, charges or exposures that are required to enable citizens to enjoy this made by citizens, the state organ concerned must light. deal with them in a responsible manner after ascertaining the facts. No one may suppress The state and society ensure the livellhood disabled members pro- such complaints, charges and exposures, ot' r'e- of of the armed forces, pensions taliate against the citizens making them. vide to the families of martyrs and give preferential treatment to the families

December 27, 1982 17 The state protects the rights and. interests of Axticle 55 women. applies the principle of equal pay for equal work for men and women alike and trains It is the sacred obligation of every citizen and selects cadres from among women, oI the People's Republic of China to detend the motherland and resist aggression. Article 49 It is the honourable duty of citizens of the People's Republic China to perform military Marriage, the family and mother and child of servibe and join the militia in accordance lvith are protected by the state. the ]aw. Both husband and wife have the duty to practise family planning. Article 56 Parents have the duty to rear and educate It is the duty of citizens of the People's Re- their minor children, and children who have public of China to pay taxes in accordance with come of age have the duty to support and assi.qt the law. their parents.

Violation of the freedom . of marriage is prohibited. Maltreatment of old people, women Chapter Three and children is prohibited.

Article 50 The Structure of the The People's Republic of China protects the State legitimate rights and interests of Chinese na- tionals residing abroad and protects the lawful Section ! rights and interests of returned overseas Chi- nese and of the family members Chinese na- of The Notionol People's Congress tionals residing abroad.

Article 57 Article 51 The exercise by citizens of the People's Re- The National People's Congress of the Peo- public of China of their freedoms and rights ple's Republic of China is the highest organ ol may not infringe upon the interests of the sta(e, state power. Its permanent body is the Stand- of society and of the collective, or upon lhe ing Committee of the National People's Con- lawful freedoms and rights of other citizens. gress.

Article 52 Article 58 It is the duty of citizens of the People's Re- The National People's Congress and its public of China to safeguard the unity of the Standing Committee exercise the legislative country and the unity of all its nationalities. power of the state.

Article 53 Article 59

Citizens of the People's Republic of China The National People's Congress is composed must abide by the Constitution and the law, of deputies elected by the provinces, autonomous keep state secrets, protect public property and regions and municipalities directly under the observe labour discipline and public order and Central Government, and by the armed forces. respect social ethics. Alt the minority nationalities are entitled to appropriate representation. Article 54 Election of deputies to the National People's Congress is conducted by the Standing Commit- It is the duty of citizens of the People's Re- tee of the National People's Congress" public of China to safegrtard the security. hon- our and interests of the motherland; they must The number of deputies to the National not commit acts detrimental to the security, People's Congress and the manner of their honour and interests of the motherland. election are prescribed by law.

I8 Beijing Reuiew, No. 52 BEIJING REVIEW

Subiect I ndex

(Nos. 27-52, 1982)

Issue Poge Page No. No. 'i;;" No. DOMESTIC On 12th Party Congress Documents: I. Socialist Spiritual Civilization- "Hongqi" Commentator 45 13 t ) Politicol Two Spiritual Civitizations - Political f ) General Editor An Zhiguo 47 3 On the 12th Party Congress: Scien- Clarification of Terms Political Fdi- - tifically Understand, and Handle tor An Zhiguo 27 3 Class Struggle in China "Jie- Caring for Middle-Aged Intellectuals 33 5 - fangjun Bao" Commentator 49 16 On the Questions of Hongkong and Macao -'Tan Ming 34 16 3) 's 12th For Your Reference: A Chronicle of National Congress Major Events of the Party and An- State (Aug. 1977-Aug. 1982) 35 18 Central Committee Session Communist Party Membership Ex- nounces Party Congress to Open 33 4 pands 36 Sept. 1 For Your Reference: A Historical 12th National Party Congress Opens 36 4 Congress Continues 37 4 Review of CPC Congresses 36 2A Party Session China's Solemn Stand on Xianggang Veteran Comrades Address Party Con- (Hongkong) Xinhua Commenta- gress 37 -- Create a New Situation in Fields of tor 4l 10 All For Your Reference: Unequal Treaties Socialist Modernization Report National - of on Xianggang 4l 10 to the 12th Congress Foreign Ministry Spokesman on the Communist Party of China (September 1982) Yao- Xianggang Issue 4l 11 1, Hu bang - 37 11 Opinion: Advisers Swap Experiences 45 26 About Intellectuals Cultural Editor 12th Party Congress Closes 38 4 Xin Xiangrong - First P]enum of Central Committee 38 5 Xisha and Nansha Islands Are China's Constitution of the Communist Party Territory 10 of China (Adopted by the 12th National Congress of the Com- Zl Marxist-Leninist, Mao Zedong munist Party of China on Septem- Thought Theoretical Studies ber 6, 1982) 38 Some Questions Concerning the For Your Reference: New Members of Building of the Party 28 16 CPC Central Leading Organs 38 22 The Concept of People's War A New Milestone in Party History - - Special Editor Guo Fang 31 Political Editor An Zhiguo 39 3 On China's Current Class Struggle Some Questions Concerning Revision - D' Our Staff Writer Zhou Yan do L7 of Party Constitution - Hu Socialist Spiritual Civilization Cul- Qiaomu Interviewed by Xinhua 39 15 tural Editor Xin Xiangrong - 40 Announcement 40 5 On the Practice of Communist Newly Elected Central Committee Thought Hu Qiaomu 42 t2 Members 40:5 Communist -Attitude Towards La- Party Central Committee: Women bour - Political Editor An Zhiguo 45 Members 42 Issue Pdge lssue Pdge IVo - No. NO, NO,

Hu Yaobang's Speech at First Plenum Report on the Sixth Five-Year Plan of 12th Party Central Committee Zhao ZiyanC 51 10 (September 13, 1982) 44 15 Constitution of the People's Republic of 4) Eectifying Party's Style of Work China 52 10 Exercising Power on Behalf of the Suppression of Innovator Exposed 28 5 People - Sidelights on Fifth Ses- Vice-Minister Disciplined 32 b sion of Fifth Nationai People's Equaiity Between Cadres and Masses 37 6 Congress - Our Correspondent Party Consolidation Political Editor Zhi Ye 52 30 An Zhiguo - 42 Expelling Wrong-Doers From the 8) CPPCC Party 44 CPPCC Meeting Ends 51 5) Structure Reform 9) National Minorities Important Change in the System of Exhibition: Relics From Minoritv Na- People's Communes Song Da- - tionalities 28 29 han and. Zhang Chunsheng 29 15 Cultural Relics: Ancient Drums Ex- Party and Government Cadres to Re- hibited 28 30 ceive Training 43 5 Bainqen on Situation in Tibet 31 Tianjin Slashes Red Tape s5 5 ? Impressions of Tibet - Dongga Luo- 6) Democracy and Legal System sangchilie 40 22 Sports: Minority Sports Meeting 40 28 Taiwan Compatriots Urged to Discuss Exhibition: Minorities' Handicrafts 4L 2S Revised Constitution 30 5 Policy Towards Dalai Lama Polit- China La'*, SocietJz Founded JJ 6 - ical Editor An Zhiguo 46 Public Security Improved 33 6 Tibet: An Inside View (I) Interview Settling Civil Disputes Through Me- - D' with the autonomous regional diation 7 government chairman Our Cor- China's Law of Civil Procedure - respondent Jing Wei 47 t4 Cheng Yanling - 33 20 Education for National Minorities 48 6 Strengthening Economic Legislation 34 5 Tibet: An Inside View (II) More Discussion Nationwide of Draft of Re- Tibetans assume leadership- Our vised Constitution 39 6 - Correspondent Jing Wei 48 14 How Chinese Workers Exercise Their Tibet: An Inside View (III) Changes Democratic Rights Our Cor- - - in Gyangze Our Correspondent respondent Zhang Nan 40 18 - Jing Wei 49 2t Workers' Congresses in China 40 20 fibet: An Inside View (IV) Develop- Ttials of Jiang Qing's Accomplices ing traditional handicrafts- Our - - Political Editor An Zhiguo 41 3 Correspondent J,ing Wei 50 2B Old Principle Reaffirmed +4 6 Tibet: An Inside View (V) Draft Constitution Being Revised 46 5 -Reli- gious freedom returns - Our Cor- 7l National People's Congress respondent Jing Wei 51 36 5th Session of 5th NPC to Be Held in 10) People's Liberation Army November 35 5 An Army Serving the People Standing Committee Sets NPC Agenda 48 The Great Wall of Steel - Newly Appointed Ministers 48 5 Our Guest $/riter Xie National People's Congress Opens 49 c Xuan 3t 19 New Constittttion Adopted 50 3 Training Competent Comman- Major Targets of 6th Five-Year Plan 50 4 ders for Chi,na - Our Report on the Draft of the Revised Correspondent Li Li 31 oo Constitution of the People's Re- An Ordinary Company - Our public of China- 50 I Correspondent Tian Yun 31 26 Congress Session Closes 51 4 ''August 1" Army Da-v 32 5 It Issue Page ,'J;: PagQ No. No, No

1f) Reunification of the Motherland 2l Economic Readjustment and Reform Comment: Call From Taiwan 28 27 Prospects for Economic Readjust- 's Letter to Chiang ment - Economic Editor Wang Ching-kuo 31 5 Dacheng 30 The Nine-Point Proposal: One Year Economic Readjustment: Results Since After 41 19 1979 - Zharg Zhongji 35 13 Facts on File: The Nine Principles 4l 20 3) Industry, Communication and City Construction 12) Others Steady Increase in Industrial Produc- 28 5 Party's Birttrda;'Celebrated tion 2t 5 Kuomintang Personnel Re- Former New Ways to Hit the Road 23 5 Ieased 29 7 Minister of Railways Makes Self- and He Com- Liao Zhongkai Xiangning Criticism 28 7 36 6 memorated Building More Hydropower Stations 29 5 National Day Celebrated 4l 5 Anhui Coal Centre Construction Ac- ceLerated 31 7 Progress in Capital Construction DD I Beijing on the Brink of the 21st Cen- 2) Economic tury - Our Staff Writer Tao Zhenni J.) 26 1) Economic Theory and Policies Uprooting an 800-Year-Old Secret DD 27 Industrial Economic Results Improved 35 5 Discussions on Economic Theoly: Harbour Construction Speeded Up 36 7 Agreements and Differences - Water and Land Transport Network 40 6 From "Jingji Dongtai'' (Economic Comment: The Right to Refuse Is '20 Trends). January issue 28 Indeed Good 40 27 Opinion: The Way for 32 26 Coal Output Will Double 4l 6 te "East-West Dialogue" in China 33 Industry Up in tr'irst Nine Months 43 7 For Your Reference 33 25 On International Air Route: 27 Year-s Opinion: Basic Features of Socialist of Safety Our Correspondents Economy 34 26 Zhang Anfa- and Zhang Zeyu 43 24 "Specialized" Pea.sant Households- Electrified Double-Track Railway Line 44 I Economic Editor Jin Qi 36 3 Smaller Cities Essential to Growth 45 b Can China Reach Its Economic Targets Facts and Figures: National Economy: by 2000? 40 16 Major Targets 4B l1 Institute an Economic Planning Systen'r Ten Hydropower Generation Centres 49 1 Better Suited to China'-s Condi- Railways: Today and Tomorrow 52 4 tions "Renmin Ribao" Commen- - Agriculture, Animal tator' 4I 21 4) Forestry, Advancing Thr

Rapid Growth of Small Enterprises in Magnificent Northern Scene - Rural Areas 37 7 Visiting the newly opened Jilin Small Farm Machinery Demand Up 39 7 tourist area - Our Corres- Good Early Rice Harvest 40 7 pondent ZhangZeyu 29 26 Grain and Cash Crops Economic First International Tourist Conference 30 6 Editor Jin - 47 Qi 7l Others Statistics: Number of WelI-Off Bri- gades 43 27 CIECC - China's New Consulting Opinion: Prospects for Basic Units of Corporation 39 6 Rural Production 43 27 Transferring Technology 39 7 Utilization of Lake Resources 46 5 Former Industrialists and Business- A Large Shelterbelt 46 6 men as Counsellors 4L Expand Animal Husbandry 46 7 High Grain Yields 47 7 Small Rural Industries - Economic 3) Culture Editor Jin Qi 48 3 Facts and Figures: National Economy: and L'iterature Major Targets 48 17 1) Art 5) Finance and Trade "Gentle Breeze and Sunshine" Pre- Improve Urban and Rural Commodity dicted for Creativity 27 I CirculaLion ,o 6 Theatre: "Songtsan Gambo" 27 29 Tibet Drama Troupe 27 29 Market Changes 30 5 Drama: Beijing People's Art Theatre 31 29 China's Policy on Absorption of Direct "Wedding on a Rich Harvest Investment From Foreign Coun- - Year" 31 30 tries Wei Yuming 30 18 Performing Art: A People's Artist 32 28 Foreign -Investors See Bright Days Literature and Art and Pol.itics Cul- Ahead in China Our Correspon- - - tural Editor Xin Xiangrong 34 3 dent Han Baocheng 30 23 More Statues in Cities 34 7 China's Monetary Statistics in the First Film: "History of Chinese Medicine" 34 28 of 1982 31 Quar(er Cinema: New Film Recalls Tragic Opinion: Consuming Too Much Too Consequences of Aggressive War 35 29 Fast 36 26 Composition: Child's Science Fiction 36 30 Bank of China: Functions Unchanged 39 8 Cinema: "August 1" Film Studio 37 45 Exporting Ocean-Going Vessels 4l 6 For Your Reference: Film Studios in Theoretical Discussion: Socialism and China 37 46 20 Inflation f,qe Gengmo 44 Theatre: Tang Dynasty Art 38 to - tl School Foreign Trade Booming 45 Theatre: "The Accused" 39 30 China's Monetary Statistics in the 2nd l,ocal Opera: Three Love Story Operas 40 29 Quarter of 1982 45 7 Music: Ethnomusicology Studies 4l 30 For More Small Commodities 4t 7 Theatre: Ballet "Lin Daiyu" 43 28 Upgrading Small and Medium-Sized Cinerna: "Camel Xiangzi" 45 28 Enterprises 48 For Your Reference: Rickshaw Pullers in Old Beijing 45 29 6) Tourism Music: Chinese Sopranos on the World Chinese-Style Tourism Stage 45 29 Take Oul Own Road in De- Long History of Dance China in - veloping Tourism - Han Ke- Dai Ailian 46 27 hua 29 20 Dance: A Dai Nationality Soloist 46 29 Scenic Beauty and Special Fla- Literature: Modern Chinese Literature vour Trip in Wuxi Our Archives 46 30 - - Correspondent Zhou JianPing 29 23 Art: New Miniature Carvings 46 30 It's Fun to Travel in Yunnan * on Film Creation 47 5 to Guest Reporter Liu JingYue 24 Commemorated 47 6 tv fssl/e Pq,ge Issue Poge No. No. No. No.

Guo Moruo - A Great Proletarian Cul- Science and Technology: Outstanding tural Fighter - Yan Huandong 47 23 Inventions and Research 48 29 Education: Training of Artists 49 28 Scientific Accomplishments 49 8 Literature: Study of Lu Xun 52 33 Geology: Granite Research 49 29 Stage: Beijing Opera Artist com- 4, Sports memorated 52 33 Sports: Men's Volleyball Invitational 2t Education Tournament 28 30 Postgraduates Conferred Academic De- Physical Culture: For Elderly to Keep grees 28 8 Fit 30 28 P

Medicine: Artificial Joints to Replace Popularizing Science: Peasants Wel- Arthritic Joints 47 28 come It 42 29 Medicine: Heart Disease in Tibet 49 30 6) Archaeology and Cultural Relics 4) Sociol Former "Forbidden City": It Belongs to the Peop1e Our Correspon- Life: A County Without a Prisoner 36 27 dent Li Ming - Efficient Management 27 2T f) Population and Employment An Irresistible Attraction 27 o2 Population Trend Economic Editor "Cultural Relics Hospital" 27 25 - Former Residents of the Imperial Jin Qi 28 Palace 27 26 The'World's Biggest Census: Exhibition: Relics From Minority Na- Characieristics and Methods - tionalities 28 29 Interview with Li Chengrui. Cultural Relics: Ancient Drums Exhi- deputy head of census leading group 32 l6 bited 28 30 under the State Council Music: Ancient Tunes Reborn 29 29 Census Takers and Citizens: Work- Faleoanthropology: Prehistoric Man ing as One - Our Staff Re- Fossil 32 29 porters 32 19 Historical Record Zheng Numismatics: Currency Exhibition J.) 29 Liu - associate Collector Donates JJ 29 and Zhang Minru, Archaeology: Ancient Bronze Medicial professors of the China Peo- pie's Needle 37 46 University 32 Population 36 8 Archaeology: Cliff Carvings 39 30 Controlling Growth Rate Archaeology: New Studies on Ancient Trends Towards Stable Urban Employ- ment Ircp Nur Corpse 47 28 Meteorology: Astronomy: The Beijing Solution to Employment Problems - Mengzhou the Ancient Observatory 48 30 Hu of Ministry Labour and Per- Archaeology: Ancient Bathing Pool 48 30 of 39 20 Archaeology: Fossils With a Bite 49 30 sonnel Not Employment Agency Archaeology: Ancient Bone Carving 52 34 Just an The Xian Labour Service 7) Books Companies- Our Correspon- dent Jing - 39 23 "China's Search Ior Economic Hua FulI Employment Improves Effi- Growth" (in English) 28 2B ciency Nantong city's way "Dietionary of Traditional Chinese of doing- things Our Corres- Medicine'' (in Chinese and Japa- - pondent Jing Hua 39 26 nese) 30 30 Rulal Population Economic Editor "'s Fieid Operations" (in - Jin 44 .) Chinese) 32 30 Qi "A Single Spark Can Start a Prairie China's Population Tops 1,000 Miliion 45 5 The 1982 Census Results 45 20 Fire" (in Chinese) 32 30 Opinion: Population Growth and De- "A Brief History of the Chinese Peo- velopment 45 26 ple's Liberation Army" (in Chinese) 32 30 How to Interpret the Census Com- "Popular Philosophy'' (in Chinese) 39 oo munique Hou 48 13 "Chinese Translations of World Wenruo One-Fourth -of the World Is Large Famous Academic Works'' Part I 4? 29 Enough 49 8) Others 2l People's Life Tidbit: Foreigner in the Taiping Arm;: 36 27 Publication: More Consumer Goods for" the Peas- qo Chinese Books in Prinr 36 ants 28 t Foleign Literature. China Great Opinion: A Guide for the Aging ZB 26 Encyclopaedia 36 28 Fighting Beijing Dust 28 26

VI Issu e Page Issz e Pagc No. No. No. N().

Behind Those Walls - Our Correspon- People: Seif-Taught Eye Doctor 15 27 dent Li Xia 30 24 People: Former Professor in Taiwan Returns 34 26 II. INTERNATIONAL Rising Purchasing Power 36 7 Peasants Enjoy Pensions 40 8 I. Genero! Life: Homecoming Impressions 40 26 the Telephone Service to Be Upgraded 47 I Mounting Peace Movement in West Ma Weimin 27 l0 Life: Preschool Home Training 48 20 - Rural Elderly 48 20 Sports: Men's Volleyball Invitational Six Years After the Tournament 2B 30 - Quake Our Correspondent Li Economic Co-operation Among Third Xia - World Countries International - ,(J New Tangshan Under Reconstruc- Editor Mu Youlin J ,o o tion 48 22 Protesting "Two Chinas" Plot Starting Life Afresh 48 26 Delegation From League of Arab States 30 3) Social Trend US-European Conflict Getting Worse Intellectuals Become Model Workers 34 6 - Zhai Xiangqian 30 11 Comment: An Actress in the Limelight 34 27 On the Question of Human Right.s in the International Realm Shen Forum: Ethical Norms for Scientists 36 24 - Comment: The Courageous "Day of Baoxiang, Wang Chengquan and Shame" 36 26 Li Zerui 30 13 Professional Ethical Education 39 o On the Study of Deveioping Countries' Economy Junrui 31 15 What Legacy to Bequeath Children? 40 6 - Qian Opinion: Socialist Outlook on Marriage Opposing Hegemonism- Internation- and Family 40 26 al Editor Mu Youlin 32 Learn From Zhao Chune 42 4 Theoretical Discussion: Can Planned Peasants Visit Premier 43 6 Economy Be Implemented in Ca- Forum: Taking Good Care of the Se- pitalist Countries? 32 14 nior Citizens Answer in the Affirmative Song - .)t Respect for the Elderly Is a Fine Yangyan 14 Tradition Cao Manzhi 45 24 The Reasons to Refute Liu - ,)o Sociological - Studies Essential Chengrui 15 Cultural Exchanges With Foreign - Yuan Jihui 45 24 Life and Study of the Elderly Countries - Cultural Editor Xin - J.l Gao Jun 45 25 Xiangrong Three Areas of Study Huang 2nd World Conference on Cultural Pol- - icies Li Yingxin, Yue Jiasheng Zhen 45 25 - Comment: Welcome Visiting Teams 45 27 and Fang Zhicheng J.) l1 Urban and Rural Youth Service Teams 48 6 Japan-US: Wrangle Over Sakhalin Comment: Individually Financed Project -Zhang Zhi J.) l5 Bridges 48 21 US v. Western Europe: Intensified People: Policewoman Honoured 48 2t Conflict Over Gas Pipeline Zhang Yunwen - 35 4) Youth Developing Countries' Strategy for Communist Youth League's 1lth Con- Socio-Economic Development - Li gress 47 Cong 36 16 Communist Youth League Congress No Question of Double Standards Opens 'a2 International Editor Mu Youlin - Nuclear Test Ban International Edi- 5) Others - tor Mu Youlin 3B An Abortive Hijacking Attempt 32 IMF. World Bank Meeting: Seeking a People: From Peasant to Historical Way to Resolve the Financial Geographer 40 27 Crisis Xin Bu +0 14 - vtI ,ssue Page lssue Page No. No. No. No.

Sports: chea Wins Fourth Major Victory World Women's Volleyball Cham- Ren Yan 45 pionship 40 28 UN -Again Tells Hanoi to Quit Kam- Beijing Marathon 40 29 puchea 45 Greece's "Arab Diplomacy" Xin Shu 41 t2 Opposing Hegemonism and Safeguard-- ing World Peace 44 18 3. Chino's Foreign Relotions, Sports: The Sixth World Gymnastics Countries ond Regions cup 44 30 Adhere to Independent Foreign Policy 1) ASrA - Huan Xiang 46 2L IMF's Unreasonable Loan Chen Gong 47 11 Israel Must Halt Its Aggression Against The Developing Countries' -Grain Prob Lebanon 27 PLO Enormous Plsssurs lem Zhou Shengkui 41 18 Facing - About Weapons- Sales Internat.ional Zhong Dong 28 L2 Editor Mu Youlin - 48 3 Israel's Invasion of Lebanon Con- US-Western Europe Relations Eased demned 29 I Zhang Wen 48 I Israeli People Are Awakening - Ren - Yan 29 13 IMF's Unjust Treatment of Zambia - Xinhua commentary 49 15 Lebanese Crisis and Israel's Ambitions Wan 34 I Xisha and Nansha Islands Are China's - Guang Territory 49 10 ASEAN's 15 Years-Ren Yan 34 10 GATT Conference A Failure A Just Solution Is Needed for Palesti- - - nian Yu Kaiyuan 35 I Zhong Tai 50 7 Question - China Backs Arab Peace Plan 51 5 Salute to the Heroic Palestinian The Third World Needs No Leader --. Fighters-Excerpts from "Ren- International Editor Mu Youlin 52 .) min Ribao" August 27 editorial 36 10 Sea Law Convention Battle Wang The Middle East Situation After the - Shifang 52 I PLO Withdrawal - Yi Ming, "Bei- jing Review" news analyst 38 26 Begin's Bloody Hands Must Be Imme- 2. Chino ond the United diately Stopped - "ftqnrnin Ri- Notions bao" Commentator 39 10 Strong Condemnation of Israeli The UN General Assembly's Special Atrocities 39 10 Session on Disarmament - Report Begin Administration Condemned - from the United Nations 28 i0 Zhong Tai 40 II The UN: China's Disarmament Propq- Israeli Movement Against Begin's Ex- sal 28 1t pansionist Policy - Mei Zhenmin 43 11 Unsuccessful Session of the UN Gen- Middle East Peace Negotiations - Lin eral Assembly on Disarmament 29 t0 Jiaomin 45 10 Chinese Leaders Meet UN Secretary- Asian Dance Symposium: Protecting General 35 and Developing National Tradi- tions Our Correspondent Ling Kampuchean Question: FoiI Viet - Nam's Scheme at UN General As- Yang {6 23 Gulf States' Third Summit Bacl<^s Fez sembly - Li Yongming 39 1l China's Position on Current World Resolution - Ren Zhong 47 10 Issues Foreign Huang West Bank of the Jordan River: A - Minister Hua's address to UN General As- Captive Market - Le Shan 47 10 sembly, October 4 4l L4 China Reaf f lrms Support for Pales- Political and Economic Justice, Theme tinians' Struggle 49 of UN Speeches Chen Yicun 42 Obstacles to Mideast Peace - Yi Ming' UN Shou1d Play a More- Effective Role "Beijing Review" news analYst 49 12 Responsible for the - "Renmin Ribao" Commentator 44 11 Who Was Really United Nations: Democratic Kampu- Beirut Massacre? - Zhong Tai i2 vilI Jssue Pdge Issue Page No. No. No. No.

Afghanistan mands Rectification of Errors by Japan 33 Soviet Aggressors Sink Deeper Into Comment on "Restoring Japan-Taiwan Afghanistan Quagmire Zong 39 L2 Relations" Xin Ping 33 15 Call for Immediate Withdrawal-Liu of Japan Should -Draw a Lesson From Soviet Troops From Afghanistan History 34 8 Ren Yan 50 - Asians Oppose Japan's Distortion of Bangladesh History Xin Zhong 34 12 Conclusions- Confirmed History Bangladesh Under Military Rule Bu by Some legal aspects regarding Ja-- Xiqiao - 33 13 pan's distortion of history in text- Bangladesh-India Relations Improved books Chen Tiqiang a5 26 Li Wenzheng 44 L4 - Chinese Government's- Stand on Kiichi China Supports Bangladesh 50 4 Miyazawa's Statement 36 Burrna Zhao Ziyang Meets Japanese Film 37 10 Burma's Economic Growth Yang Fen 32 13 Delegation - Reply to Japan's Measures to Solve India Textbook Issue 38 7 A New Trend in India-US Relations Japanese Government Should Be True in Word and Resolute in Deed -Liu Zhengxue 34 11 - Zhao Ziyang on Sino-Indian Relations 4t 9 "Renmin Ribao" Commentator 38 25 10 Years of China-Japan Relations Mrs. Gandhi's Soviet Visit - Liu Zhen- - xue 4t 11 Xin Ping 40 72 Chinese'Leaders on Sino-Indian Rela- Japanese Prime Minister Visits China 4l 7 tions 44 9 Celebrating 10th Anniversary of Nor- Bangladesh-India Relations Improved malization of Sino-Japanese ReIa- Li Wenzheng 44 l4 tions 4l I In Memory- of Internationalist Fighter Japanese Prime Minister Withdraws From LDP Race Chen Bowei 43 11 Dr. Kotnis - 50 24 - Discreditable Behaviour by India Japan's New Cabinet - Chen Bowei Xinhua Correspondent Li and Sun Dongmin 49 11 - Yongming 51 I Jordan Sino-Indian Relations-International Sino-Jordanian Friendship and Co- Editor Mu Youlin 52 J operation 51 6 Commemorating Two Indian Doctors 52 6 Kampuchea Iran Greeting Kampuchea's New Coaiition Iran's Offensive Against Iraq Ren Government "Renmin Ribao" Yan - 31 11 Commentator- 27 Iraq Declaration on the Formation of a Coalition Government of Demo- After Iraq's Withdrawal Shuai cratic Kampuchea 27 13 Peng - to t4 The Coalition Government of Demo- Iran's Offensive Against Iraq Ren - cratic Kampuchea International Yan 31 11 - Editor Mu Youlin 28 J Japan Proclamation on the Formation of the History of Japanese Aggression Democratic Kampuchean Coali- Against-China Can Never Be Dis- tion Government 29 12 'torted Samdech Sihanouk Warmly Welcomed 30 7 - "Renmin Ribao" com- mentary 31 10 Deng Xiaoping Meets Sihanouk 31 o History Should Be Respected 31 10 Celebrating the 60th Birthday of Sam- Friendship Grows Only by Respecting dech Sihanouk 46 (,o History - Ren Yan 32 10 Vice-President Khieu Samphan Visits Chinese Vice-Foreign Minister De- China 47 I tx Issue Poge lssue Poge No. No. No. No.

Chinese Leaders on Kampuchean China Stands ['irmly by Thailand 48 Situation 49 Turkey

Korea Turkish President Visits China 52 Fresident Kim II Sung Visits China 39 c Viet Nam An' End to Korea's Division Ming False Islands On Ming - 48 1l Claims to China's Vietnamese Foreign Ministry's- Lebanon ' white book Xinhua Com- - 28 13 China's Stand on the Crisis in Lebanon 30 8 mentator The Situation in Lebanon Ren Zhong 33 t2 Hanoi's "Partial Troop Withdrawal" - 1t Situation in Lebanon An Guozhang 44 t2 Fraud Ren Zhong 29 - Chinese Foreign- Ministry Spokesman Nepal Exposes Hanoi's Proposal 29 l1 Hanoi's Diplomatic Offensive Li King of Nepal Visits Gansu and Tibet 32 8 - Zhao Ziyang on International Situa- Yongming 30 10 tion 32 9 Hanoi's Foreign Minister in Thailand Oman Yang Mu, Xinhua correspondent 32 11 Hanoi's- Sophistry Can't Alter the Facts Sino-Omani Relations 10 Grow 49 Li Ming 36 t2 Oman and Democratic Yemen Agree Vietnamese- Armed Provocations and to Normalize Relations Zhu - Intrusions Protested 43 10 Mengkui 49 l3 Viet Nam Is Preparing for New Adven- Pakistan tures - Li Yongming 46 Pakistan Yemen Arab Republic (North Now Expclrts Wheat - Chen Mouhua 40 15 Yemen) Pakistan President Visits China 44 8 Improved Relations Between North and President Zia's Visit to India and South Yemen Lu Shaomin, Fu Southeast Asia Liu Zhenxue 48 10 - - Weijian 43 16 People's De,rnocratic Republic of Yemen (South Yemen) 2l AFRTCA OAU Summit Postponed Xu Dewen 34 1t Improved Relations Between North and - South Yemen Lu Shaomin. Fu West Africa: International Co-opela- - tion on the Manantali Dam Weijian 43 16 - Oman and Democratic Yemen Agree Yang Xianya 36 t4 to Normalize Relations Zhu Franco-African Relations Forge Ahead - Sun Xinwen 43 l4 Mengkui 49 r3 - Premier Zhao Lo Visit 10 African Coun- Philippines tries 50 The Philippines Moves Towards Premier Zhao's African Tour - Inter- Energy Self-Reliance Zhang national Editor Mu 51 - Youlin Yunwen 47 12 Angola Saudi Arabia Angola International Editor Mu - Saudi Arabia: Exploiting Watel Re- Youlin 27 D sources Liu Aicheng 37 44 China, Angola Recolnize Each Other 40 10 - Relations With Angola Clarified 44 l0 Sri Lanka Azania (South Africa) First Presidential Elections in Sri Lanka Li Wenzheng 45 ll China Demands Release of Nelson - Mandela "Renmin Ribao" com- Thailand - mentary 33 14 Hanoi's Foreign Minister in Thailand China Condemns South African Au- - Yang Mu Xinhua correspondent 32 ll thorities' Atrocities 12 x Page Issle Pd,ge 1'J" No- No No.

South Atlica Denounced for New El Salvador Crime Wang I)adao 52 - El Salvador Still in Turmoil - Xin Equatorial Guinea Ping 35 t1 Mexico Equatorial Guinea Makes Headway - Ou Yucheng 39 l4 Mexico:' The Presidential Election and Guinea the Institutional Revolutionary Party Yao Chuntao 30 l0 Deveioping Friendly Relations With De la Madrid- on Mexico-China Rela- African 29 Countries tions 30 11 Deng Xiaoping on International Situation 29 Panama Libya Panama Makes Headway in Canal Management Xin Zhai 35 L2 Welcoming Distinguished Libyan - Spotlight on Panama Zhu Manting 42 10 Guests 35 I - Colonel Gaddafi in Beiiing 45 7 Peru Namibia Peruvian Prime Minister Visits China 42 5 On the Independence of Namibia - 4) NORTH AMERTCA International Editor Mu Youlin 35 3 Namibia Day 36 o United States

Somalia Superpowers' Fierce Recriminations on Somalia's Fanole Water Conservanc5. Disarmament Xin Zhong 27 II - (1948-50) Project Ren Yan 47 13 US Policy Towards Taiwan (I) Somalia Protests- Soviet Intervention Zhongyun 27 15 US -ZiPolicy Towards Taiwan (1948-50) Mu 3I 11 -Mu 28 ,, $I) -Zi Zhongyun Togo Washington's Anti-China Current - Ribao" 29 Togo's Search for Economic Indepen- "Renmin commentary I Hostile Policy Will Sabotage Sino-US dence Zhang Zhuii 42 1t - Relations Ribao" com- - "Renmin mentary 30 3) LATIN AMER,ICA Grain Accord Controversy - Chang Dejin 31 13 Latin America: The Malvinas After'- Superpowers Accelerate Arms SaIes math Lan Caiji 37 4l - Race Yuan Jin 31 l4 CARICOM Summit Tai 49 T2 - -Zhong The USA: Israel's Biggest Arms Sup- Reagan's Four-Nation Tour oI Latin plier Yuan Xianlu ' 32 t2 America 51 o - - Ren Yan A New Trend in India-US Relations - Liu Zhengxue J.t 11 Argentina China, US Issue Joint Communique 34 74 Argentina After Malvinas Ceasefire - Chinese Foreign Ministry Spokesman's Guan Yanzhong 28 T4 Statement on China-US Joint Argentina's Diplomatic Vict-ory - Communique 34 15 Guan Yanzhong 46 .9 The United States Should Strictly Ob- serve Agreement 35 25 Bolivia China Rejects US Prop<-rsal to Restrict New Development in Bolivian Political Textile Exports 36 I Situation - Zhu Manting 43 l3 The Two Superpowers Race to Arm Space Liao Yangwen 36 l3 Colombia - US Economy: Supply-Side Doctrine Ye Jianying Accepts Grand Crux Order 28 Doesn't Work - Zhang Yuan 3? 42 xt ,ssue Page Issue Poge No. No. No. No,

On Sino-US Relations 4t Hu Yaobang Talks With French Cor- Respect the China-US Joint Com- respondents 43 17 munique - "Renmin Ribao" com- Deng and Marchais on Party Rela- mentary 42 tionship 44 US-Soviet Relations: Shultz-Gromyko Developments in Paris-Bonn Relations Talks Yuan Xianlu 43 l5 Xiangqian, Ma Weimin 45 L2 Chinese Ambassador- to the US Ircdges -Zhai Protest 44 10 Italy What US Mid-Term Elections' Outcome The Mafia in Italy - Zhang Hua 44 13 Means - Yuan Xianlu 46 11 New Italian Government-Zhang Soviet-US Disarmament Talks Lead Qihua 50 8- Nowhere Fang Ming 48 11 US Vice-President- Finds African Tour Malta Unsuccessful Ren Yan 49 L4 Maltese Prime Minister Visits China 27 Soviet-US Relations:- Has the Tango 5l Soviet, Union Begun? -Wang Chongjie Reagan's Four-Nation Tour of Latin Sino-Soviet Relations-International America Ren Yan 51 - . Editor Mu Youlin 29 .) Soviet Att,ack on ASEAN - Xin Ping 3I 12 5) EUROPE Soviet Aggressors Sink Deeper Into Afghanistan Quagmire Liu Zong 39 t2 Jobless in Western Lin Jun, - Europe - Mrs. Gandhi's Soviet Visit - Liu Zhen- Yao Li 42 xue 4L 11 Zhao Ziyang on Economic Relations Some Observations on Soviet Detente With Western Europe 46 Zhen and Rong Zhi 42 16 US-Soviet-Zhang Relations: Shultz-Gromyko Britain Talks - Yuan Xianlu 43 l5 British Prime Minister Visits China 40 October Revolution Anniversary Marked in Beijing 46 8 Denmark Condolences on Brezhnev's Death 47 I Denmark: A Conservative Party Gov- On Sino-Soviet Consultations 48 8 Soviet-US Disarm'ament Talks Lead ernment Takes Over - Wu Ying- chun 38 28 Nowhere Fang Ming 48 11 Call for Immediate- Withdrawal of Federal Republic of Germany Soviet Troops From Afghanistan West Germany's Green Party A Ren Yan 50 6 - Soviei-US- Rising Force Li Shihua 37 43 Relations: Has the Tango - Begun?, West German Government Collapses - Wang Chongjie 51 7 -Zhang Yunwen 40 13 Spain President Carstens in China 43 8 Developments in Paris-Bonn Relations Western Europe: Another Socialist Party Assumes Xiangqian, Ma Weimin 45 L2 Power -Zhang -Zhai Qihua 46 10 France Yugoslavia French Foreign Minister in China JZ 9 Greeting 12th Congress of the LCY 27 French Policy of "Equilibrium" To- wards Middle East - Zhai Xiang- qian and Ma Weimin 36 11 6) OCEANTA President of the French National Assembly Visits China 37 Australia France Adjusts Economic Poliey - Australian Prime Minister Visits China 33 Zhai Xiangqian 41 13 Chinese and French Communist Parties New Zealand Restore Relations 43 Happy Birthday, Rewi Alley 51 xil Article 60 (6) to elect the Chairman of the Centi'al Military Commission and. upon his nomination, The National People's Congress is elected to decide on the choice of all the others on the for a term of five years. Central Military Commission ; Two months before the expiration of the (7) to elect the President of the Suprerne term of office of a National People's Congress, People's Court; its Standing Committee must ensure that the election of deputies to the succeding National (8) to elect the Procurator-General of the People's C

Article 62 Article 63 The National People's Congress exercises The National People's Congless has the the following functions and powers: power to recall or remove from office the follorv- (1) to amend the Constitution; lng person.s: (1) the President and the Vice-President (2) to supervise ihe enforcement of the Constitution; of the People's Reprtblic of China; (2) State (3) to enact and amend basic statutes corl; the Premier:, Vice-Premiers, cerning criminal offences. civil affairs, the state Counclllors, Ministers in charge of ministries or' organs and other matters; commissions and the Auditor-Gendal and the Secretary-General of the State Council; (4) to elect the President and the Vice- (3) the Chtrirman ot the Central Military President of the People's Republic of China;* Commission: and others on the Commission: (5) to decide on the choice Premiel of the (4) the President oI the Supt'eme People's of the State Council upon nomination the by Court; and President of the People's Republic of China, and to decide on the choice of the Vice-Premiers, (5) the Procurator-General of the Supreme State Councillors, Ministers in charge of minis- People's Procuratorate. tries or commissions and the Auditor-General and the Secretary-General of the State Council Article 64 upon nomination by the Premier; Amendments to the Constitutir>n are to be propose'd Committee Na- * Previously translated as Chairman and Vice- by the Standing of the tional People'-s Congress or by more than one- Chairman ot the People's Republic of China. - Tr. December 27, 1982 19 fifth of the deputies to the National people's tional People's Congress provided that they do Congress and adopted by a majority vote of not contravene the basic principles of these more than two-thirds of all the deputies to the statutes; Congress. (4) to interpret statutes; Statutes and resolutions are adopted by a (5) to examine and approve, when the Na- majority vote of more than one half of all the tional People's Congress is not session, par- deputies to the National People's Congress. in tial adjustments to the plan for national eco- nomic and social development and to the state Article 65 budget that prove necessary in the course of The Standing Committee of the National their implementation: People's Congress is composed of the following: (6) to supervise the work of the State the Chairman; Council, the Central Military' Commission. the Supreme People's Court and the Supreme Peo- the Vice-Chairmen; ple's Procuratorate i the Secretary-General; and (7) to annul those administrative rules and members. regulations, decisions or orders of the State Council that contravene Minority nationaiities are entitled to ap- the Constitution or the statutes; propriate representation on the Standing Com- mittee of the National People's Congress. (8) to annul those local regulations or de- cisions of the organs of state power of provinces, The National People's Congress elects, and autonomous regions and municipalities directly has the power to recall, all those on its Standing under the Central Government contravene Committee. that the Constitution. the statutes or the administra- No one on the Standing Committee of the tive rules and regulations; National People's Congress shall hold any post in any of the administrative, judicial or procu- (9) to decide, when the National People's Congress ratorial organs of the state. is not in session, on the choice of Min- isters in charge of ministries or commissions or the Auditor-General and the Secretary-General Article 66 of the State Council upon nomination by the The Standing Committee of the National Premier of the State Council; People's Congress is elected for the same term (10) to decide, upon nomination by the as the National People's Congress; it exercises Chairman of the Central Military Commission, its functions and powers until a new Standing on the choice of others on the Commission. when Committee is elected by the succeding National the National People's Congress is not in session. People's Congress. (11) to appoint and remove the Vice-Presi- The Chairman and Vice-Chairmen of the dents and judges of the Supreme People's Court, Standing Committee shall serve no mr.rre than members of its Judicial Committee and the Pres- t'rvo cOnseCUtive terms. ident of the Military Court at the suggestion of the President of the Supreme People's Court; Article 67 (12) to appoint and remove the Deputy The Standing Committee of the National Procurators-General and procurators of the Su- People's Congress exercises the following func- preme People's Procuratorate, members of its tions and powers: Procuratorial Committee and the Chief Procura- . (l) to interpret the Constitution and su- tor of the Military Procuratorate at the request pervise its enforcement: of the Procurator-General of the Supreme Peo- ple's Procuratorate, and to approve the appoint- (2) to enact and amend statutes with the ment and removal of the chief procurators of exception of those which should be enacted by the people's procuratorates of provinces, auton- the National People's Congress; omous legions and municipalities directly un- der the Central Government; (3) to enact, when the National People's Congress is not in session, partial supplements (13) to decide on the appointment and re- and amendments to statutes enactd by the Na- call of plenipotentiary representatives abroad;

20 Beijing Reuiew, No. 52 (14) to decide on the ratification and ab- mittee, a Foreign Affairs Committee, an Over- rogation of treaties and important 'agreements seas Chinese Committee and such other special concluded with foreign states; committees as are necessary. These special mm- mittees work under the direction of the Stand- (15) to institute systems ranks of titles and ing Committee of the National People's Congress for military and diplomatic personnel of and when the Congress is not in session. other specific titles and ranks; The special committees examine, discuss (16) to institute state medals and titles of and draw up relevant bills and draft resolutions honour and decide on their conferment; under the direction of the National People's Con- (17) to decide on the granting of special gress and its Standing Committee. pardons; Article 71 (18) to decide, when the National People's National People's Congress and its Congress is not in sesi6n, on the proclamation The Standing Committee may, when they deem it of a state of war in the event of an armed attack into on the country or in fulfilment of international necessary, appoint committees of inquiry specific questions and adopt relevant resolutions treaty obligations concerning common defence reports. against aggression; in the light of their A11 organs of state, public organizations and (19) to decide on general mobilization or the partial mobilization; citizens concerned are obliged to supply necessary information to those committees of (20) to decide on the enforcement of mar- inquiry when they conduct investigations. tial law throughout the country or in particular provinces, autonomous regions or municipalities Article 72 directly under the Central Government; and Deputies to the National People's Congress (21) to exercise such other functions and and all those on its Standing Committee have powers as the National Peop).e's Congress may the right, in dccordance with procedures pre- assign to it. scribed by law, to submit bills and propoeals within the scope of the respective functions and powers of the National People's Congress and its ' Article 68 Standing Committee. The Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Nationai People's Congrers presides over Article 73 the work of the Standing Committee and con- Deputies to the National People's Congress venes its meetings. The Vice-Chairmen and the during its sessions, and all those on its Standing Secretary-General assist the Chairman in his Committee during its meetings, have the right work. to addre*s questions, in accordance with proce- Chairmanship meetings with the participa- dures prescribed by Iaw, to the State Council or tion of the Chairman. Vice-Chairmen and Sec- the ministries and commissions under the State retary-General handle the important day-to-day Council, which must answer the questions in a work of the Standing Committee of the Nation- responsible manner. al People's Congress. Article 74 Article 69 No deputy to the National People's Congress may be arrested or placed on criminal trial with- The Standing Committee of the National out the consent of the Presidium of the current People's Congress is responsible to the National se.ssion of the National People's Congress or, People's Congress and reports on its '*-ork to the when the National People's Congress is not in Congress. session. without the consent of its Standing Committee. Article 70 Article 75 The National People's Congress establishes a Nationalities Committee, a Law Committee. a Deputies to the National People's Congress Finance and Economic Committee, an Educa- may not be called to legal account for their tion. Science, Culture and Public Health Com- speeches or votes at its meetings.

December 27, 1982 21 Article 76 isters in charge of ministries or commissions, and the Auditor-General and Secretary- Deputies to the National People's Congress the General of the State Council; med- must play an exemplary rcile in abiding by the confers state als and titles of honour; issues orders of spe- Constitution and the law and keeping state se- cial pardons; proclaims martial law; proclaims a crets and, in production and other work and state of war; and issues mobilization orders. their public activities, assist in the enforcement of the Constitution and the ]aw. Article 8l Deputies to the National People's Congress should maintain close contact with the units The President of the People's Republic of which elected them and with the people, listen China receives foreign diplomatic representa- to and convey the opinions and demands of the tives on behalf of the People's Republic of Chi- people and work hard to serve them. na and, in pursuance of decisions of the Stand- ing Committee of the National People's Article 77 Congress, appoints and recalls plenipot'entiary representatives abroad, and ratifies and ab- Deputies the National People's Congress to rogates treaties and important agreements are subject to the supervision units which of the concluded with foreign states. elected them. The electoral units have the power, through procedures prescribed by law, Article 82 to recall the deputies whom they elected. The Vice-President of the People's Republic Article 78 of China assists the President in his work. The organization and working procedures The Vice-President of the People's Republic of the National People's Congres.s and its Stand- of China may exercise such parts of the func- ing Committee are prescribed by law. tions and powers of the President as the Pre.si- dent may entrust to him.

Section ll Article 83

The President of the People's Republic The President and Vice-President of the Of Chino People's Republic of China exercise their func- tions and poivers until the new President and Article 79 Vice-President elected by the succeeding Nation- al People's Congress as-iume office. The President and Vice-President of the People's Republic of China are elected by the National People's Congress. Article 8l Citizens of the People's Republic of China In case the office bf the President of the who have the right to vote and to stand for elec- People's Republic of China falls vacant. the tion and who have reached the age of .45 are Vice-President succeeds to the otfice of Pr'esi- eligible for election as President or Vice-Presi- dent. dent of the People's Republic of China. In case the olfice of the Vice-President of The term of office of the President and Vice- the People's Republic of China lalls vacant. the President of the People's Republic of China is National People's Congress' shall elect a new the same as that of the National People's Con- Vice-President to till the vacancy. gress, and they shall serve no more than tw

22 Beijing Reuiew, No. 52 Section lll (1) to adopt administrative measures, enact administrative rules and regulations and The Stote Council issue decisions and orders in accordance u'ith the Constitution and the statutes; Article 85 (2) to submit proposals to the National The State Council, that is, the Central-peo- People's Congress or its Standing Committee; ple's Gover4ment, of the People,s Republic of (3) to lay down lhe tasks and responsibili- China is the executive body of the highest organ ties the ministries of state power; is of and commissions of the it the highest organ of state State administration. Council, to exercise unified leadership over the work of the ministries and commissions and to direct all other administrative work of a Article 86 national character that does not fall within the jurisdiction The State Council is composed of the fol- of the ministries and commissions: lowing: (4) to exercise unified leadership over the the Premier; work of local organs of state administration at the Vice-Premiers; different levels throughout the country, and to the State Councillors; lay down the detailed division of functions the Ministers in charge of ministries; and powers between the Central Government the Ministers in charg.e of commissions; and the organs of state administration of prov- the Auditor-General; and lnces, autonomous regions and municipalities the Secretary-General. directly under the Central Government; The Premier has overall responsibility for (5) to draw up and implement the plan for the State Council. The ministers have overall national economic and social development and responsibility for the respective ministries or the state budget; commissions under their charge. (6) to direct and administer economic work and urban and The organization of the State Council is rural development; prescribed by law. (7) to direct and administer the work con- cerning education, science, culture, public Article 8Z health, physical culture and family planning; The term of office of the State Council is (B) to direct the same as that of the National People's Con- and administer the work con- gress. cerning civil affairs, public security, judicial ad- ministration, supervision and other related mat- The Premier, Vice-Premiers and State ters: Councillors shall serve no more than two con- secutive terms. (9) to conduct foreign affairs and conclude treaties and agreements with foreign states; Article 88 (10) to direct and administer the building The Premier directs the work of the State of national defence; Council. The Vice-Premiers and State Council- (11) to direct and administer affairs con- lors assist the Premi.er in his work. cerning the nationalities, and to safeguard the Executive meetings of the State Council are equal rights of minority nationalities and'the compcxed of the Premier, the Vice-Premiers, the right of autonomy of the national autonomous State Councillors and the Secretary-General of areas; the State Council. (12) to protect the legitimate rtghts and in- The Premier convenes and presides over the terests of Chinese nationals residing abroad and executive meetings and plenary meetings of the protect the lawful rights and interests of return- State Council. ed overseas Chinese and of the family members of Chinese nationals residing abroad: Article 89 (13) to alter or annul inappropriate The State Council exercises the foliowing orders, directives and regulations issued by the functions and powers: ministries or commissions;

December 27, 1982 23 (14) to alter or annul inappropriate deci- . Article 92 sions and orders issued by local organs of state administration at different levels; The State Council is responsible, and l^eports (15) to approve the geographic division of on its work, to the National People's Congress provinces, autonomous regions and municipali- or, when the National Pepple's Congress is not ties directly under the Central Government, and in session. to its Standing Committee. to approve the establishment and geographic division of autonomous prefectures, counties, autonomous counties and cities; Section lV (16) to decide on the enforcement mar- of The Centrol Militory Commission t,ial iaw in parts of provinces, autonomous re- gions and municipalities directly under the gB Central Government; Article (17) to examine and decide on the size of The Central Military Commission of the administrative organs and, in accordance with People's Republic of Chirra directs the armed the law, to appoint, remove and train adminis- forces of the country. trative officers, appraise their work and reward or punish them; and The Central Military Commission is com- posed ng: (18) to exercise such other functions and of the follow powers as the National People's Congress or its the Chairman; Standing Committee may assign it. the Vice-Chairmen; and members. Article 90 The Chairman of the Central Military Com- The Ministers in charge of ministries or mission has overall responsibility for the Com- commissions of the State Council are responsi- mission. ble for the work of their respective departments and convene and preside over their ministerial The term of office of the Central Military National meetings or commission meetings that discuss Commission is the same as that of the and decide on major issues in the work of their People's Congress. respective departments. Article 9il The ministries and commissions issue orders, directives and regulations within the jurisdic- tion of their respective departments and in ac- The Chairman of the Central Military Com- cordance with the statutes and the administra- mission is responsible to the National People's tive rules and regulations, decisions and orders Congress and its Standing Committee. issued by the State Council.

Article g1 Section V Locol The State Council establishes an auditing The locol People's Congresses ond the People's Governments qt Different Levels bod! to supervise through auditing the revenue and expenditure of all departments under the State Council and of the local governments at Article 95 different leve]s, and those of the state financial and monetary organizations and of enterprises People's congresses and people's govern- and undertakings. ments are established in provinces, municipali- directly under CentraL Government, Under the direction of the Premier of the ties the municipal districts, townships, State Council, the auditing body independently counties, cities, townships and towns. exercises its power to supervise through auditing nationality in accordance with the law, subject to no inter- The organization of local people's congres.ses ference by any other administrative organ or and local people's governments at different any public organization or individual. levels is prescribed by law.

24 Beijing Reoiew, No. 52 Organs of self-government are established economic and social development and the in autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures budgets of their respective administrative areas, and autonomous counties. The organization and and examine and approve reports on their im- working procedures of organs of self-govern- plementation. They have the power to alter or ment are prescribed by law in accordance with annul inappropriate decisions of their own the basic principles laid down in Sections V and standing committees. VI of Chapter Three of the Constitution. The people's congresses of nationality town- ships may, within the limits of their authority Article g6 as prescribed by law, take specific measures suited to the peculiarities of the nationalities Irccal people's congresses at different levels concerned. are local organs of state po.wer.

Local people's congre$ses at and above the Article 100 county level establish standing committees. The people's congresses bf provinces and Article, 97 municipalities directly under the Central Gov- ernment, and their standing committees, may Deputies to the people's congresses of prov- adopt local regulations, which must not contra- inces, municipalities directly under the Central vene the Constitution, the statutes and the ad- Government, and cities divided into districts are ministrative rules and regulations, and they shall elected by the people's congresses at the next report such local regulations to the Standing lower level; deputies to the people's congresses Committee of the National People's Congress of counties, cities not divided into districts, mu- for the record. nicipal districts, torvnships. nationality town- ships and towns are elected directly by their Article 101 constituencies. The number of deputies to local people's At their respective trevels, local people's con- congres.ses at different ievels and the manner of gresses elect, and have the power to recall, gov- their election are precribed by law. ernors and deputy governors, or mayors and deputy mayors, or heads .and deputy heads of towns. Article 98 counties, districts, townships and Local people's congresses at and above the The term of office of the people's congresses county level elect, and have the power to recall, ol provinces, municipalities directly under the presidents of people's courts and chief procura- Central Government and cities divided into dis- tors of people's procuratorates at the correspond- tricts is five years. The term of office of the ing level. The election or recall of chief proc- people's congresses of-counties. cities not divid- urators of people's procuratorates shall be re- ed into districts, municipal districts, townships, ported to the chief procurators of the people's nationality townships and torvns is three years. procuratorates at the next higher level for sub- mission to the standing committees of the peo- Article gg ple's congre.*ses at the corresponding level for approval. Local people's congre&ses at different levels ensure the observance and implementation of the Article 102 Constitution, the statutes and the administra- tive rules and regulations in their respective Deputies to the people's congresses of prov- administlative areas. Within the limits their of inces, municipalities directly under the Central authority as prescribed by law, they adopt and Government and cities divided into districts are issue resolutions and examine and decide on subject to supervision by the units which elected plans for local economic and cultural develop- them; deputies to the people's congresses of ment and for the development public of counties, cities not divided into districts, munic- servlces. ipal districts, townships, nationality townships Local people's congresses at and above the and towns are subject to supervision by their county level examine and approve the plans for constituencies.

December 27, 1982 25 The electoral units and constituencies which Article 106 elect deputies to local people's congresses at dif- ferent levels have the power, according to pro- The term of office of local people's govern- cedures prescribed by law, to recall deputies ments at different levels is the same as that of whom they elected. the people's congresses at the corresponding level. Article 103 Article 107 The standing committee of a local people's congress at and above the county level is com- Local people's governments at and above posed of a chairman, vice-chairmen and mem- the county level, within the limits of their au- bers, and is responsible, and reports on its work, thority as prescribed by law, conduct the admin- to the people's congress at the corresponding istrative work concerning the economy, educa- leveI. tion, science, culture. public health. physical culture, urban and rural development, finance. The local people's congress at and abbve civil affairs, public security, nationalities affairs. the county level elects, and has the power to re- iudicial administration. supervision and family call, anyone on the standing committee of the planning respective administrative people's congless at the corresponding level. in their areas; issue decisions and orders; appoint. re- No one on the standing committee of a local move and train administrative functionaries. ap- people's congress at and above the county level praise their work and reward or punish them. shall hold any post in state administrative. ju- People's governments townships, nation- dicial and procuratorial organs. of ality townships and towns carry out the resolu- tions of the people's congress at the correspond- Article 104 rng level as well as the decisions and orders of the state administrative organs at the next The standing committee of a local people's higher level and conduct administrative work congress at and above the county level discusses in their respectivq administrative areas. and decides on major issues in all fields of work in its administrative area; supervises the wolk People's governments of plovinces and mu- of the people's government, people's court and nicipalities directly under the Central Govern- people's procuratorate at the corresponding ment decicie on the establishment and geograph- level; annuls inappropriate decisions and orders ic division oI t

Article 105 Article 109 Local people's governments at diflerent Auditing local levels are the executive b

26 Beijing Reuiew, No. 52 Article 110 deputies of the nationality or nationalities ex- ercising regional autonomy in the administrative Local people's governments at different area, the other nationalities inhabiting the area Ieveis are responsibie, and report on their work, are also entitled to appropriate representation. to people's congresses at the corresponding level. Local people's governments at and above the The chairmanship and vice-chairmanships county level are responsible, and report on their of the standing committee of the people's con- work, to the standing committee of the people's gress of an autonomous region, prefecture or congress at the corresponding level when the county shall include a citizen or citizens of the congress is not in session. nationality or nationalities exercising regional autonomy in the area concernd. Local people's governments at different lev- els are responsible, and report on their work, to the state administrative organs at the next high- Article 114 Local people's governments at differ- er level. The administrative head of an autonomous levels the are state ad- ent throughout countrj region, prefecture or county shall be a citizen of ministrative organs under the unified leadership the nationality, or of one of the nationalities, ex- of the State Council and are subordinate to it. ercising regional autonomy in the area concern- Article ll1 ed

The residents' committees and villagers' Article 115 committees established among urban and rural residents on the basis of their place of residence The organs of self-government of autono- are mass organizations of self-management at mous regions, prefectures and Counties exercise the grass-roots level. The chairman, vice-chair- the functions and powers of local organs of state men and members of each residents' or villagers' as specified in Section V of Chapter Three of the committee are elected by the residents. The re- Constitution. At the same time, they exercise Iationship between the residents' and villagers' the right of autonomy within the limits of their committees and the grass-roots organs of state authority as prescribed by the Constitution, the power is prescribed by law. law of regional national autonomy and other laws, and implement the laws and policies of The residents' and villagers' committees es- the state in the light of the existing local situa- tablish committees for people's mediation, pub- tion. lic security. public health and other matters in order to manage public affairs and social serv- ices in their areas, mediate civil disputes, help Article 116 maintain public order and convey residenl,s' People's congresses of national autonomous opinions and demands and make suggestions to power the people's government: areas have the to enact autonomy regula- tions and specific regulations in the light of the political, economic and cultural characteristics Section Vl of the nationality or nationaiities in the areas concerned. The autonomy regulations and spe- cific regulations of autonomous regions shall be The Orgons of Self-Government of Notionol Autonomous Areos submitted to the Standing Committee of the National. Peop1e's Congress for approval before they go into effect. Those of autonomous pre- Article l12 Iectures and counties shall be submitted to the The organs of self-government of national standing committees of the people's congresses autonomous areas are the people's c<-rngresses and cif provinces or autonomous regions for approval people's governments of autonomous regions. before they go into effect, and they shall be re- autonomous prefectures and autonomous coun- ported to the Standing Committee of the Nation- ties. al People's Congress for the record.

Article 113 '. Article 117 In the people's congre$s ol an autonrJmous The organs of self-government of the na- legion. prefecture or county, in addition tcl the tionaL autonomous areas have the power of au-

December 27, 1982 2i tonomy in administering the finances of their levels and specialized personnel and skilled areas. All revenues accruing to the national au- workers of different professions and trades from tonomous areas under the financial system of among the nationality or nationalities in those the state shall be managd and used by the or- areas. gans of self-government of those areas on their own. Section Vll Article 118 The People's Courts ond the People's The organs of self-government of the na- Procurotorotes tional autonomous areas independently arrange for and administer local economic development Article 123 under the guidance of state plans. The people's courts in the People's Republic In exploiting natural resources and build- of China are the judicial organs of the state. ing enterprises in the national autonomous areas, the state shall give due consideration to Article 124 the interests of those areas. The People's Republic of China establishes Article 119 the Supreme People's Court and tire local peo- ple's courts at dif{erent levels. military courts The organs of self-government of the na- and other special people's courts. tional autonomous areas independently adminis- ter educational, scientific, cultural, public health The term of office r:f the President of the and physical culture affairs in their respec- Supreme People's Court is the same as that tif tive areas, protect and cull through the cultural the National People's Congress: he shall serve more heritage of the nationalities and work for the no than two consecutive terms. development and prosperity of their cultures. The organization of people's courts is pt'e- scribed by law. Article 120 Article 125 The organs of self-government oI the na- tional autonomous areas may, in accordance with AII cases handled by the people's courts. the military system of the state and concrete except for those involving special cir-cumsttrnces local needs and with the approval of the State as specified by laiv, shall be heard in public, Council, organize local public security forces The accused has the right of defence. for the maintenance of public order.

Article 126 Article 121 The people's courts shall, in accordance rvit,h In performing their functions, the organs the law, exercise judicial power independently of self-government of the national autonomou.s and are not subject to interference by adminis- areas, in accordance with the autonomy regula- trative organs, public organizations or indirzid- tions of the respective areas, employ the spoken uals. and written language or languages in ccmmon use in the locality. Article 127

Article 122 The Supreme People's Court is the highest iudicial organ. The state gives financial, material and tech- nical assi5tance to the minority nationalities to The Supreme People's Court supelvises the accelerate their economic and cultural develop- administration of iustice by the local people's ment. courts at different levels and by ihe special peo- ple's courts; people's courts at higher levels The state helps the national autonomous supervise the administration clf justice by those areas train large numbers of cadres at different at lower levels.

28 Beijing Reaiew, No, 52 Article 128 Article 134 The Supreme People's Court is responsible Citizens of all nationalities have the right to the National People's Congress and its Stand- to use the spoken and written languages of their ing Committee. Local people's courts at differ- own nationalities in court proceedings. The ent levels are responsible to the organs of people's courts and people's procur.alorates state power which created them. should provide translation for any party to the court proceedings who is not familiar with the spoken or written languages Article 129 in common use in the locality. The people's procuratorates peo- of the In an area where people oI a minority na- ple's Republic of China are state organs for ticlnality live in a compact community or where legal supervision. a number of nationalities live together, hearings should be conducted in the language or lan- Article lB0 guages in common use in the locality: indict- ments, judgments, notices and other documents The People's Republic China of establishes should be written, according to actual needs, in the Supreme People's Procuratorate and the the language or languages common use in people's in local procuratorates at different levels. the locality" miiitary procuratorates and other special peo- ple's procuratorates. Article 135 The term procurator- of office of the The people's courts, people's procuratorates General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate and public security organs shall. in handling is the same as that of the National people,s criminal cases. divide their functions. each Congress; he shatl serve no more than two con- taking respoqsibility for its o.*'n ."vork, and they secutive terms. shall co-ordinate their elforts and check each The organization of people's procuratorates other to ensure correct and effective enforce- is prescribed by law. ment of law.

Article 131 Chapter Four People's procuratoratqs shall, in acordance with the law, exercise procuratorial power in- dependenlly and are not subject to interference The National Flag, the by administrative organs, public organizations or individuals. National Emblem and

Article lB2 The Capital

The Supreme People's Procuratorate is the highest procuratorial organ. Article 136 The Supreme People's procuratorate directs The national flag of the People'.s Republic the work of the local people's procuratorates at of China is a red flag with fivi, stars. different levels and of the special people's proc- uratorates; people's procuratorates at higher levels direct the work of those at lower levels. Article 137

The natronal emblem of the People's Re- Article IBB public of China is Tian An Men in the centre The Supreme People,s procuratorate is re_ illuminated by five stars and encircled by ears sponsible to the National people,s Congress and ol grain and a cogwheel. its Standing Committee. Local people s proc_ uratorates at different levels are responsible to ' Article 138 the organs of state power at the corresponding levels which created them and to the people.s The capital of the People's Republic of procuratorates at the higher level. China is Beijing. j

December 27, 1982 29 Exercising Power on Beholf of the People on Fifth Session -Sidelights of Fifth National People's Congress

by Our Correspondent Zhi Ye

- Arise, all ge who refuse to be slatses! temporary national anthem in 1949 by the With our flesh and, blood, Chinese People's Political Consultative Con- ference Peo- Let us build our neto Great Wall. . . . that declared the founding of the ple's Republic. I S the majestic notes of the March oJ the ''cultural tL Volunteers filled the Great Hall of the Peo- Then, during the revolution," (1966-76), ple in Beijing, the Fifth Session of the Fifth Tian Han, who had become a leading figure in the literary and art circles, was label- National People's Congress (NPC) came to a led one Shaoqi" triumphant end on the afternoon of December of the "Four Villains of Liu 10, after 15 days of intense yet well co-ordinat- and charged with being a counter-revolutionary, ed work. a revisionist and a traitor. The song, which evokes the determination The words were banned and the music was of battles won 40 years ago, urges listeners only perlormed on instruments. not to forget the hardships and dangers of Although the "cultural revolutioh" ended the past. Perhaps more than any other in 1976 with the exposure of the gang of four, single element of the NPC, the anthem remind- by 19?8 the nation was only beginning to grasp ed the deputies that they were, right in that the profundity of the errors committed during hall, exercising the power delegated to them by that period. Tian Han had died in prison in people. the 1968 so could not be called upon to defend him- March of the Volunteers, a clarion call to sel.t, and the charges against him were serious defend the motherland, with words by Tian and unresolved. Simultaneously, the old call Han and music by Nie Er, became very popular for more updated words was'revived. The First in the 1930s and 40s. It was adopted as a Session of the Fifth NPC in February 1978 de-

Chen Jingrun (right. front row), a well-known mathematician as well as a deputy to the NPC, tells a group discussion meeting how he plans to coDtribute to the Sixth Five-Year Plan.

30 Beijing Reuiew, No. 52 cided to choose words from among a number that had been submitted. National Anthem But the original words remained deep in the hearts of the.people, who never took up the (March of the Volunteers) new ones with much enthusiasm. Arise, all Ae who refuse to be slaues! .Then, in 1979, Tian Han was completely With our flesh and blood, exonerated. At subsequent NPC sessions, Let us build our neus Great WaIl. voices repeatedly were heard calling for restor- The Chinese nati,on f aces i,ts greatest d,anger. ing the original words. At the Fifth Session of From each one the urgent call for action the Fifth NPC, Guan Shanfu and 10 other Bei- comes forth: jing deputies submitted a motion to restore the Arise! Arise! Arise! anthem's original words, arguing that they had Millions uith but one heart, been changed for unfounded reasons at a time Brauing the enemy's fire, march on! when many wrongs had not yet been righted. Brauing the enemg's fire, march on! Perhaps the words were not current, but the March on! March on! On! appropriateness of their call to patriotism was borne out in the people's persistent loyalty to them. cussion meetings Thus it was a popular decision of the Fifth allowed full exchanges of opinions. Clerical Session to approve a resolution that restored staff worked in relays, re- the words of the March of the Volunteers. cording and compiling every suggestion and opinion before submitting them to the Working Group Constitutional Revision on the Constitutional Revision set up during the session. The national anthem was but one item on Members the agenda of the Fifth Session, which began of this working group worked day on November 26. The session's major topics and night during the session. On the basis of nationwide discussions, more 100 were to examine, 'discuss and adopt the revised than amend- Constitution and the Sixth Five-Year PIan. The ments to the draft were adopted by the presi- session was a fine example of how the National. dium on December 3 for deliberation at the People's Congress exercises its power as China's 30 of these revisions were made by the supreme organ of power; it also marked a steady ::::i:il improvement people's of the Chinese democratic In groqp discussions, the deputies expressed life. satisfaction with the draft, but said they were The work to revise the Constitution was afraid that its implementation might be im- accomplished in 26 rnonths. The draft of the peded. Many deputies pointed out that the revised Constitution, published in April, was Constitution promulgated in 1954 wab quite discussed among B0 per cent of the nation's good because it was compatible with the situa- adults in 29 provinces, municipalities and au- tion of the time. But it was thrown overboard tonomous regions. Compatriots from Taiwan, in the 10-year turmoil and confusion that began Xianggang (Hongkong) and Aornen (Macao) and in 1966, bringing major catastrophe to the state overseas Chinese also voiced suggestions and and the people. This served as a bitter lesson. comments. Such a large-scale constitutional The deputies w.ere unanimous that it should be revision was unprecedented in China and rare stipulated that violations of this Constitution in the world. Numerous discussion meetings on must be dealt with seriously. As a result, a the draft were held throughout the country. In clause was added to Article 5 of the draft: "AII the remote province of Guizhou, 2,286 such acts in violation of the Constitution and the law meetings were called, attended by a total of must be looked into." 46,200 experts, scholars and members of various circles. Motions At the Fifth Session, the draft again came The Fifth Session received 2,102 proposals under careful examination and discussion. With from the deputies or their elettorates. Staff a high sense of responsibility as masters of the members of the Motions Examining Committee state, the deputies made exhaustive studies of are now brrsy registering, classifying and print- the Constitution - from the cardinal state poli- ing these motions. The committee wiII then cies to phrasing and punctuation. Group dis- present opinions about how to respond to them.

December 27, 1982 31 Deputy Yu Shuzhen, a famous soloist, sings f or fellow deputies and serv- ice workers durinB dinner.

After the session, the motions that are passed Committee considers them, it wiII brief the will be forwarded to appropriate departments to deputies on the results. be dealt with promptly, and the results wilI be The Fifth Session of the Fifth NPC received reported to deputies who submitted them. "We many letters and cables from citizens across the received 2,318 proposals last year," said a re- land. In its first six days, the session received sponsible member of the Motions Examining 4,300 letters, an average of more than 700 each Committee. "They have all been dealt with and day. Written by the people with a high sense the deputies have been informed the results. of of being the masters of the country, they ad- Of the problems presented these proposals, in dressed miscellaneous topics ranging from the 70 per cent have been completely solved or are transformation of the legal system and the re- being solved. Conditions are being created for structuring of government organizations to in- the solution 20 per cent them, and of of the dustrial and farm production, culture and edu- methods for solving the remaining 10 per cent." cation and family planning. The Fifth Session Qin Yongji, a deputy of the Mulao na- will respond to letters and cables directly related tionality from the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous to its work, according to the session's secretariat. Region, was delighted that his suggestion made Others will be forwarded to departments con- at the previous session.was accepted. On the cernd. rl request of his constituency, the local Mulaos, he had requested that his home county of Luo- cheng be renamed a Mulao autonomous county. In response, the departments concerned sent an RADIO PEKING BECOMES investigation group to canvass the local people and reached the conclusion that the Mulaos are RADIO BErfrNG a nationality native only to China and that since they live in compact communities in Luocheng, its name should be changed according to relevant state laws. With the government ap proval, preparations are under way for the establishment of the Luocheng Mulao Autono- olphobet to Romonize Chinese nomes mous County. ond ploces. The nome "Rodio Peking" wqs tempororily retoined so os to ollow To enable the people's deputies to better time for listeners obrood to get used to exercise their power, the methods for present- the new Romonizotion of Chinese nomes ing opinions and suggestions wilL be improved ond ploces. at the next National People's Congress. Accord- This chonge on Jon, 1, 1983 offects ing to the new Organic Law Governing the Peo- the stotion's services in the Eng lish, ple's Congresses, deputies are entitled to pre- French, Hindi, Urdu, Sinholese, Housq sent suggestions and opinions to the Standing ond Swohili longuoges, Committee of the National People's Congress even if it is not in session. After the Standing

32 Beijing Retsiew, No, 52 .: CU!.'TURE & SCIiNICE

the people engaged in socialist STAGE LITERATURE modernization could draw strength from Lu Xun's litera- Study ol Lu Xun ture of decades ago. In his Beijing Opero Artist time, Lu Xun was respected by Commemoroted Research into the literature of the Chinese people as a leader Lu Xun (1881-1936) is now of the new culture movement, Special performances and in ascendancy. At a national a thinker and a revolutionary, forums were held in Beijing to symposium recently held in and he, in turn, devoted much commemorate Tan Fuying,. a Hangzhou, the results of studies energy to gain a deep under- famous Beijing opera artist who conducted since the Lu Xun standing of the national char- died five years ago. centennial symposium in 1981 acter of China. At the sympo- 'were presented. sium, some papers on his philos- Tan Fuying masterfully re- Though two of Lu Xun's ophy highly' praised his spirit vealed the mood and thoughts short stories. The Madman's of thoroughgoing opposition to of the characters he performed Diarg and The True Storg of imperialism and feudalism, his through his singing and dia- Ah Q, were breakthroughs in militancy and optimism, faith- logue, while his acrobatic skills the development of realism in fulness to truth, and diligence added vividness to his por- Chinese literature and his few in study as well as his patriot- trayals. poems were magnificent, it was ism and internationalism. Wu A native of Wuchang (part of his essays that attracted the Jinru, a middle school teacher today's Wuhan), Hubei Province, most attention. His critical es- from Hangzhou, emph4sized Tan Fuying was born into a says, which unmasked social that it was imperative to carry family of Beijing opera artists. abominations, strong ar- had f orward Lu Xun's faith that His grandfather Tan Xinpei and tistic qualities and occupied the "hope lies in the luture" in father Tan Xiaopei were both predominant position in his order to f ire the people's en- famous artists of. laosheng who later creations. thusiasm for modernization. made remarkable contributions The assessment of Shao Bo- to the development of Beijing zhou, an associate professor In the 1981 symposium. pa- opera. (Laosheng is a role-type from Shanghai, that Lu Xun's pers were read which analysed in Beijing opera which usually essays are rich in content and how Lu Xun was influenced by represents middle-aged or old can serve as an encyclopaedia Friedrich Nietzsche and Rus- positive male characters.) Tan of Chinese society of his time sian, Japanese and other for- Xinpei's creative endeavours led was widely accepted at the authors classical Chi- to a new Laosheng acting style, .reflected eign and symposium. Lu Xun nese literature. Others com- later known as the Tan style. China's anti-imperialist and pared him with the patriotic Tan Fuying began to learn anti-feudal struggles with his poet Qu Yuan of 2,000 years Beijing opera singing when he unique form, style and artistry. ago, his The Madman's Diarg was five and at 12 enrolled in writings His are a literary with the story of the same title Fu Liancheng's training course. treasure house which deserves by Gogol and his famous char- After his graduation at 18, he further research. acter Ah Q with Don Quixote. became a student of Yu Shuyan, Thirteen of the 49 papel.s At this year"s symposium com- another well-known Beijing presented at the symposium parisons between Lu Xun and opera actor, and performed in were on Lu Xun's essays. They Victor Hugo. Sou Seki Nazume troupes headed by Mei Lanfang, analysed his style, aesthetic (a 1gth century Japanese Cheng Yanqiu and others. With ideas nourishment from various acting and art as well as the author) and educator Cai Yuan- themes: jibes schools, he did much to enrich at reactionaries, pei wel'e presented. Another quips at backwardness, refuta- the Tan style. paper was on Lu Xun's contri- tion of wrong ideas and clarifi- butions to the study the New cations of philosophical points. of After the founding of theoretical work Wen Xin Diao China, Tan Fuying organized Another issue which the sym- Long (Literary Critique) of the the Taiping (Pacific) Beijing posium grappled with was how fifth-sixth century. Opera Troupe. which later

December 27, 1982 33 LeIt 'I'an Yuanshou as Hua Yun (foreground) refusing to betray the Emperor in "Battle ol Taiping." Right: Chen Shimei, played by Tan Xiaozeng (right). being sentenced to death for his attempted murder of his wife and children. merged with other groups to Tan-Style operas with other musical instruments, The actors form the Beijing Opera Troupe artists. and actresses have different of Beijing. facial make-upa and costumes Beijing opera developed 200 according to their roles. Some- Tan 'Fuying helped reform years ago when opera per- times, exaggerated movements Beijing opera. During his iast formers from across the country are applied to reflect the inner- two decades, he performed in gathered in Beijing, learning world and the chaaging situa- newly created operas on histori- from and influencing each tions of the characters. cal subjects, including Recon- other. Beijing opera was a ciliation Bettneen the General synthesis of numerous folk and. the Prime Minister, Elim- melodies, various opera styles ARCHAEOLOGY inating Three Pests and ,Song and traditions from Jiangsu, oJ Justice. Hubei, and Gansu Provinces. Gradually, evolved Ancient Bone Corving Tan Fuying trained scores of it Tan-style artists. His son Tan and perfected its own artistic A human head carved out of Yuanshou grandson style and acting system. and Tan an animal bone 6.000 years Xiaozeng are well-known Traditional Beijing opera is both ago was recently discovered by Beijing opera actors. As part performed prop6 of with simple archaeologists in Shaanxi Prov- the commemoration activities and scenes to the accompani- ince when excavating in Xi- recently, performed 16 ment of an orchestra of Chinese they xiang County. The relic, 2.5 cm. high and 1.6 cm. in diameter, was carved with hard-stone tools after the Announcement animal bone was rubbed into the outline of a human head, Beginning with issue No. 1, 1983, we will run o series of archaeologists say. The face nine or more orticles on Chinese-type modernizotion. contains thick eyebrows above two big eyes, a high-bridged This series, written ot our request by the stoff of the Econom- nose and a protruding mouth, ic Reseorch Centre under the Stote Council, provides systemotic thus skilfully capturing the onolyses ond explonotions thot will help our reoders better image of a man understond our ongoing modernizotion drive the whys ond - wherefores, the bockground ond prospects, present policies ond Archaeoiogists believe the other reloted questions. is our hope thot these lt orticles will head was originally part of a be of help to oll interested in this topic. complete figure but the b

34 Beijing Reuiew, No. 52 'X' t if i+ I

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