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CAROLINA SANDHILLS NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE Chesterfield County, South Carolina

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CAROLINA SANDHILLS NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE Chesterfield County, South Carolina DRAFT COMPREHENSIVE CONSERVATION PLAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT CAROLINA SANDHILLS NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE Chesterfield County, South Carolina U.S. Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service Southeast Region Atlanta, Georgia December 2009 Carolina Sandhills National Wildlife Refuge TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION A. DRAFT COMPREHENSIVE CONSERVATION PLAN I. BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 Purpose and Need for the Plan .................................................................................................... 1 Fish and Wildlife Service .............................................................................................................. 1 National Wildlife Refuge System .................................................................................................. 2 Legal and Policy Context .............................................................................................................. 4 National and International Conservation Plans and Initiatives ..................................................... 5 Relationship to State Wildlife Agency, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources .......... 6 II. REFUGE OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................................ 7 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 7 Refuge History and Purpose ........................................................................................................ 7 Special Designations .................................................................................................................. 13 Ecosystem Context .....................................................................................................................15 Regional Conservation Plans and Initiatives ..............................................................................21 Ecological Threats and Problems ............................................................................................... 23 Physical Resources .................................................................................................................... 23 Climate .............................................................................................................................. 23 Geology and Topography ..................................................................................................29 Soils .................................................................................................................................. 31 Hydrology .......................................................................................................................... 33 Water Quality .................................................................................................................... 40 Biological Resources .................................................................................................................. 41 Habitat ............................................................................................................................... 41 Wildlife ............................................................................................................................... 46 Cultural Resources ..................................................................................................................... 48 Socioeconomic Environment ...................................................................................................... 51 Refuge Administration and Management ...................................................................................56 Land Protection, Conservation, and Management ............................................................56 Visitor Services ................................................................................................................. 64 Personnel, Operations, and Maintenance .........................................................................65 III. PLAN DEVELOPMENT .................................................................................................................. 67 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 67 Public Involvement and the Planning Process ...........................................................................67 Summary of Issues, Concerns, and Opportunities .....................................................................69 Fish and Wildlife Population Management ........................................................................69 Habitat Management .........................................................................................................70 Resource Protection ..........................................................................................................71 Visitor Services ................................................................................................................. 72 Refuge Administration .......................................................................................................72 IV. MANAGEMENT DIRECTION ........................................................................................................ 75 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 75 Vision .......................................................................................................................................... 76 Table of Contents i Goals, Objectives, and Strategies .............................................................................................. 77 Fish and Wildlife Population Management........................................................................ 77 Habitat Management......................................................................................................... 87 Resource Protection ......................................................................................................... 98 Visitor Services ............................................................................................................... 101 SECTION B. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT V. PLAN IMPLEMENTATION ........................................................................................................... 109 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 109 Proposed Projects .................................................................................................................... 109 Fish And Wildlife Population Management ..................................................................... 109 Habitat Management....................................................................................................... 110 Resource Protection ....................................................................................................... 113 Visitor Services ............................................................................................................... 114 Refuge Administration .................................................................................................... 114 Partnership and Volunteer Opportunities ................................................................................. 118 Step-Down Management Plans ................................................................................................ 118 Monitoring and Adaptive Management ..................................................................................... 118 Plan Review and Revision........................................................................................................ 119 I. BACKGROUND .............................................................................................................................. 121 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 121 Purpose and Need for Action ................................................................................................... 121 Decision Framework................................................................................................................. 122 Planning Study Area ................................................................................................................ 122 Authority, Legal Compliance, and Compatibility ....................................................................... 122 Public Involvement and the Planning Process ......................................................................... 123 II. AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................................ 125 III. DESCRIPTION OF ALTERNATIVES ........................................................................................... 127 Formulation of Alternatives....................................................................................................... 127 Features and Management Common to all Alternatives .........................................................
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