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Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability / Feasibility Study North Carolina and South Carolina

Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability / Feasibility Study North Carolina and South Carolina

Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability / Feasibility Study and

National Park Service | U.S. Department of the Interior

July 2014

Ex ecutive Summary

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION Following consideration of the counties above, the determined The Department of the Interior, National that a focused corridor containing the Park Service (NPS), has prepared this concentration of historic resources that are National Heritage Area Suitability / Feasibility representative of the story best meets Study to determine the suitability and national heritage area feasibility criteria. feasibility of designating areas of North Carolina and South Carolina as a national heritage area. This study meets the THE NATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE requirements of the NPS interim National SOUTHERN CAMPAIGN OF THE Heritage Area Feasibility Study Guidelines (2003) and the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, as amended. Just as the American Revolution shaped the course of American history, the Southern Campaign dramatically altered the course of LEGISLATIVE HISTORY the Revolution. The initial phase of the war in the South brought a string of American directed the Secretary of the victories, drove British forces from the Interior to conduct a study regarding the , cowed American Loyalists, and suitability and feasibility of designating the pacified the southern states. Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area (Public Law 109- The second phase of the Southern Campaign 338). The study was conducted in opened after nearly five years of bloody consultation with state historic preservation combat in other parts of America that had officers; state historical societies; the North resulted in a frustrating stalemate. To break Carolina Department of Cultural Resources; the deadlock, the British conceived a bold the North Carolina Division of Tourism, strategy to invade the South, liberate Film, and Sports Development; the South thousands of oppressed Loyalists, reestablish Carolina Department of Parks, Recreation, royal authority, and then advance north to and Tourism; and other appropriate overwhelm American forces in the middle organizations. states and put an end to the costly rebellion.

A copy of the authorizing legislation is Within months, the British southern strategy contained in appendix A. achieved brilliant success. British forces controlled much of the and seemed poised on the brink of victory. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA Yet, at the pinnacle of success, British As part of Public Law 109-338, Congress aspirations in the Carolinas began to unravel. directed that the feasibility study area should In October 1780, Patriot annihilated a include several counties throughout the large force of Tory militia at Kings Mountain, Carolinas. During the course of the study, South Carolina, neutralizing a crucial element three additional counties in South Carolina of the British southern strategy. The victory and selected sites in North Carolina were threatened British commander General Lord added to the study area. Cornwallis and forced him to abandon South Carolina and retreat to North Carolina.

i i Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Fea sibility Study

British Commander in Chief Major Henry with a reservation in South Carolina that they Clinton wrote later that Kings Mountain was occupy to this day. “the first link in a chain of evils that ended in the total loss of America.” American military strategists recognize the enduring significance of the Southern Cornwallis’s efforts to destroy the American Campaign. Analysis of the strategies, tactics, military presence in the Carolinas met with and consequences of the Revolution in the further frustration at the of Guilford South remain to this day part of the core Courthouse in March 1781. American forces curriculum in the nation’s war colleges. retreated from the field after inflicting appalling losses on British forces. One shaken member of the House of Commons HERITAGE THEMES concluded that “Another such victory would ruin the British Army.” During the scoping phase of the project, the feasibility study team developed a draft Little more than a year after the British thematic frame work with subject matter implemented their southern strategy in the experts representing the state governments of Carolinas, American forces had reestablished North Carolina and South Carolina. The control over virtually all of both Carolinas feasibility study team presented this draft and driven the main British Army under frame work to the public in a scoping Cornwallis into . When this army newsletter and in a series of 12 public surrendered to American forces in October meetings conducted in both states. Through 1781, the British military band sardonically comments on the scoping newsletter and at played an old British drinking song, “The the public meetings, the public provided World Turned Upside Down.” When news of constructive feedback on the thematic frame the surrender reached , the British work. Following are the proposed heritage prime minister somberly declared, “My God, area themes: it’s all over.” 1. The military events in the Carolinas The American Revolution in many ways did substantially influenced the indeed “turn the world upside down.” The eventual American victory in the American victory in the South provided Revolution. much of the leverage necessary to upset the old British imperial order and set in motion This theme highlights the national the most ambitious experiment in significance of the events that made representative government in history. up the Southern Campaign of the Ironically, the U.S. victory over Great Britain Revolution, the complexities of the resulted in personal and political catastrophe military situation in the Carolinas, for some . Humiliated Loyalists and the intensity of combat in this either fled into exile or struggled to find a theater of the war for . place in a country that for some felt like a Kings Mountain, South Carolina, was foreign land. identified by the overall British commander in the as “the The victory meant freedom for many first link in a chain of evils that enslaved African Americans fighting on both resulted in the total loss of America.” sides. For American Indians who were also involved in the conflict, the outcome was 2. Political rivalries in both North mixed. The Indians never Carolina and South Carolina were completely recovered from defeats inflicted catalysts to the outbreak of the by Patriot backcountry militia. On the other Revolution in the South and played hand, the Indians were rewarded an important role in the conduct of

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what was in many ways America’s 4. The American victory in the first civil war. Revolution presaged momentous changes for American Indians and This theme illustrates that in this case, African Americans in the war, like politics, can have a very Carolinas. distinct local flavor. The war for independence in the South was For both American Indians and profoundly shaped by the political, African Americans in North and social, and class structure of North South Carolina, the war for and South Carolina, much of which independence presented both peril had been exported from the lowlands and potential. The Cherokee and of Northern Ireland and the Catawba Indians fought to maintain borderlands of Scotland and England. the hold they had in the Carolinas. The mother of Virginia Cherokee towns were devastated by observed that the Patriot forces during the ruthless American Revolution was just Rutherford Campaign of 1776. another expression of “lowland troubles.” African Americans fought on both sides to gain the freedom that had 3. The brutal combat during the been denied them for more than a Revolution profoundly disrupted century. Black troops serving in traditional ways of life in the Continental regiments were captured Carolinas. at Town and then paroled. Many of them reenlisted in militia This theme focuses on how the units and saw action at Hanging diversity of fighting in the Rock, Fishing Creek, and other Carolinas from regular army backcountry clashes. The blacks who and skirmishes, to militia clashes, to served in the in classic guerilla— engagements many ways experienced the most disrupted or destroyed homes, egalitarian society America would farmsteads, and communities;— divided know for the next 200 years. families; and trapped many neutrals and pacifists between the relentless These four nationally important fury of Whig and Tory Americans stories are exceptionally well clashing in a winner-take-all fight for represented in North Carolina and the future of the Carolinas. The South Carolina. They can be and are people of backcountry South still told and experienced in the Carolina found their lives upended physical locations where the events when British forces occupied the occurred. Dozens of these sites and region, commandeered supplies, and resources provide facilities and imprisoned a large proportion of the programs that enable visitors to male population. explore and understand the compelling power of history. The American commanding general wrote of the civil strife that “Nothing but blood and slaughter have SUITABILITY AND FEASIBILITY prevailed among the Whigs and FINDINGS Tories, and their inveteracy against each other, must, if it continues, The feasibility study team concludes that the depopulate the country.” study area meets each of the 10 criteria for designation as a national heritage area.

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§. Criterion 1 – The area has an PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT assemblage of natural, historic, or cultural resources that together The feasibility study team undertook an represent distinctive aspects of extensive public involvement effort to American heritage worthy of promote understanding of national heritage recognition, conservation, areas and how they are managed, inform the interpretation, and continuing use public about the study and facilitate their and are best managed as such an participation in the process, assess public assemblage through partnerships support for a national heritage area among public and private entities. designation, and determine whether there §. Criterion 2 – The area reflects was local capacity and commitment to traditions, customs, beliefs, and folk coordinate a future national heritage area. life that are a valuable part of the national story. The feasibility study team began the public §. Criterion 3 – The area provides process in November 2008 with a newsletter outstanding opportunities to distributed to the public to solicit comments conserve natural, cultural, historic, on the potential national heritage area. In and/or scenic features. February 2009, the team held 12 public §. Criterion 4 – The area provides meetings in six locations throughout North outstanding recreational and and South Carolina (Morganton, educational opportunities. Greensboro, and New Bern, North Carolina; §. Criterion 5 – Resources that are and Spartanburg, Camden, and Charleston, important to the identified theme or South Carolina). The public input that the themes of the area retain a degree of feasibility study team received was integrity capable of supporting overwhelmingly supportive of the interpretation. designation, committed to the success of a §. Criterion 6 – Residents, business Southern Campaign of the Revolution interests, nonprofit organizations, National Heritage Area, and demonstrated and governments within the the local capacity and commitment to proposed area that are involved in the coordinate the national heritage area, should planning have developed a it be designated. conceptual financial plan that outlines the roles for all participants, Public comments encouraged greater focus including the federal government, on the social themes related to the impact of and have demonstrated support for the Southern Campaign on communities, designation of the area. suggested the addition of more sites, and §. Criterion 7 – The proposed emphasized the importance of grassroots management entity and units of support for a national heritage area. Three government supporting the organizations later submitted proposals to designation are willing to commit to serve as the coordinating entity. working in partnership to develop the heritage area. Following release of the public draft in 2011, §. Criterion 8 – The proposal is a second series of seven public meetings was consistent with continued economic held in January 2012 in Morganton, North activity in the area. Carolina; Greensboro, North Carolina; §. Criterion 9 – A conceptual boundary Camden, South Carolina; and Spartanburg, map is supported by the public. South Carolina. More than 200 people §. Criterion 10 – The management attended these 2012 meetings and expressed entity proposed to plan and unanimous support for the creation of the implement the project is described. national heritage area. Following the public meetings, members of the public and local

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stakeholders submitted substantive written result, the feasibility study team concludes comments that provided additional that all 10 national heritage area feasibility information for criteria 1, 2, 6, and 9. These criteria are met. comments, combined with previous analysis, led to a positive finding on these criteria. As a

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vi Contents

CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY i Introduction i Legislative History i Description of the Study Area i The National Significance of the Southern Campaign of the American Revolution i Heritage Themes ii Suitability and Feasibility Findings iii Public Involvement iv

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 Purpose of the Study 1 A National Heritage Area 1 Project Background 1 Study Area 1 Operational Considerations 4 A Community-based Approach 5 Private Property 5 The Feasibility Study Team and Study Process 6 Public Involvement 6 Compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act 7 Next Steps 8

CHAPTER TWO: STUDY AREA HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION 9 A Note on Terms 9 The American Revolution in the Carolinas 10 Prologue 10 War Breaks Out: 1775‒76 11 End of the First Campaign 14 The Turning of the Tide 18

CHAPTER THREE: HERITAGE THEMES 23 Theme 1 (Map 2, Appendix C) 23 Theme 2 (Map 3, Appendix C) 25 Theme 3 (Map 4, Appendix C) 26 Theme 4 (Map 5, Appendix C) 27

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CHAPTER FOUR: APPLICATION OF NPS NATIONAL HERITAGE AREA CRITERIA 31 Criterion 1 31 Criterion 2 32 Criterion 3 34 Criterion 4 35 The Alliance for Historic Hillsborough 36 Ridge National Heritage Area 36 Carolina Backcountry Alliance 36 Carolina Thread Trail (currently under development) 36 Converse College, Spartanburg, South Carolina – National Endowment for the Humanities Landmark of American History and Culture Workshops 36 The Trail Commission 36 Old Salem Museums and Gardens 36 Olde English District 37 Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail, Blacksburg, South Carolina 37 Overmountain Victory Trail Association 37 The Palmetto Conservation Foundation 37 The South Carolina National Heritage Corridor 37 Southern War Institute 38 The Trading Path Association 38 Criterion 5 38 Criterion 6 39 Criterion 7 40 Criterion 8 41 Criterion 9 42 Criterion 10 42 Conclusion 44

APPENDIXES 45

APPENDIX A: LEGISLATION 47

APPENDIX B: ALL SOUTHERN CAMPAIGN LETTERS 49

APPENDIX C: CORRIDOR MAPS 91

APPENDIX D: INVENTORY OF SITES 105

APPENDIX E: COORDINATING ENTITY 125129

APPENDIX F: NATIONAL HERITAGE AREA CORRIDOR DRIVING GUIDE 133129

SELECTED REFERENCES 135131

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PREPARERS AND CONSULTANTS 135139

MAPS

Map 1. Proposed National Heritage Area Corridor 93 Map 2. Theme 1: The War in the South and American Victory 95 Map 3. Theme 2: The Revolution – America’s First Civil War 97 Map 4. Theme 3: Relentless Fury 99 Map 5. Theme 4: The Other Americans in the Southern Campaign 101 Map 6. Potential Partner Trails: War in the Backcountry Trail and Trail of the Swamp Fox 103

TABLES

Table 1. Study Process Used to Assess the Southern Campaign of the Revolution 8 Table 2. Themes and Associated Visitor-Ready Sites 28 Table 3. Southern Campaign of the Revolution Themes, the National Park Service Thematic Frame Work 29 Table 4. Sites in Study Area Facing Threats 35 Table 5. Conceptual Financial Plan Funding 40 Table 6. Visitor-Ready Sites within the Corridor 105 Table 7. Potential Partner Sites Identified by Stakeholders 115 Table 8. Associated Sites, Including Natural Areas, Historic Routes, and Byways 124

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x Introduction 1

Chapter 1: Introduction

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY farms, and other cultural landscapes and would interpret them as part of this nationally The purpose of this study is to determine significant event in American history. whether certain areas of North Carolina and South Carolina meet the criteria for designation as a national heritage area (NHA) STUDY AREA dedicated to the Southern Campaign of the American Revolution. The National Park The study area initially focused on the area Service (NPS) has prepared this study at the described in Public Law 109-338, in which request of the Secretary of the Interior as Congress directed that the feasibility study directed by Congress in the Southern area “shall include the following counties in Campaign of the Revolution Heritage Area South Carolina: Anderson, Pickens, Study Act (Public Law 109-338). Greenville, Spartanburg, Cherokee, Greenwood, Laurens, Union, York, Chester, Darlington, Florence, Chesterfield, Marlboro, A NATIONAL HERITAGE AREA Fairfield, Richland, Lancaster, Kershaw, Sumter, Orangeburg, Georgetown, A national heritage area is a locally managed Dorchester, Colleton, Charleston, Beaufort, place designated by Congress where natural, Calhoun, Clarendon, and Williamsburg. The cultural, historic, and/or scenic resources study area may include sites and locations in combine to form a cohesive, nationally North Carolina as appropriate.” distinctive landscape arising from patterns of human activity shaped by geography. These During the course of the study, the study area patterns make national heritage areas was modified to include sites in three representative of the national experience additional counties in South Carolina and sites through the physical features that remain and in North Carolina. Three of the original South the traditions that have evolved with them. Carolina counties named in the legislation Continued use of a national heritage area by were eliminated from further consideration. people whose traditions helped to shape the landscape enhances the area’s significance. This national heritage area would link historical, cultural, and natural sites related to the Southern Campaign of the Revolution in PROJECT BACKGROUND North Carolina and South Carolina. The relevant time period for these sites ranges Representative John Spratt (5th District, from the start of the war in 1776 to 1783, when South Carolina) sponsored legislation (Public the Treaty of was signed to end the war. Law 109-338) that directed the National Park The coordinating entity for the heritage area Service to study the suitability and feasibility would coordinate heritage tourism, tour of designating a national heritage area routes, and educational and interpretive dedicated to the Southern Campaign of the programs to enhance visitor understanding American Revolution in North Carolina and and appreciation of the culture and heritage South Carolina. This national heritage area, if associated with the history of the American designated, would contribute to the Revolution in the South. The national heritage protection, preservation, and interpretation of area would also serve as the anchor for a important historic and cultural resources, multiyear effort to commemorate the 250th including battlefields, historic communities,

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1 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Fea sibility Study

anniversary of the American Revolution of Kings Mountain State Park, one of the beginning in 2025. largest of the resources identified in the study area. The western boundary of Kings The 8-mile-wide corridor1 (see Map 1, Mountain State Park is adjacent to Kings appendix C) would provide operational Mountain National Military Park and South efficiency in connecting the greatest Carolina State Highway 5 on the centerline of concentration of the Carolinas’ Revolutionary the corridor. The state park then extends War sites including battlefields, historic 4 miles to the east, marking the extent of the communities, farmsteads, and landscapes that corridor 4 miles from the centerline. The 8- reflect the cultural and natural environments mile corridor width provides adequate space of North Carolina and South Carolina in the to incorporate South Carolina’s Manchester latter half of the . The corridor State Forest, the largest single resource in the would include segments of historic campaign corridor as well as the greatest concentration routes such as those followed by General Lord of the most significant national and state Cornwallis in 1780 and 1781, the Over- historic sites associated with the Southern mountain Victory men in 1780, General Campaign of the Revolution in the Carolinas. ’s forces in 1781, and General The corridor consequently is wide enough to ’s army in the 1781 “War of efficiently include resources important to the Posts.” mission of the national heritage area without appearing to extend a federal presence over an The width of the corridor was determined by area larger than necessary to achieve the NHA the following factors: mission.

1. the number and location of The corridor also includes substantial historically significant resources and portions of Francis Marion and Sumter areas associated with the American National Forests in South Carolina, Pisgah Revolution in North Carolina and National Forest in North Carolina, a small South Carolina portion of South Carolina coastal area near 2. the number and location of national Charleston and Fort Moultrie, adjacent to forests, state parks, and other natural Charleston Harbor as well as a large number areas that reflect elements of the of state parks, state natural areas, and other natural landscape of the Carolinas in natural settings. A number of state scenic the late 18th century byways and historic transportation routes are adjacent to the corridor. Finally, the corridor The centerline of the corridor is determined includes or is adjacent to a number of cities, by the routes of the federal, state, and local towns, and communities that trace their highways that connect the historic, cultural, origins to the Revolutionary War period. and natural sites associated with the study (see These include Alamance, Hillsborough, appendix D for an inventory and descriptions Morganton, and Old Salem in North Carolina, of sites within the corridor.) The width of the and Camden, Charleston, Ninety Six, corridor is determined by the size and extent Spartanburg, and York in South Carolina.

1. The corridor would incorporate portions of the following While a number of other thematically counties: Pender, Bladen, Cumberland, Moore, Chatham, associated resources lie outside the main Orange, Alamance, Guilford, Forsyth, Yadkin, Wilkes, Caldwell, Southern Campaign of the Revolution Burke, McDowell, and Rutherford counties in North Carolina, and Spartanburg, Cherokee, York, Lancaster, Chester, corridor, these resources can become Kershaw, Sumter, Clarendon, Berkeley, Charleston, involved in the larger NHA effort to Dorchester, Colleton, Union, Laurens, and Greenwood commemorate the history of the American counties in South Carolina. All the counties in South Carolina were identified in the legislation authorizing the Revolution in the South through the suitability/feasibility study. These counties all include significant development of partnerships modeled on resources associated with the Southern Campaign of the those described in the public law for Niagara American Revolution.

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Falls National Heritage Area. According to the National Historic Site, and Fort Moultrie, public law, Niagara Falls National Heritage which is part of National Area could spend money to work beyond its Monument. Units in North Carolina include boundaries with “any additional thematically Guilford Courthouse National Military Park related sites within Erie and Niagara Counties, and Moores Creek National Battlefield. The , that are identified in the Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail management plan developed.” The law also runs through both states. The Appalachian stipulates that Niagara Falls should National Scenic Trail crosses western North “coordinate projects, activities, and programs Carolina. Three existing national heritage with the Erie Canalway National Heritage areas touch the study area. The Corridor,” which is also in the region. Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor stretches Following this model could enable the along the North Carolina, South Carolina, Southern Campaign of the Revolution , and coasts from Wilmington, National Heritage Area to expand partnership North Carolina, to Jacksonville, Florida. The and visitor opportunities to other related sites. Blue Ridge National Heritage Area covers 25 These could include sites related to the War in counties in . The the Backcountry or the campaigns of Francis South Carolina National Heritage Corridor Marion and other partisan commanders that spans 240 miles over 4 and 17 fall outside the national heritage area. The counties. In addition, the NPS Rivers, Trails, enabling legislation for the national heritage and Conservation Assistance Program has two area would need to include language projects in North Carolina: River authorizing such partnerships and the Blue Trail and the Southeast Coast Saltwater guidelines governing the roles of the national Paddling Trail. heritage area and partner sites. These could include the development of memorandums of The incorporation of numerous national and understanding, memorandums of agreements, state scenic byways, national forests, national and cooperative agreements. wildlife refuges, state parks and natural areas, and other designated areas highlighting The inclusion of battlefields and engagement outstanding elements of the natural landscape sites currently protected by the National Park would enhance visitor experience by giving Service, South Carolina State Parks, the North visitors a clearer sense of the landscape as it Carolina Department of Cultural Resources, was known to the inhabitants of the Carolinas and other public and private agencies and during the 18th century and the challenges organizations would provide opportunities for faced by the combatants as they marched over visitors to the region to gain a comprehensive the diverse landscapes of the Carolinas. This understanding and appreciation of the scope would also provide opportunities to protect and complexity of the Revolutionary War and preserve natural resources and landscapes campaigns in North Carolina and South that reflect the Revolutionary War era Carolina. Communities dating from the environment in the two states. Revolutionary War period would have opportunities to introduce visitors to the Historic and cultural sites and natural food, architecture, political structure, and geographic settings in the corridor would be other 18th century cultural traditions that combined to illustrate key themes related to continue in the two states. the Southern Campaign such as the influence of the military campaigns in the Carolinas on The National Park Service has a significant the outcome of the American Revolution; the presence in the study area. There are seven complex political realities of the Carolinas units of the national park system in the that manifested as part of “America’s first Civil Carolinas. Units in South Carolina include War”; how the relentless and brutal combat Cowpens National Battlefield, Kings impacted communities and traditional ways of Mountain National Military Park, Ninety Six life in the Carolinas; and the Revolution’s

3 3 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Fea sibility Study

impact on the Carolinas’ American Indian and OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS African American populations. The coordinating entity would partner with Additional trails could be established to link other national heritage areas in the region, the corridor with external sites that have a such as the Blue Ridge National Heritage demonstrable connection to the history of the Area, the South Carolina National Heritage Southern Campaign. These trails would be Corridor, and the Gullah Geechee Cultural developed in partnership with local and Heritage Corridor. The national heritage area private groups that have successfully initiated would assist the efforts by the management resource protection and interpretive entities of these national heritage areas to programs at Revolutionary War-related sites promote and interpret the Revolutionary War and regions in the Carolinas, but may need stories associated with their areas. In turn, additional technical or financial assistance in these established national heritage areas could fully implementing their programs. (Two assist the Southern Campaign of the demonstration thematic trails have been Revolution National Heritage Area in developed as part of the draft corridor developing visitor programs that would concept, see Map 6, appendix C.) These local enhance visitor understanding and and private groups could include: the Carolina appreciation of the lifeways, culture, politics, Backcountry Alliance, the Carolina Thread and communities of the Carolinas in the 18th Trail, the Francis Marion Trail Commission, century. Historic Camden, the Overmountain Victory Trail Association, the Palmetto Conservation Recognizing that the Southern Campaign of Foundation, and the Trading Path the Carolinas was influenced by events in Association. The coordinating entity for the adjoining states, partner trails could be national heritage area could provide technical developed that connect with sites outside the assistance to these groups in their ongoing two-state region that have a significant efforts to protect Revolutionary War-related bearing on the history of the Southern sites, provide visitor access where Campaign such as sites in Virginia or Georgia appropriate, and develop educational and related to the Race to the Dan, the initial interpretive programs. stages of the Southern Campaign in Georgia, Lord Cornwallis’s march to Yorktown, combined state militia actions, or other major Comments from the Public: turning points in the Revolutionary War in the “The most important issue is the huge area that this corridor South. Input from state and local agency encompasses, and how to link the widely scattered sites in this area for travelers who wish to visit them. Many of these sites subject matter experts supports this decision. have no public access, no public facilities, and the locations in many cases are not marked or readily ascertainable to the Federal, state, local, and private planning general visitor. In order to make the NHA usable by the public, we should design corridors or scenic routes that can be efforts could combine to develop a unified traveled by automobile or bus, linking the major sites that have marketing approach and logo for the heritage public facilities (national and state parks, sites, etc.) area. These would guide an integrated and with lesser known sites without public facilities… Secondly, comprehensive promotional strategy for the publicity is critical the heritage area needs to be well publicized through a major public education/media advertising national heritage area. The heritage area’s campaign so the people— will be aware of it, and this should be coordinating entity would collaborate with done in cooperation with the state and local authorities, the numerous nonprofit organizations, management of national/state/county parks and historic sites. Departments of Natural Resources, Departments of universities, public school districts, Transportation, wildlife management, and state tourism government agencies, local businesses, and groups like SCPRT (South Carolina Department of Parks, volunteer organizations to strengthen the Recreation & Tourism), Old English District, etc.” area’s identity and work toward common heritage goals. These efforts could reinforce the connections between the people of North Carolina and South Carolina and their close

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ties to the history, culture, and heritage of the area. Completion of the management plan and American Revolution. The connections the required compliance document would involving public schools and universities take approximately two to three years and would be especially important in giving would cost approximately $300,000. younger people in the two states a deeper understanding and identification with their region’s important role in the founding of the A COMMUNITY-BASED APPROACH . The regional economy would also benefit by marketing and promotional National heritage areas expand on traditional efforts to identify the region as an important approaches to resource stewardship. They destination for heritage tourism. typically support community-based initiatives that connect local citizens to the preservation The coordinating entity would be responsible and planning process. By embracing a for raising funds or in-kind donations community-based approach, national heritage (volunteer hours, printing, website areas can bring together diverse efforts such as development, etc.) to match federal financial education, recreation, heritage tourism, and assistance. The coordinating entity would historic preservation. Committed to both apply for funding from a variety of sources protecting and promoting the natural, including corporations, federal grant cultural, historic, and scenic assets of a programs (National Endowment for the specific area, national heritage areas play a Humanities, American Battlefield Protection vital role in maintaining both the physical Program), the governments of North Carolina character and cultural legacy of the United and South Carolina, private foundations, and States. individuals. National heritage area designation would elevate the profile of the region’s Through the efforts of a local coordinating significant Revolutionary War-related entity, residents, businesses, governments, resources and the role they played in the and nonprofit organizations within a national nation’s history, thereby adding momentum heritage area come together to improve the to fundraising efforts. regional quality of life through the protection of shared cultural and natural resources. This The coordinating entity would also cooperative approach allows national heritage coordinate with federal, state, local, and areas to achieve both conservation and private agencies and organizations in economic growth in ways that do not developing a comprehensive array of on-the- compromise local land-use controls. ground visitor experiences, heritage walks, interpretive and educational programs, automobile tour websites, virtual tours, and PRIVATE PROPERTY other activities to support the overall effort to commemorate the 250th anniversary of the Designation of a national heritage area does American Revolution. These agencies and not provide the coordinating entity or any organizations could include the National Park federal agency the authority to regulate land Service, U.S. Forest Service, U.S. Fish and or land uses. Participation in projects and Wildlife Service, North Carolina State Parks, programs is always voluntary, with zoning and North Carolina Division of State Historic Sites land-use decisions remaining under the and Properties, South Carolina State Parks, jurisdiction of local governments. In addition, the Olde English District, local universities, the coordinating entity is prohibited from and county and community historic and using federal funds it receives through economic development groups. enabling legislation to acquire real property.

A management plan would have to be A national heritage area is not a unit of the developed for the entire national heritage national park system, and no land is owned or

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managed by the National Park Service. NPS national heritage area according to 10 criteria. involvement is always advisory in nature, and These criteria were used to evaluate the area’s the agency does not make management heritage resources, determine if opportunities decisions. After a national heritage area is exist to conserve and better understand those designated by Congress, the National Park resources, and determine if there is public Service partners with local community support and commitment to manage the members to help plan and implement potential heritage area. The criteria and activities that emphasize heritage-based evaluation can be found in chapter 4 of this interpretation, conservation, and document. The NPS study process to evaluate development. the criteria includes nine steps, which are summarized in table 1.

Comments from the Public: PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT “I am delighted to learn about the potential heritage area and wish to offer just a few thoughts. For the most part, I am Open public engagement was fundamental to writing just to be counted among the positive responses and to offer support to the idea of a heritage area. I know many, every step of this feasibility study process. The many citizens (of course, we are all history buffs) who are reason for such an integrated public delighted with the prospect of this new heritage area. Its involvement approach is that ultimately a existence will provide an umbrella under which so many future national heritage area designation separate sites can unite their sometimes seemingly disparate stories. It will provide a unifying way to present a powerful and requires strong support and active important narrative that too many people do not know.” participation from local citizens. Without this public engagement process, it would have “Community support – the local support from towns and counties that are within the heritage area would have a direct been more difficult to assess the potential for impact on its success or failure.” success of a national heritage area for the Southern Campaign in the Carolinas.

The public involvement process for the NHA THE FEASIBILITY STUDY TEAM AND study began with distribution of a newsletter STUDY PROCESS in the fall of 2008 that announced the beginning of the study, explained the study An interdisciplinary team of NPS staff was process, shared the draft interpretive themes, assembled to conduct this feasibility study. In and solicited public input on the potential September 2008, members of the feasibility national heritage area. study team met in North Carolina to discuss the study process, confirm the preliminary The National Park Service, with the assistance historical context of the Southern Campaign, of state and local partners, coordinated a and develop the interpretive themes. The series of 12 public meetings in North Carolina feasibility study team has worked closely with and South Carolina in February 2009. Two government officials from South Carolina and meetings were held in the afternoon and North Carolina. The feasibility study team evening at each of the following locations: engaged with more than 200 citizens in the two states through extensive public §. Morganton, North Carolina involvement. §. Greensboro, North Carolina §. Camden, South Carolina This study has been prepared according to the §. Spartanburg, South Carolina NPS interim National Heritage Area Feasibility §. New Bern, North Carolina Study Guidelines. These guidelines provide a §. Charleston, South Carolina step-by-step process to evaluate the suitability and feasibility for designating an area as a More than 200 people attended these 12 meetings. Members of the public provided the

6 6 Chapter 1: Introduction

feasibility study team with valuable depending on the severity of the information regarding the history of the environmental impacts of the alternatives. Southern Campaign, recommendations to A “categorical exclusion for which no formal expand the study area and the historical documentation is necessary” was selected as context, suggestions for the preservation of the most appropriate NEPA pathway for this sites not currently managed or protected, and feasibility study. The study is excluded from suggestions for potential partnerships. requiring an environmental assessment because it matches one of the categories that, In September 2009, a second public newsletter under normal circumstances, has no potential was distributed to solicit expressions of for impacts on the human environment. The interest from individuals and groups categorical exclusion was selected because interested in serving as a coordinating entity such exclusions include the following: should the national heritage area be established. Three groups— the Culture & Legislative proposals of an Heritage Museums of York County (CHM), administrative or technical nature the Guilford Battleground Company, and the – for example, changes in Trading Path Association—submitted authorizations for appropriations; proposals for selection in this capacity. minor boundary changes and land transactions; proposals that Following release of the public draft in 2011, a would have primarily economic, second series of seven public meetings was social, individual, or institutional held in January 2012 in Morganton, North effects; and comments and Carolina; Greensboro, North Carolina; reports on referrals of legislative Camden, South Carolina; and Spartanburg, proposals (DO 12 Handbook, South Carolina. More than 200 people NPS 2005). attended the meetings and expressed unanimous support for the creation of the The study matches this categorical exclusion national heritage area. Following the public because it was directed by Congress to meetings, members of the public and local determine if the study area described above in stakeholders submitted substantive written South Carolina and North Carolina meets the comments that provided additional suitability and feasibility requirement for information for criteria 1, 2, 6, and 9. These designation as a national heritage area. In comments combined with previous analysis essence, the study is a report on a legislative led to a positive finding on these criteria. proposal. If Congress decides to designate the Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area, then a comprehensive COMPLIANCE WITH THE NATIONAL management plan would be developed for the ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT area. Further, if a national heritage area is designated, the effects would primarily be This study complies with the National economic in nature. Depending on the types Environmental Policy Act of 1969, as of projects, programs, and other actions amended (NEPA), which mandates all federal proposed in the comprehensive plan, an agencies to analyze the impacts of major environmental assessment could be necessary federal actions that have a significant effect on at that time. the environment. The NPS guidance for addressing this act is set forth in Director’s The categorical exclusion selected for this Order 12: Conservation Planning, study requires no formal documentation; Environmental Impact Analysis, and Decision- however, the study still contains several key making, which outlines several options for NEPA components. Principally, the study meeting the requirements of the act, relied heavily on public input to support its findings the result of a comprehensive

— 7 7 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Fea sibility Study

public involvement strategy. These outreach NEXT STEPS efforts gauged local support for the potential designation and helped to identify options for Based on the study findings, the Secretary of a proposed local coordinating entity. The the Interior will then make a recommendation study also provides a description of the to Congress. Should the secretary recommend region’s environment, including the natural designation of a Southern Campaign of the environment, socioeconomic conditions, and Revolution National Heritage Area, then historic resources, which would provide the congressional legislation authorizing the basis for an environmental assessment if one national heritage area would be required. were deemed necessary for a future national heritage area management plan.

TABLE 1. STUDY PROCESS USED TO ASSESS THE SOUTHERN CAMPAIGN OF THE REVOLUTION

Define the study area to identify natural, cultural, and/or political limits that best encompass important Step 1 resources related to the history of the region and potential themes that may be identified. Develop and implement a public involvement strategy to promote public understanding of the study, to Step 2 maximize public participation and public contributions to the study process, and to assess public support for designation and local capacity and commitment to undertake heritage programs. Determine if Southern Campaign of the Revolution contributes in substantial ways to our country’s national Step 3 heritage, and if so, determine if themes exist that would connect the various heritage resources to help the public understand, appreciate, and celebrate the region’s importance. Inventory natural and cultural resources to determine if Southern Campaign of the Revolution is a nationally Step 4 distinctive landscape; if the resources are important and retain integrity for the identified themes; and if there are outstanding opportunities for conservation, recreation, and education. Evaluate alternative ways to manage the potential national heritage area and the effects of not designating Step 5 the area as a national heritage area. The purpose of this evaluation is to identify the most feasible management approach and examine the effects of the status quo. Delineate the boundary of the potential national heritage area. This step is based on an evaluation of the study Step 6 area to determine if all or part of it should be included in the proposal. Determine the administrative and financial feasibility of managing the potential national heritage area. This is Step 7 an evaluation of the preferred management alternative described in step 5 and includes evaluation of a conceptual financial plan for the proposed coordinating entity of the national heritage area. Evaluate public support for designation and local commitments to partnerships on heritage projects and Step 8 programs. The level of support and commitment is important to determine the capacity of local citizens to undertake the responsibilities of a future national heritage area.

Step 9 Submit findings and recommendations to Congress.

8 8 Study Area History and Description 2

Chapter 2: Study Area Hi story and Dec s ription

CHAPTER TWO: STUDY AREA HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION

A NOTE ON TERMS battle appeared likely. While militia performance was uneven throughout the war, The political and military terminology for the many militia units were vital to American combatants in the Southern Campaign is success in the Carolinas. Loyalist troops also complex. Many of the key terms associated fought in militia units, called into service to with this conflict are defined here. support the regular British Army in the field.

Continental Army – refers to the regular Patriot – refers to Americans who favored or army of the newly formed United States, fought for independence from Great Britain. which was authorized by a Continental They are also referred to as Whigs due to their Congress resolution on , 1775. While affiliation with Great Britain’s Whig Party, the the Continental Army had a rocky beginning, party that was aligned with Parliament and it evolved over the course of the war to more sympathetic to the American cause. become an effective fighting force, equal to Undoubtedly, Loyalists considered the best regiments of the British Army. themselves patriots as well. The outcome of the war ultimately determined who could lay Loyalist – refers to Americans who favored or claim to the title. fought to maintain the colonies as part of the British . They are also referred to as Partisan – refers to irregular fighters on both Tories due to the affiliation with Great sides of the conflict who were neither soldiers Britain’s Tory Party (the political party closely in the regiments of the British or Continental aligned with the interests of the British armies nor militia. Partisan fighters could be Crown). Thousands of Loyalists served in accurately described as guerillas. militia units or in provincial regiments recruited to support the British cause. Regulars – refers to soldiers in regiments of Provincial troops served full-time, unlike the British Army or in the Continental Army. those in militia units. Many of the Provincial Regulars generally enlisted for longer terms, units were first-rate, equal to some of the had standardized equipment, uniforms, lines finest regiments in the regular British Army. of organization and command, and generally were subject to much stricter discipline.

Regulators – refers to North and South Comments from the Public: Carolina backcountry residents who took up “. . . the real treasure is the many stories of the individual’s arms in protest of what they perceived as morality, immorality, heroism, humor, high principles, excessive taxation and eastern dominance of toughness, romance, and teamwork that cut across race, social class, and gender. It is a grand morality play—David vs. Goliath the . Ironically, many of the with hundreds of subplots—a story for the ages in which free Regulators later fought for the Crown in the blacks, , Indians, slaves, English, tri-racial, women, Revolution. aristocrats, small farmers, and back woodsmen worked together.”

Militia – refers to the soldiers raised by the states for short durations. Oftentimes, the militia were called out to supplement Continental forces, particularly if a major

9

9 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Fea sibility Study

THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION price. The Crown chose to compound its IN THE CAROLINAS budgetary difficulties by maintaining the British Army’s wartime strength. There was The Carolinas’2 journey to independence certainly substantial justification for deploying followed many roads between 1775 and 1783, a large army in the colonies. The waning days but most of them had these qualities in of the witnessed common they were long, winding, and bloody conflicts with American Indians along bloody. the frontier. The tribes of the Valley in — the north and the in the Carolinas Many of the events of the Revolution in the launched fierce attacks against British South mirrored those in the rest of the new garrisons and backcountry settlements. United States, but some had their own unique Furthermore, the troops were needed to southern edge. The war in the Carolinas enforce the Proclamation of 1763, intended to helped alter the course of the war for quell future clashes with American Indians by independence while reflecting most of the forbidding American expansion west of the complexity, contradictions, and achievements Appalachian ridge. that defined one of the most momentous events in history. Large garrisons of troops made perfect political military sense in the context of the bloody frontier war. The cost of keeping such Prologue a large standing army in the field in made far less fiscal sense and was quite beyond what the citizens of Britain Victory in the French and Indian War. In could bear. Many British Tories felt that the 1763, Great Britain and its American colonies colonies should bear the cost of the stood nearly at the pinnacle of much of the detachments in North America. After all, they western world. They had defeated , the were the ones who benefitted from their most powerful nation in , in the Seven protection. The colonial perspective was quite Years’ War, one of the most devastating wars different. Backcountry settlers and land of the 18th century, a war fought on three speculators alike saw the proclamation and .3 Together, the British and the troops that enforced it as impediments Americans had raked the table in a high-stakes that frustrated American ambitions for land in game for control of North America. The 1763 the West. They were highly motivated not to reduced France’s American finance a strategy utterly contrary to their empire, which once consisted of most of the interests. Many Americans also felt that their known , to a few insignificant islands contributions to the British victory had been in the and Gulf of St. Laurence. If a overlooked. Why should they be compelled to prescient observer had predicted that a dozen cover so much of the cost of a war they had years later, the colonies and Britain would be helped win? The sense that the colonies were at war, most citizens on either side of the being treated as an imperial cash cow and the Atlantic would probably have written him off colonists themselves as second-class citizens as a crank. led more and more Americans to question

their future in the . Fissures in Empire. In fact, it was this

overwhelming victory itself that set the stage The Regulators and Tensions on the for revolution. The scale of the British and Frontier – Class, Struggle, Land Speculation, American victory carried with it a staggering and Squatters. Following the Cherokee War of 1759–61 in western South Carolina, bands 2. Sites denoted with an asterisk in chapter 2 are included in of outlaws and runaway slaves began making the study area and further described in appendix D. life difficult for settlers outside the coastal 3. This war became known in North America as the French and parishes in the area known as the Indian War.

10 10 Chapter 2: Study Area Hi story and Dec s ription

backcountry. These settlers had long-standing officials were attacked and driven out, the grievances with the royal government of property of local royal supporters was South Carolina because they had no destroyed, and armed forces of Regulators set representation in the government, no courts, themselves up as rival authorities to the royal and no officials to administer the law. Forced government. North Carolina Royal Governor to take matters into their own hands, the called out the colonial militia backcountry settlers of both North and South to confront the Regulator forces and restore Carolina formed vigilante militia companies royal control in the western regions. Tryon’s known as Regulators who tracked down and militia routed the 2,000 Regulators who had punished bandits and outlaws and gradually gathered at Alamance Creek (Alamance restored order to the backcountry. The Battleground)* for an audience with the Regulators were drawn from the leading ranks governor. Some of the leaders of the of backcountry planters and took advantage were executed. The of their newly won authority to make their governor pardoned many of their followers. grievances known to the colonial government. As the Regulators grew more aggressive and The Regulator movement was over, but the more powerful, they became guilty of dispute over excessive use of royal power was excessive violence, and an Anti-Regulator or not. Many former Regulators removed “Moderator” movement sprang up in themselves from North Carolina and opposition. Many of the Moderators were established new communities beyond the also prosperous planters and merchants in the reach of royal officials on land leased from the backcountry who sympathized with the Cherokees, west of the Blue Ridge on the settlers’ problems, but were alarmed at the Watauga River. Lord Dunmore, royal increasingly violent tone of the Regulators. In governor of Virginia, wrote that the settlement early 1769, the colonial government took steps of North Carolina exiles “set a dangerous to address the problem, passing the Circuit example to [the] people of America, of Court Act of 1769, which created four judicial forming government distinct from and districts in the backcountry and established independent of his Majesty’s authority.” courts, jails, and sheriffs to administer them. Contrary to strongly held opinions, the The leaders of the Regulators and Moderators did not signal the first signed a truce in March 1769, and the crisis movement toward American independence. came to an end, but it dramatized not only the However, the new settlements and the grievances that backcountry settlers had with Regulator movement that preceded it clearly the royal government, but also showed that illustrated the class and political divisions that this overlooked region could organize itself would define much of the revolution in the and defend itself in time of need. These Carolinas. While many of the former lessons would be remembered a few short Regulators fought as Loyalists in the war that years later when leaders of the Regulator erupted in 1775, many of the South Carolina movement became leaders of the Regulators became leaders of the Whig revolutionary forces in the South Carolina Independence party in that same revolution. backcountry.

Meanwhile, the long-festering issue of War Breaks Out: 1775‒76 taxation spread throughout the colonies. Four years before the Tea Party, residents of Armed combat between the Independence the North Carolina backcountry rebelled party, or Whigs, and the Loyalist party, or against the royal government, protesting Tories, erupted in the Carolinas in the fall of eastern domination of the legislature and high 1775 at Ninety Six in the South Carolina taxes without representation. When their backcountry. The site was so named because grievances were ignored, backcountry of the approximate distance from there to the “Regulators” took a more violent tack. Royal lower Cherokee town of Keowee, deep in the

11 11 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Fea sibility Study

frontier near the North Carolina border (near Even before the passage of the resolves, the the present city of Clemson). Tory militia royal government at New Bern had been attacked and besieged their Whig driven out and replaced with a Whig counterparts, but reinforcements from South government dedicated to independence. New Carolina and North Carolina routed the Bern developed into one of the important Loyalists and drove them into Cherokee bases in the South. territory in the west. Whig militia units operating from New Bern preyed with conducted campaigns in the west throughout abandon on British vessels laden with goods the winter of 1775–76, capturing several Tory from Britain’s lucrative sugar cane fields in the leaders and temporarily pacifying the Caribbean islands. backcountry. This campaign would subsequently be remembered as the “Snow A series of Whig successes against Loyalist Campaign” because of the dramatic winter forces in North Carolina followed the weather that descended on the area as the overwhelming victory at Moores Creek. These conflict raged in the backcountry. actions effectively neutralized Loyalist militia movements in North Carolina by late 1776. In February 1776, a large force of Tory militia composed of Scottish Highlanders and ex- American Indians. The course toward war in Regulators marched toward the North the Carolinas also affected and in turn was Carolina coast. They hoped to rendezvous influenced by the American Indian with British forces at Wilmington and secure populations in the region, particularly the arms and supplies to conduct their own Cherokee and Catawba tribes. The Cherokees campaign against American Whig forces. The of western North Carolina in the mid-18th force of 1,500 men attempted a crossing of century were part of a mighty nation, with a Moores Creek (Moores Creek National population of 36,000 controlling more than Battlefield)* against a smaller, but better- 140,000 miles of the southeast. That armed Whig force of 900 men. The population was reduced to roughly 7,000 by Highlanders, who were armed with the as native peoples felt the full impact broadswords instead of firearms, hoped to of the influx of European settlers and ceded augment their arsenal with British weapons. their lands through a series of treaties. By They launched an attack with classic Celtic 1770, settlers such as those that comprised the èlan but their was a hopeless effort Watauga Association were moving onto lands against a strong position defended by Patriots designated by treaty as Indian. In 1775, the armed with muskets and cannon. The attack Treaty of opened up much was a disaster. The Whigs suffered two of present-day Kentucky to white settlement. wounded; the Highlander/Tory force was Signed by a group of North Carolina land essentially destroyed. At least 30 men were speculators and a group of the elder Overhill killed, dozens more wounded, and more than

800 captured. Liberty, and safety. . . British Fleets and Armies have been and still are daily employed in destroying the People and In April 1776, North Carolina took the first committing the most horrid devastations on the Country. . . official step of any of the 13 colonies in calling [and] that the Ships belonging to America are declared prizes of War and many of them have been violently seized and for independence from Great Britain. On confiscated. . . April 12, 1776, the state authorized its delegates to the to vote And whereas the . . . sincere desire to be reconciled to the mother Country on Constitutional Principles, have procured no for independence. The 83 delegates present in mitigation of the aforesaid Wrongs and usurpations . . . Your Halifax at the Fourth are of Opinion that the house should enter into the unanimously adopted the Halifax Resolves.4 following Resolve to wit. . . Resolved that the delegates for this Colony in the Continental Congress be impowered to concur with the delegates of the other Colonies in declaring 4. It appears that. . . the King and Parliament of Great Britain independency, and forming foreign Alliances, reserving to this have usurped a Power over the Persons and Properties of the Colony the Sole, and Exclusive right of forming a People. . . and disregarding their humble Petitions for Peace, and Laws for this Colony. . .

12 12 Chapter 2: Study Area Hi story and Dec s ription

Cherokees, the agreement was seen as a In July 1776, the South Carolina militia began betrayal by younger members of the tribe. mobilizing under Colonel Andrew Dragging Canoe, one of the headmen of the Williamson, a former Regulator and the Lower Cherokees and the son of commander of the Fort Ninety Six garrison Attakullakulla, reportedly remarked, “You (Ninety Six National Historic Site)* when have bought a fair land, but there is a cloud Tory forces attacked it the previous hanging over it; you will find its settlement November. In mid-July, Williamson’s task dark and bloody.” Demands for further land force of about 1,800 South Carolina cessions soon followed. In numerous cases, militiamen, several detachments of state whites simply ignored the Proclamation Line troops, and a company of Catawba Indian of 1763 and settled directly on native lands. scouts set out on a march through Cherokee With the collapse of Royal Authority in 1775– territory. Their goal was to destroy the 76, the incursions became more blatant and Indians’ crops and towns and weaken their frequent. resolve to make war. Over the course of the next month, Williamson’s expedition fought several pitched battles with the Cherokees. These included the Battle of Twelve Mile Comments from the Public: Creek or Seneca Old Town in Pickens County “The story of the Patriot militia invasion of the Cherokee (near the present site of Clemson University); homeland in 1776 makes the Patriot’s indignation at Maj. the “Ring Fight” in Oconee County, where ’s threat to invade the Watauga Valley a bit too ironic, some would say.” militia under Captain Andrew Pickens held off a much larger body of Indian warriors; and the Battle of the Black Hole, where some 1,000 Cherokees attacked Williamson’s force and Fighting to protect their society, Cherokee were repulsed in the mountains of Macon warriors elected to ignore the overwhelming County, North Carolina. Meanwhile, in North odds against them and allied themselves with Carolina, bands of Cherokee warriors had the British, trading partners with whom they attacked settlements along the North Carolina had served during the French and Indian War frontier in mid-July 1776, killing upward of 30 (although they later fought against them settlers. North Carolinians were quick to during the 1760–61 Cherokee War in South retaliate. Frontier settlers wanted revenge, and Carolina). In May 1776, tribal councils an army of nearly 3,000 men from western discussed declaring war on settlers. In June North Carolina, led by Brig. Gen. Griffith 1776, just as British forces were attacking Rutherford of the Salisbury District militia, Charleston, Cherokee warriors began raiding soon organized. By September, his army was settlements along the northwestern frontier of on the march. For the next several weeks they South Carolina, killing some settlers and laid waste to the middle and valley towns of capturing others. The settlers believed that the the North Carolina Cherokees, burning Indians were acting in conjunction with the villages and crops. Little fighting took place, as British, although in reality the British Indian the Cherokees simply fled into the mountains, agents had urged the Cherokees not to rise up having had advance warning and intelligence and make matters more difficult for the forces of American plans. of the Crown. In response, the South Carolina Provincial Congress called out the On September 23, Williamson’s South backcountry militia and state troops to mount Carolina militia rendezvoused with a punitive expedition against the Cherokees. Rutherford’s North Carolina militia at Plans were made for the South Carolina Hiwassie River, and for the next two weeks troops to advance through the lower the combined forces completely laid waste to Cherokee towns and then join forces with the Cherokee middle towns. Although few militia from North Carolina and Virginia to large battles were fought with the Indians, the raid the middle and valley towns. damage was done, and the Williamson and

13 13 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Fea sibility Study

Rutherford expeditions severely curtailed the back into slavery in the after the political and social power of the Cherokees in failure of his campaigns did not allay the Carolinas, which in essence, aided the rise American fears that British efforts would to prominence of the Overhill Cherokees in inspire a general slave uprising. This, . The Lower, Middle, and Valley combined with suspected British agitation Cherokee people never completely recovered among the Indians, painted a nightmare from the campaign of the summer and fall of scenario for American Whigs. They suspected 1776. that the British intended to “let loose Indians on our frontiers and raise the negroes against The Catawba Indians, who lived along the us. . . men, women, and children [lost] in one river named for them, also had been allies of universal massacre.” the British during the French and Indian War. succinctly expressed the fundamental truth of During the Revolution, however, they opted the situation. “By revolting to [the British] to join rebel Americans in the war against the they should be rewarded [with] their British. The numbers of the Catawbas had freedom.” Americans in the Carolinas been reduced to an even greater degree than watched in dismay as black slaves fled to the had those of the Cherokees, so they had very British lines by the hundreds. In response, little influence on the eventual outcome of the American military authorities promised war. However, their alliance with the freedom to any blacks willing to enlist for Americans paid one important service. Hundreds of free blacks and slaves dividend. Unlike the Cherokees, they retained turned out to enlist in the Continental Army a foothold on their former land in the and state regiments and to serve in militia Carolinas. units. Many of these units were integrated; blacks served side by side with whites. African African Americans. African Americans, American troops served in combat in a observing American revolutionary fervor in number of engagements in the backcountry the lead-up to war, may well have pondered and other locations during the Southern whether American rebels were attempting to Campaign, including Fort Moultrie,* Ninety be ironic. While the colonies agitated against Six (Ninety Six National Historic Site),* British tyranny, Americans held tens of Hanging Rock,* and Eutaw Springs (Eutaw thousands of Africans and African Americans Springs Site).* Most African Americans who in forced servitude. Black slaves made up a could document their service to the United substantial proportion of the colonial States did earn their freedom. The army that workforce, in the North as well as in the these men knew provided a standard of liberty South. Nearly one-quarter of the population that in one regard would not be enjoyed in the in the Carolinas were African Americans. A United States for nearly 200 years, when small number of these people were free, but American military forces finally were officially the vast majority were slaves. After the integrated. outbreak of war, both British and American leaders recognized America’s African American population as an important factor End of the First Campaign that could influence victory for either side. The last major British offensive in the initial In 1775, British authorities issued a Carolina campaigns featured a large-scale proclamation promising freedom to “Negroes. amphibious assault against Charles Town . . willing and able to bear arms” who enlisted (Fort Moultrie),* the capital of South Carolina in the British Army or Loyalist forces. Royal and the largest port in the South. A large Royal Governor Dunmore raised the “Royal Navy fleet of warships and troop transports Regiment of Ethiopians” for service against moved against Fort Sullivan, the fortification American forces in North Carolina. The fact guarding the entrance to Charles Town that Dunmore reportedly sold his black troops harbor. British naval bombardment was

14 14 Chapter 2: Study Area Hi story and Dec s ription

ineffective against the Fort Sullivan palmetto loomed as an increasingly likely outcome. A log battlements. The fort’s batteries on the number of factors contributed to this other hand mauled the attacking vessels, extraordinary state of affairs. damaging several and forcing the crew of one to burn their ship to prevent its capture by the To begin with, the Continental Army, far from Americans. Rising tides foiled an attempted being weakened after three years of combat land side infantry attack on the fort. After and deprivation, was stronger than ever after a several frustrating days and with 200 dead and harsh apprenticeship in the art and science of wounded, the British fleet sailed away in war. The army evolved from a rag-tag defeat. collection of amateurs into a first-rate force nearly equal to any of Britain’s finest. Whig The failures to take Charles Town effectively militia continued to serve as an ongoing marked the end of the first phase of the nuisance to occupying British and Hessian Southern Campaign of the American units, a scourge to Americans who wavered in Revolution. Whig and Loyalist militia units support of the rebel cause, and often a launched a few raids and counter raids over valuable subordinate in pitched battles the next several months, but they between the Continental line and British accomplished little other than fanning the regiments. America’s small navy, supported by desire on both sides to settle bloody scores. scores of privateers sailing under letters of For the next two years, the majority of Whig marque issued by the Continental Congress, and Tory Americans in the Carolinas increasingly made life miserable for British maintained an uneasy peace. Whig forces merchantmen. dominated both politically and militarily. The cowed Tory population was subdued, but the France had provided support for the deep political and class antagonisms that American war effort since 1776, motivated in animated the conflict between Whig and Tory part by popular support of American ideals, Americans still smoldered beneath the but also by a desire to avenge the humiliations surface. was needed was a gust of wind of 1763 and the Treaty of Paris. The American to blow them back to life. victory at Saratoga in October 1777 demonstrated America’s potential for a By 1778, many British had probably successful revolution and accelerated the concluded that the war in America had momentum toward a true military alliance. On become a Sisyphean task. After three years of March 18, 1778, France formally declared war fighting, British forces had won several against Great Britain whose troops numbered substantial victories, dominated the seas, 40,000. Whig opponents to the war gained occupied several of the largest cities in the strength in Parliament, seeking an end to a war colonies, and cowed neutral Americans and that drained blood and treasure, yielded no lukewarm American rebels into submission in lasting gains, and now raised the specter of a a number of areas. British troops and catastrophic defeat. thousands of their German mercenaries controlled substantial segments of American The war was a stalemate and time was not on territory. They controlled a majority of the side of the empire. Something had to be alliances with American Indian tribes. The done. Americans themselves were deeply divided on the question of independence. Only a majority The “Southern Strategy.” British strategy supported the revolution, and thousands of focused on temporarily turning its attention loyal Americans had taken up arms in support away from the deadlocked war in the of the Crown. And yet, with the deck northern and middle states and resuming seemingly stacked in the empire’s favor, a large-scale operations in the South. Loyal British victory seemed as far away as ever. Americans had informed British authorities Worse, a British defeat, once unthinkable, that substantial numbers of Loyalists in

15 15 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Fea sibility Study

Georgia and the Carolinas chafed under rebel that mustered hundreds of Carolinians into control. The British were urged to renew the service. The dashing Tarleton earned his offensive in the southern states. Victory in the nickname “Bloody Ban” and a reputation for South would enable them to push American brutality in which he seemed to revel. forces farther north and break the impasse. Victory might be close, after all.

At first, it appeared that reports of a Comments from the Public: slumbering Loyalist majority might be true. “Francis Marion’s operations constitute a ‘Forgotten Front’ in When the British took Savannah in December the American Revolution and the Southern Campaigns.”

1778, they not only captured an important southern city, they also added the service of 20 new militia companies recruited from the local population. British forces, supported by American vs. American. As the Regulator eager and capable Loyalist provincial and movement vividly illustrated, Americans were militia companies, began campaigning in not united on the subject of the Crown’s South Carolina. In May 1780, the American authority, the cause for independence, or cause suffered a disastrous defeat. The British many other issues. Only a minority of captured Charles Town, South Carolina, and Americans enthusiastically supported virtually the entire southern Continental independence. A nearly equal number Army. Charles Town provided a solid base opposed it just as vehemently. In the middle from which the British could begin their were thousands of moderates whose offensive to retake the Carolinas. allegiances drifted between these two extremes. Motivated by community, family, or This offensive began with an effort by clan allegiances; economic considerations; or Lieutenant Colonel and his fears of retaliation for choosing the wrong British Legion to eliminate the remaining side, these Americans waxed and waned in elements of the Continental Army. In the their support, depending on the tides and (Museum of the Waxhaws and fortunes of war. Memorial)* of South Carolina,5 Tarleton’s men ran to ground a As the Southern Campaign heated up in the force of Virginia Continentals under the summer of 1780, British victories promised command of Colonel . relief to southern Loyalist factions who had Buford formed his men into a line of battle been cowed by their Whig counterparts. The and Tarleton’s veteran cavalry charged. The pent-up passions and resentments that Virginians got off one volley before the British lingered since the Patriot victories in the initial Legion overwhelmed their line. British and stage of the war flared to life, and Tory forces American accounts of the subsequent events took their revenge with relish. Whig forces varied widely. The Americans claimed that retaliated and soon the Carolinas became the Tarleton’s men attacked and slaughtered theater of a savage civil war that raged helpless men who tried to surrender. Tarleton throughout the backcountry at sites like the blamed the event on conditions that could be Waxhaws,* Musgrove Mill,* Hanging Rock,* described as the “fog of war.” Whatever the and Kings Mountain (Kings Mountain specific circumstances, atrocities were National Military Park).* Shortly after General committed. At least 100 Virginians of Buford’s Nathanael Greene assumed command, he command were killed and the term offered a grim assessment of the conflict “Tarleton’s Quarter” became a rallying cry among Americans in the Carolinas: “The Whigs and Tories pursue one another with the

most relentless fury, killing and destroying 5. The Waxhaws refers to a region of backcountry of the central Carolinas (spanning both states) that was home to each other wherever they meet. Indeed, a intense resistance to British colonial rule, as well as the great part of this country is already laid waste birthplace of Andrew Jackson.

16 16 Chapter 2: Study Area Hi story and Dec s ription

and is in the utmost danger of becoming a Later that month, backcountry militia from desert.” both Carolinas and Georgia attacked a combined force of British Regulars and Partisan Warfare – Sumter, Marion, and Loyalist militia at Musgrove Mill,* South Pickens. With the fall of Charles Town and Carolina. The British force suffered nearly the virtual destruction of the southern 50% casualties in an engagement that had the Continental Army, South Carolina’s defense brutal winner-take-all character that was left in the hands of militia units and increasingly marked the de facto civil war partisan bands that organized to harass and among Americans in the Carolinas. slow the British advance. had Meanwhile, in an attempt to slow the British commanded a regiment of South Carolina juggernaut, the Continental Congress sent Continentals in the Battle of Sullivan’s Island General , credited with the (Fort Moultrie) and the 1776 campaign against American victory at Saratoga two years earlier, the Cherokee Indians. He continued in service to take command of American forces in South throughout the first phase of combat in the Carolina. Gates moved his disorganized and Carolinas before resigning his colonel’s poorly supplied army toward the main British commission in 1778. After the disaster at stronghold at Camden (Historic Camden Charles Town, Sumter returned to action, Revolutionary War Site)* in the South forming the first militia units to counter the Carolina backcountry. On August 16, Gates’s British conquest of South Carolina. Sumter forces collided with the main British Army mustered hundreds of militiamen in this moving north from Camden under British brigade and led them in numerous General Charles, Lord Cornwallis. This clash engagements over the next 18 months. 8 miles north of Camden resulted in one of the American fortunes took a small but significant most catastrophic American defeats of the turn for the better on July 12, 1780, when entire war. Gates missed the outcome. Swept Sumter’s backcountry militia surprised and up in the retreat of the American militia, Gates destroyed a small detachment of British and his staff retreated to Hillsborough in Provincials and Tory militia commanded by North Carolina. one of Tarleton’s British Legion cavalry officers, Captain Christian Huck. The Battle of With the Continental Army defeated and in Williamson’s Plantation (Williamson’s disarray, Thomas Sumter’s militia forces Plantation / Huck’s Defeat / Historic continued their partisan war in the South Brattonsville),* or “Huck’s Defeat” as it is Carolina backcountry, ambushing British better known, signaled to the backcountry supply convoys, attacking British outposts, Patriots that the war was not yet lost, and that and taking on (and usually defeating) the Whig militia could attack and defeat detachments of British Regulars and Tory British Regulars. militia. In November 1780, Sumter’s men defeated “Bloody Ban” Tarleton and his Sumter’s troops won a second major victory at dreaded British Legion at the Battle of the * in August 1780, Blackstock’s Plantation. Sumter, by then a where they single-handedly destroyed an brigadier general of militia, was severely entire British Provincial regiment; however, wounded in the engagement and withdrew only a few weeks later they in turn were from service for several months. surprised and defeated by Tarleton’s British Legion at Fishing Creek on the . Two months after Sumter took the field Nonetheless, Sumter’s men soon reorganized against the British, Francis Marion began and returned to the field, and throughout the organizing and arming a small force of men to fall and winter of 1780 they prevented the fight as irregulars, later to be termed British from consolidating their control of the “guerillas.” Marion and his men harassed and South Carolina backcountry. frustrated British columns with small surprise attacks, sabotaged British communication and

17 17 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Fea sibility Study

supply lines, and rescued American prisoners. threatened General Cornwallis’s western After these attacks, Marion withdrew his men flank and forced the British commander to to swamp country that was nearly impossible abandon Charlotte, North Carolina. It was the for British troops to traverse. Banastre first of many adjustments to renewed Tarleton complained that it was impossible to American resolve that Cornwallis would make catch Marion, the “Swamp Fox.” Later in the in the coming months. Although partisan war, Marion and American General Nathanael fighting continued in the Carolinas for more Greene joined forces. In 1781, they than a year after Kings Mountain, Patriot successfully fought at the Battle of Eutaw militia victories in the field and intimidation Springs* and forced the British retreat to on the home front began to intimidate North Carolina. Loyalist resistance.

Andrew Pickens was a third partisan General Henry Clinton, the British commander who contributed greatly to the commander in chief, assessed the true American war effort. Pickens saw action early significance of the defeat at Kings Mountain: in the war at Ninety Six, in the Snow and “The instant I heard of Major Ferguson’s Cherokee Campaigns. He returned to action defeat, I foresaw the consequences likely to in 1779 and was captured and paroled after result from it . . . [it was] the first link in a the fall of Charles Town. When the British chain of evils that ended in the total loss of violated the terms of his parole, Pickens America.” returned to the American cause, leading his militia units with distinction at Cowpens (Cowpens National Battlefield),* Augusta, The Turning of the Tide Ninety Six*, and Eutaw Springs.* In December 1780, General George Kings Mountain. Increased partisan and Washington sent one of his most trusted militia activity in the fall of 1780 motivated the commanders, Nathanael Greene, to North British to organize a campaign to intimidate Carolina to reconstruct American efforts in Americans in the backcountry. Major Patrick the South. Greene, a Quaker who abandoned Ferguson, a dynamic and experienced British his pacifist teachings to commit to the officer, was determined to neutralize the American cause, had entered the war as a Patriot threat. Announcing his intention to lay private; however, in a remarkably short time waste to the Patriot backcountry, Ferguson he rose to the rank of general. His service as led a force of 1,100 Loyalist militia into South quartermaster for Washington’s army had Carolina. A force of 1,200 frontiersmen from schooled him in the importance of logistics, northwest South Carolina, western North which served him well for the campaign that Carolina, southwestern Virginia, and faced him. He reorganized the Southern “”(Overmountain Victory Continental Army and quickly devised a National Historic Trail)* from eastern strategy to take the momentum away from Tennessee mobilized quickly to counter Cornwallis’s British and Loyalist forces. Ferguson’s offensive. In October 1780, the Patriot militia trapped Ferguson’s Loyalists at In the wake of the disaster at Kings Mountain, Kings Mountain,* South Carolina. The Greene placed a wing of the Continental Army Patriots annihilated the Loyalist force. (supported by a large militia force) under the Ferguson was killed and nearly a third of his command of General Daniel Morgan, a force was killed or wounded. The Patriots hardened combat veteran. Morgan’s forces captured the remainder of the Loyalists, assumed a position that threatened the British effectively destroying the militia support on garrison at Ninety Six. Recognizing the which Cornwallis depended. This neutralized magnitude of the threat that Morgan’s forces a crucial element of the British southern posed to his army’s left flank, Cornwallis laid strategy. The victory at Kings Mountain also plans to destroy Morgan’s detached force and

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18 Chapter 2: Study Area Hi story and Dec s ription assigned the task to Colonel Tarleton and his bitter price for their gains before reaching the British Legion. Setbacks in combat against main body of the Continental Army. Late in Whig militia and partisans had tarnished the day, an intense clash between the British Tarleton’s reputation and he was eager to Guards and the Continental Army’s First reassert his standing in the British command. Regiment provided a grisly illustration of how far the Continental Army In response to Tarleton’s threat, Morgan had come to match their British adversaries. positioned his forces at the Cowpens* in the These two elite regiments slashed at each South Carolina backcountry. Morgan’s skillful other in savage bayonet fighting, neither deployment enabled him to take full willing to give way. Only the advance of advantage of the abilities of the militia forces British reinforcements prompted Greene to and Continental Regulars under his withdraw. Even as his army stubbornly command. Morgan’s militia units raked disengaged, the Americans inflicted more Tarleton’s forces with rifle fire, then withdrew losses on the advancing British. Cornwallis in order. This incited the British commander wrote to his superiors, “I never saw such to launch an attack, hoping to spur what he fighting since God made me. The Americans mistakenly thought was the disintegration of fought like demons.” the American force. Tarleton’s forces slammed into a solid line of Continentals who The British paid a ghastly price for the ground blunted the British attack while American they won that day. Nearly 30% of Cornwallis’s cavalry and reorganized militia attacked the men were killed or wounded. His army was British flanks. Morgan’s double envelopment exhausted and demoralized. The news of of Tarleton’s forces routed the British in one Guilford Courthouse further disheartened of the most tactically exquisite and decisive British officials. Although a tactical victory, engagements of the entire war. Tarleton’s the battle at Guilford Courthouse was a link in failure comprised a second link in the “chain the chain of evils that weighed down the of evils.” British effort in the South. One shaken member of the House of Commons concluded Following the victory, Greene and Morgan that “Another such victory would ruin the joined forces and marched north toward the British Army.” . Cornwallis, enraged and frustrated, pursued the Americans, destroying Despite, or perhaps because of, his bloody wagons and surplus equipment to speed his Pyrrhic victory at Guilford Courthouse, army’s pursuit. The dramatic six-week pursuit General Lord Cornwallis had, for the time of the Southern Continental Army narrowly being, had his fill of Americans in the failed. Cornwallis exhausted his army in his Carolinas. His army was depleted and determined chase of Greene and left his exhausted, his supply lines in tatters, and the troops with few supplies or equipment in entire British southern strategy was in hostile country, with a dangerous and disarray. Cornwallis decided to move north, determined enemy awaiting him. first to Wilmington, North Carolina, to set up a base of operations where he could rest and The Americans and British met finally in refit his army and establish reliable lines of North Carolina in March 1781. General communication with the British high Greene deployed his rested and reinforced command. From there, he would invade army at Guilford Courthouse (Guilford Virginia to destroy rebel bases that were Courthouse National Military Park),* giving providing supplies and reinforcements to Cornwallis the opportunity he had pursued Continentals and militia forces in the obsessively for nearly two months. A day-long Carolinas and possibly draw Greene’s army in battle ensued. Relentless British advances pursuit. Cornwallis relied heavily on the against Greene’s forces made progress against strength of four British outposts to guarantee the American militia, but British troops paid a royal control of South Carolina. These four

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19 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Fea sibility Study

powerful garrisons (Camden, Ninety Six, After a 28-day —the longest of the Augusta, and Georgetown) made extremely Revolution—Green withdrew from Ninety Six inviting targets for Greene and his veteran to avoid the advance of Lord Rawdon, his army. The American general chose not to opponent at Camden. Despite his withdrawal, waste time and energy chasing Cornwallis as Greene still achieved his objective. Rawdon the British general had once pursued him. relieved the defenders at Ninety Six, but almost immediately destroyed the star fort Instead, he focused his efforts on the real and evacuated the interior of South Carolina. objective: restoring South Carolina to Trailing his army were hundreds of dejected American control. These four British garrisons Loyalist refugees who followed Rawdon’s were the keys to Greene’s strategy. troops to safety on the coast. Surely these Loyalist Americans realized that their efforts Over the next several months, from April to to keep America in the empire were beyond September 1781, Greene methodically redemption. As if to underscore the disaster, advanced against the British strongholds in Georgetown the last of the four posts) was South Carolina. His first target was the British evacuated after withstanding repeated encampment at Camden.* Greene’s army American attacks. ( arrived in the vicinity on April 25, where he was attacked by forces under the command of In conjunction with Greene’s campaign Lieutenant Colonel Francis Lord Rawdon. against the four main military garrisons in Although Greene anticipated Rawdon’s South Carolina, partisan forces under Marion, attack, a portion of his army was caught Pickens, and Sumter pressed their “war of unprepared (some of the officers were posts” against smaller British installations in washing their feet). Nonetheless, Greene the backcountry. The Americans knew that if successfully deployed his forces and nearly they took these positions, British supply lines won the engagement. Even though Greene would be severely compromised. After lost the battle, he secured a . capturing a number of outlying posts, Pickens The British destroyed their defensive works and Marion attached their forces to Greene’s and abandoned Camden. The first objective in army, while Sumter continued his campaign the “War of Posts” was taken. independently.

Greene’s forces next advanced on the two Greene fought his last battle in September fortifications at Ninety Six, an imposing star 1781 at Eutaw Springs, South Carolina. fort (a fortification in the shape of a star) Greene’s Continentals and British Regulars supported by a secondary stockade fort. under the command of Colonel Alexander These works were manned by American Stewart fought savagely in an all-day Loyalist forces who knew that they probably engagement that produced some of the faced execution for their allegiance to the highest casualty rates of the entire war. Crown. This knowledge fueled their resolve to Greene withdrew from the field at the end of withstand a siege and gamble that they could the day, leaving the British to count it as a hold out until reinforcements arrived. Their tactical victory. Like the rest of Greene’s stubborn defense frustrated the efforts of campaign in the Carolinas, however, it was for Greene’s Continentals and militia the British a strategic defeat. The British Army commanded by Francis Marion and Andrew withdrew, leaving 500 prisoners with the Pickens to breach the imposing works. Americans. Stewart’s troops returned to American forces eventually took the stockade Charles Town and never again took the field fort, but the superbly engineered star fort held against the Americans. firm. While the Americans in the Continental Army While Greene maintained the siege, other and Patriot militia who campaigned in the American forces took the garrison at Augusta. Carolinas did not in themselves secure

20 20 Chapter 2: Study Area Hi story and Dec s ription

independence for the United States, their South. They drove the largest British Army in achievements were of incalculable worth. the South to its eventual entrapment at They staved off a catastrophic defeat that may Yorktown, Virginia. They destroyed the well have spelled the end of American hopes ambitious British southern strategy. Their for victory in the Revolution. They turned the accomplishments paved the way for America’s tide of battle in hundreds of pivotal battles, final victory in the war for independence. engagements, and nameless skirmishes that crushed British hopes for conquest in the

21 21 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Fea sibility Study

22 Heritage Themes 3

Chapter 3: Heritage Themes

CHAPTER THREE: HERITAGE THEMES

The stories of related historic, cultural, and natural resources are told or interpreted within the organizing frame work of themes. Comments from the Public: Themes provide the connections that people “One of the most important issues is to raise awareness for the can use to understand the importance of an residents of South Carolina and North Carolina in the pivotal role these colonies/states played in the American Revolution.” area and its resources. In other words, themes represent or illustrate the broad ideas that “More actions took place in South Carolina than the other 12 unite collections of individual resources so colonies combined. The Southern Campaign was won in the ’Back Country’ and swamps of South Carolina.” they can be seen within the context of the whole. Themes are the tools used to (1) develop a cohesive, central, relevant idea(s); (2) link a tangible resource to its intangible meaning(s) or a universal concept; and (3) The four themes for the potential Southern connect historic, cultural, and natural Campaign of the Revolution National resources to the larger ideas, meaning, and Heritage Area align with four of the eight values of which they are a part. Themes are themes in the “National Park Service Revised the building blocks (the core content) of an Thematic Frame Work” (see table 3). This interpretive program, which is central to the frame work was used in placing the potential national heritage area concept. Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area themes in their A good theme structure helps residents and appropriate historical context to better visitors understand the region’s overall understand the contributions of the Carolinas contributions to our national heritage. These to our country’s national heritage during a elements may include natural and cultural pivotal period in American history. The resources; important events or decisions; and themes for the potential Southern Campaign the roles of specific places, people, social of the Revolution National Heritage Area fit within the NPS thematic frame work as movements, beliefs, folkways, and traditions. 6 The themes for the potential Southern described below. Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area were derived from an understanding of the Carolinas’ nationally THEME 1 (MAP 2, APPENDIX C) significant contributions to our country’s heritage. The military events in the Carolinas substantially influenced the eventual The unique stories of the people, places, and American victory in the Revolution. nationally significant events that the potential Southern Campaign of the Revolution This theme highlights the national significance National Heritage Area has to tell the rest of of the events that made up the Southern the nation are encompassed by the following Campaign of the Revolution, the complexities four themes. These heritage themes are the of the military situation in the Carolinas, and key ideas through which significant resource the intensity of combat in this theater of the values are conveyed to the public. Each theme war of independence. may connect to a number of specific stories or subthemes. Other themes may be developed or these themes may be modified in the future if the need arises. 6. A summary of all visitor-ready sites within the corridor that are associated with each theme can be found in Table 2, and further descriptions of each site are included in appendix D.

23 23 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Fea sibility Study

A large number of important sites and Guilford Courthouse National Military Park resources illustrate events that had a particular protects and interprets the site where the influence on the direction of the war in the reorganized southern Continental and South. Moores Creek National Battlefield in supporting militia battered Cornwallis’ British North Carolina protects and preserves the site Army and forced him to abandon his where outnumbered Patriot forces defeated a campaign in the Carolinas backcountry and Loyalist force and helped maintain Patriot ultimately march to defeat at Yorktown. control of the state. Fort Moultrie preserves the site where the American forces’ defense of Historic Camden Revolutionary War Site the Carolina coast prevented a British invasion preserves the site of Camden, South Carolina, in 1776, and where the fall of Charles Town in the primary base for British forces operating May 1780 opened the door to British forces to in the South Carolina backcountry. At expand their southern strategy into the Hobkirk’s Hill, immediately adjacent to this Carolinas. The Museum of the Waxhaws site, British and American forces clashed in commemorates a crushing defeat of southern April 1781. Although an American defeat, the Continental troops by Lieutenant Colonel battle forced the withdrawal of the occupying Banastre Tarleton’s notorious British Legion. British force from Camden. Combined with The propaganda value of the alleged massacre an American siege that forced the British to that followed this defeat helped galvanize abandon the large fortification at Ninety Six, American resolve during the darkest phase of the action at Camden effectively liberated the Southern Campaign. Following the much of the South Carolina backcountry. slaughter at Waxhaws, Patriot militia and guerilla forces won decisive victories at American forces collided with British forces at Brattonsville and Musgrove Mill. Eutaw Springs in September 1781. The last major engagement in South Carolina, the witnessed one of the highest casualty rates for a major battle of the Comments from the Public: entire war. The brutal losses that American “The important stories during that time were about the forces inflicted on the enemy drove the British fighting between the loyalists and the patriots. The British forces back to Charles Town. The British were counting on the strength of the loyalist in the South, a base from which to subdue the patriots in the North. The Army never again emerged from this refuge, battles of Kings Mountain and Cowpens and the patriot effectively abdicating control of almost all of victories there caused loyalist support to falter and forced the the Carolinas. British to abandon the South.”

Guilford Courthouse, Hobkirk’s Hill, Ninety Six, and Eutaw Springs were all part of a brilliantly executed American strategy to force The American ability to rally from catastrophe the British to abandon their South Carolina is vividly illustrated at Kings Mountain garrisons and restore the state to American National Military Park, “first in the chain of control. evils” where Patriot militia destroyed the Loyalist militia that anchored the left wing of The war was not won in the Carolinas—the the invading British Army. Revolutionary War raged for another year. But the Southern Campaign in the Carolinas Cowpens National Battlefield further made the American victory and independence commemorates American resilience in possible. rebounding from defeat to win an overwhelming victory, substantially damage the feared British Legion, force Lord Cornwallis into a costly change of strategy, and reverse the tide of battle in the South.

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in February 1776. The Patriots defeated the Comments from the Public: much larger Loyalist force. This victory

“What would have happened if the Patriot Militia would not prevented the Loyalists from linking up with have banded together and wiped out the most feared army in other Loyalist forces along the coast. Patriot the world? Washington would not have survived the forces were victorious in the initial stages of advancement of Tarleton or Ferguson if these armies were not defeated in the south.” the Southern Campaign and exerted complete control in the Carolinas for the next two years. However, Loyalist resentment of their political dominance simmered just below the THEME 2 (MAP 3, APPENDIX C) surface.

When major combat returned to the Political rivalries in both North Carolina and Carolinas, British forces were motivated in South Carolina were catalysts to the outbreak part by rumors that substantial numbers of of the Revolution in the South and played an Tories waited only for sufficient support to important role in the conduct of what was in rise and take up arms once again. After the fall many ways America’s first civil war. of Fort Moultrie, and ultimately Charles

Town, British forces struck inland, This theme illustrates that war, like politics, encouraging Loyalist militia to return to can have a distinct local flavor. The war for action. independence in the South was profoundly shaped by the political, social, and class For the next 18 months, Loyalist and Patriot structure of North and South Carolina. Americans slashed at each other in scores of

engagements, from skirmishes to major The Regulator movement of the pitted battles. At the Waxhaws in May 1780, backcountry Americans against American Banastre Tarleton’s British Legion made up of lowcountry planters and merchants whose loyal Americans destroyed a retreating force interests were tied more closely to royal of Continentals. The slaughter and reported authority. This movement climaxed at the atrocities inflicted on helpless prisoners and where backcountry and wounded men by the Loyalist British Legion royalist supporters clashed over issues of infuriated Patriot forces and escalated the taxation and representation in what has often already impassioned level of violence between been portrayed as a dress rehearsal for Tory and Whig forces. “Tarleton’s Quarter” revolution. became the justification for killing Loyalists

who surrendered. More and more, clashes When the American Revolution erupted, it between Patriot and Loyalist forces at was not exclusively a war between the new engagements such as the House in the United States and the British Empire. The war Horseshoe, Hanging Rock, and Musgrove also pitted thousands of Americans against Mill were characterized by a “kill or be killed” each other on battlefields throughout most of mentality. the 13 states. The intensity of this civil strife was felt more keenly in the Carolinas than Patriot and Loyalist forces clashed in July perhaps anywhere in the former colonies. 1780 at the Battle of Brattonsville in South

Carolina backcountry. The Loyalist force As revolution spread through the colonies in commanded by Captain Christian Huck was 1775, thousands of loyal Americans, Scots, nearly annihilated. At the Battle of Hanging and Scots-Irish in the Carolinas took up arms Rock, outnumbered Patriot militia and in defense of the Crown’s interests. American partisans inflicted heavy casualties on a mixed Patriot forces clashed with Highland Scots force of Loyalist provincial troops and militia. and Loyalist veterans of the Regulator One month later, on August 18, 1780, Carolina movement at Moores Creek, North Carolina, militia snatched a near-certain victory away

25 25 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Fea sibility Study

from British Regulars and Loyalist militia at clashing in a winner-take-all fight for the Musgrove Mill in South Carolina. During the future of the Carolinas. short engagement, the British and Loyalist force suffered more than 40% casualties. That The Southern Campaign created an arena in same day, Tarleton’s British Legion destroyed which decades-old feuds that had been a large Patriot force at Fishing Creek, South transported by thousands of emigrants from Carolina. Britain and Ireland were reignited. When the British returned in force to the Carolinas in In October 1780, Patriot backcountry and 1780, emboldened Loyalists lashed out against “Overmountain” militia utterly destroyed a their Whig enemies and ignited renewed, even large force of Loyalist militia at Kings more vicious civil strife between Patriots and Mountain, South Carolina, just over the North Loyalists. Members of the same families Carolina state line. The Loyalists suffered fought on opposite sides of the same more than 300 casualties in the course of a few engagement (Kings Mountain) and other hours, a bloody affirmation of “Tarleton’s family members were estranged for years as Quarter.” While 700 Loyalists were allowed to Loyalist members were driven into exile surrender, several of their leaders were later (Ninety Six). The residents of many executed. The American senior commander in communities found themselves virtual the South was appalled by the “relentless fury” prisoners of occupying forces as the major that marked the fighting between the Whigs campaigns surged back and forth in the and Tories, who pursued each other like Carolinas, including those at Camden, “beasts of prey,” unleashing a wave of Guilford Courthouse, Historic Hillsborough, bloodletting and destruction that he felt and Old Salem. would lay waste to all the Carolinas. While fighting pitted thousands of Americans In the final months of the Southern Campaign in the Carolinas against each other, it also in the Carolinas, the combatants on both sides affected thousands more who did not were predominantly or exclusively American. embrace the passions or loyalty to the Crown Continental Regulars and Patriot militia or revolution, who wished more than anything fought a bloody battle against Loyalist to be left alone. Among these numbered many provincial regiments at Hobkirk’s Hill, outside pacifist (Snow Camp Historic Site) Camden, South Carolina, on April 25, 1781. At and Moravians (Old Salem) who refused to the siege of Ninety Six, Loyalists fearing take up arms for either side. Like many retaliation or possible execution held out neutrals, these pacifists discovered that, in this desperately against besieging American forces. revolution, the middle ground was the most dangerous ground of all.

THEME 3 (MAP 4, APPENDIX C) Shortly after the Battle of Guilford Court- house, American commanding General The brutal combat during the Revolution Nathanael Greene wrote that “Nothing but profoundly disrupted traditional ways of life blood and slaughter have prevailed among the in the Carolinas. Whigs and Tories, and their inveteracy against each other, must, if it continues, depopulate This theme focuses on how the diversity of the country.” fighting in the Carolinas, from regular army battles and skirmishes to militia clashes to When British forces finally marched out of the classic guerilla engagements, disrupted or South Carolina backcountry to safety on the destroyed homes, farmsteads, and coast in 1782, thousands of dispirited communities, divided families and trapped American Loyalist refugees trailed after them many neutrals and pacifists between the for safe haven. Homes, farms, and “relentless fury” of Whig and Tory Americans communities were abandoned as the

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Americans found themselves aliens in their land where alliance with one side posed the own land. threat of severe retaliation from the other.

The Cherokees, under duress from British THEME 4 (MAP 5, APPENDIX C) agents, attempted to force Americans off land that the Cherokees had sold to them. Patriot The American victory in the Revolution militia jumped off from Davidson’s Fort in the presaged momentous changes for American North Carolina backcountry to launch a Indians and African Americans in the brutal punitive campaign against the Carolinas. Cherokees.

For both American Indians and African African Americans by the hundreds Americans in North and South Carolina, the responded to American and British promises war for independence presented both peril of freedom in exchange for service in the and potential. The Cherokee and Catawba ranks. African Americans and Catawba Indians fought to maintain the hold they had Indians served in Continental regiments in the Carolinas. African Americans fought on during the Southern Campaign. These troops both sides to gain the freedom that had been were taken prisoner in the fall of Charles denied them for more than a century. Town (Fort Moultrie) after their paroles enlisted in militia units like Sumter’s Brigade to see action at Hanging Rock and Fishing Creek. Others enlisted in partisan bands led Comment from the Public: by Francis Marion and Andrew Pickens and “Drayton Hall, where Sir Henry Clinton made his HQ before saw action in the Pee Dee and swamps, capturing Charles Town in 1780, and many other sites in the at Ninety Six, Augusta, and Eutaw Springs. area would be excited participants in the heritage area. This is a place to capture the African-American segment of the story, Many black troops finally succeeded in most certainly.” securing their freedom as a reward for service in the Continental line and with American militia units. Ironically, American independence ultimately meant little to American Indians in the Carolinas had clashed African Americans in the Carolinas. The black intermittently with European American troops who served in the Continental Army in settlers for more than a century. The imperial many ways experienced the most egalitarian conflict between France and Great Britain had society America would know for the next 200 caught Indian tribes in a dangerous no-man’s years.

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TABLE 2. THEMES AND ASSOCIATED VISITOR-READY SITES

Themes Associated Sites

Theme 1. The military events in §. Andrew Jackson State Park the Carolinas substantially §. Cowpens National Battlefield influenced the eventual §. Eutaw Springs American victory in the §. Fort Moultrie Revolution. §. Guilford Courthouse National Military Park §. Historic Brattonsville §. Historic Camden Revolutionary War Site §. Kings Mountain National Military Park §. Moores Creek National Battlefield §. Museum of the Waxhaws and Andrew Jackson Memorial §. Musgrove Mill State Historic Site §. Ninety Six National Historic Site Theme 2. Political rivalries in both §. Andrew Jackson State Park North Carolina and South §. Carolina were catalysts to the §. Blackstock Battlefield Monument outbreak of the Revolution in the §. Fort Moultrie South and played an important §. Francis Marion Historic Burial Site role in the conduct of what was §. Gilbert Town in many ways America’s first civil §. Hanging Rock war. §. Historic Brattonsville §. House in the Horseshoe State Historic Site §. Joseph McDowell House §. Kings Mountain National Military Park §. Landsford Canal State Park §. McDowell House at Quaker Meadows §. Moores Creek National Battlefield §. Museum of the Waxhaws and Andrew Jackson Memorial §. Musgrove Mill State Historic Site §. Ninety Six National Historic Site §. Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail §. Robert Cleveland House / Old Wilkes Jail / Wilkes Heritage Museum Theme 3. The brutal combat §. Colonial Dorchester State Historic Site during the Revolution profoundly §. Guilford Courthouse National Military Park disrupted traditional ways of life §. Harmony Hall Plantation in the Carolinas. §. Historic Camden Revolutionary War Site §. Historic Hillsborough §. Isaac Hayne Tomb and House Site §. Kings Mountain National Military Park §. Ninety Six National Historic Site §. Old Salem Museums and Gardens §. Thomas Sumter Historic Burial Site Theme 4. The American victory in §. Andrew Jackson State Park the Revolution presaged §. Davidson’s Fort Historic Park momentous changes for §. Eutaw Springs American Indians and African §. Fort Defiance Historic Site Americans in the Carolinas. §. Fort Moultrie §. Fort Watson Historic Site and Santee Indian Mound §. Hanging Rock §. Ninety Six National Historic Site §. Surry Muster Ground

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TABLE 3. SOUTHERN CAMPAIGN OF THE REVOLUTION THEMES AND THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE THEMATIC FRAME WORK

Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Park Service Thematic Frame Work National Heritage Area Themes

The military events in the Carolinas substantially influenced IV. Shaping the Political Landscape the eventual American victory in the Revolution. §. Military institutions and activities

VII. Changing Role of the United States in the World Community §. International relations Political rivalries in both North Carolina and South Carolina IV. Shaping the Political Landscape were catalysts to the outbreak of the Revolution in the §. Parties, protests, and movements South and played an important role in the conduct of what §. Military institutions and activities was in many ways America’s first civil war. The brutal combat during the Revolution profoundly I. Peopling Places disrupted traditional ways of life in the Carolinas. §. Migration from outside and within §. Community and neighborhood §. Encounters, conflicts, and colonization

IV. Shaping the Political Landscape §. Parties, protests, and movements §. Military institutions and activities The American victory in the Revolution presaged I. Peopling Places momentous changes for American Indians and African §. Migration from outside and within Americans in the Carolinas. §. Encounters, conflicts, and colonization

V. Developing the American Economy §. Extraction and production

29 29 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Fea sibility Study

30 Application of NPS National Heritage Area Criteria 4

Chapter 4: Appli cation of PN S Heritage Area Criteria

CHAPTER FOUR: APPLICATION OF NPS NATIONAL HERITAGE AREA CRITERIA

The feasibility study team concludes that the §. Old Salem Museums and Gardens study area meets each of the 10 criteria for §. Surry Muster Ground designation as a national heritage area: §.

State sites in South Carolina include the CRITERION 1 following:

The area has an assemblage of natural, §. Andrew Jackson State Park historic, or cultural resources that together §. Blackstock Battlefield Monument represent distinctive aspects of American §. Colonial Dorchester State Historic heritage worthy of recognition, Site conservation, interpretation, and §. Francis Marion Historic Burial Site continuing use, and are best managed as §. Fort Watson Historic Site and Santee such an assemblage through partnerships Indian Mound among public and private entities and by §. Hanging Rock combining diverse and sometimes §. Historic Camden Revolutionary War noncontiguous resources and active Site communities. §. Isaac Hayne Tomb and House Site North and South Carolina have numerous §. Landsford Canal State Park federal, state, local, and private sites directly §. Musgrove Mill State Historic Site associated with the history and culture of the §. Thomas Sumter Memorial Park Southern Campaign and the American (Thomas Sumter Historic Burial Site) Revolution in the South. Many of these sites fall within the identified area, including seven The region also includes sites, museums, and units of the national park system: interpretive centers managed by local communities and private organizations. There §. Cowpens National Battlefield are also a large number of likely battlefield §. Fort Moultrie (a unit of Fort Sumter sites and archeological sites associated with National Monument) the Revolution in the South that require §. Guilford Courthouse National additional documentation and research. Military Park These sites may also have potential to offer §. Kings Mountain National Military opportunities for visitor use and experience in Park the future. §. Moores Creek National Battlefield §. Ninety Six National Historic Site Because of the large size and diverse resources §. Overmountain Victory National of this potential heritage area, the resources Historic Trail would best be managed by a partnership of federal, state, and local agencies, and private

organizations. This partnership would have State sites have been identified in North the capacity to oversee the development of Carolina, including the following: comprehensive educational and interpretive

programs and recreational opportunities and §. Alamance Battleground manage funds for promotional materials, §. House in the Horseshoe research projects, site development,

31

31 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Fea sibility Study

archeological excavations, collections lifeways, including raising livestock and row management, and web-based information crops like , corn, and soybeans. programs. The partnership would require a management entity responsible for Another example of the survival of 18th establishing preservation and educational century folk culture in the Carolinas is music, priorities, coordinating partnership efforts, particularly country and bluegrass music, the managing matching funds, and promoting the core of which can be traced to the musical national heritage area. This entity is further influences of Scottish, Irish, Scotch-Irish, discussed in criterion 7.7 Welsh, and northern British settlers who populated the southern highlands and Numerous opportunities for partnership backcountry (particularly the Carolina development exist within the two-state region and ) in the 18th and several groups have expressed their century. willingness to work in partnership to implement the national heritage area. These Religion is another area where the 18th include the Olde English District, the Carolina century still manifests itself on a daily basis in Backcountry Alliance, the Overmountain the Carolinas as evidenced by the distribution Victory Trail Association, the Historic of Anglican/Episcopalian churches in the Camden Revolutionary War Site, the Palmetto tidewater South, Lutheran churches in the Conservation Foundation, the Francis Marion middle German settlements, and Presbyterian Trail Commission, the seven NPS units in the churches in the western Carolinas. In Carolinas, South Carolina State Parks, and northwestern South Carolina and western other regional groups. North Carolina there are hundreds of Presbyterian churches that have been in Based on the supporting information existence since the 1750s and 1760s and are described above, the feasibility study team still a thriving and active force today. While concludes that the area encompassing the many of the original structures have not Southern Campaign of the Revolution meets survived, the congregations’ descendants (and criterion 1. their ancestors’ graveyards) are still there in the same location, and the modern members regularly celebrate their 18th century heritage. CRITERION 2 Similarly, German Reformed and Lutheran The area reflects traditions, customs, Churches in the Piedmont of North Carolina beliefs, and folklife that are a valuable part and the midlands of South Carolina directly of the national story. derive from German and Dutch church settlers of the mid-18th century, as do the Present-day North Carolina and South Moravian meeting houses or churches in both Carolina reflect customs, traditions, history states. The latter congregations are and way of life rooted in the colonial and represented daily in the living history Revolutionary War periods of their history. programs at Old Salem, Historic Bethany, and Cultural traits that derive from 18th century Historic Bethabara in North Carolina. These traditions are still widely manifested in the religions played key roles in the events of the language, culture, and social conventions that Revolution, and are still a part of the everyday are unique to the Southern states, and in lives of many Carolinians. particular the Carolinas. These include the persistence of agricultural and pastoral Numerous modern-day customs have their origins in the Revolutionary period. The Highland Games, held every year in the 7. See appendix D for a full inventory of sites within the mountains of North Carolina, celebrate the corridor, potential partner sites identified by stakeholders, and heritage of thousands of North Carolinians other associated sites (natural areas, scenic byways, etc.).

32 32 Chapter 4: Appli cation of PN S Heritage Area Criteria

who are the descendants of Highland Scots site of an original 18th and 19th century who settled in the Cape Fear region. plantation owned by the Bratton family. Traditional southern foods are directly related Brattonsville is also the site of the Battle of to foods brought into the area by the German Williamson’s Plantation, or Huck’s Defeat, settlers of the western Piedmont of North one of the more important battles on the Carolina. Other foods became part of the Carolina frontier in 1780. Each year hundreds southern (and later American) identity of re-enactors and tourists visit Brattonsville through the interaction among European to witness the re-enactment of Huck’s Defeat settlers, African slaves, and American Indians, and other local Revolutionary War battles. and the incorporation of native plants and game animals into the traditional European Revolutionary War commemorative events and African diets. The custom of firing guns and demonstrations also take place annually at on New Year’s Eve to scare away evil spirits the Guilford Courthouse, Cowpens, Moore’s can be traced back to the original settlers in Creek Bridge, and Kings Mountain national western North Carolina, where it is still parks, battlefields, and military sites, as well as practiced today. state parks and other historic sites throughout the Carolinas. Numerous county names (Mecklenburg, Craven, Greene, Camden, Chatham, Gates, Numerous historic sites and heritage groups Rutherford, Cleveland, Davidson, Anson, in both North and South Carolina continue Caswell, Lee, Bladen, Granville, McDowell, efforts to preserve the traditions of the 18th Watauga, etc.), town names (Charlotte, century. The Sons and Daughters of the Greenville, and Greensboro), and street American Revolution in both states work names (Tryon Road, Cornwallis Avenue, etc.), tirelessly to preserve and honor the states’ rich as well as some colleges (Queens College, Revolutionary War heritage and indispensable Davidson College) throughout North contributions to American independence. In Carolina are directly related to the state’s North Carolina, the Trading Path Association, colonial and Revolutionary War heritage. The the Guilford Battleground Company, and the same holds true in South Carolina. Carolina Backcountry Alliance promote the Charleston, Georgetown, Colleton, and Revolutionary War heritage of western North Berkeley counties reflect the state’s colonial Carolina. heritage: King Charles II, Prince (later King) George, and the Lords Proprietors, Marion, The Southern Campaigns of the American Pickens, and Sumter counties were named for Revolution is a private organization based in the state’s famous partisan militia generals, Camden, South Carolina, dedicated to Francis Marion, Andrew Pickens, and preserving and popularizing the history of the Thomas Sumter. Jasper, Horry, Laurens, Southern Campaign in general and of the two Anderson, Hampton, Lee, Kershaw, and Carolinas in particular. Wofford College in Greenville counties reflect the names of Spartanburg, South Carolina, is also host to a Revolutionary War heroes and political quarterly Revolutionary War Roundtable that leaders such as William Jasper, Peter Horry, brings scholars, lay persons, and professionals , Robert Anderson, Wade from a variety of fields together to study and Hampton, Henry “Lighthorse Harry” Lee, discuss Revolutionary War history and Joseph Kershaw, and Nathanael Greene. heritage. Converse College in Spartanburg has hosted workshops that provide teachers with In South Carolina, tourism initiatives of the fresh perspectives on the complex dynamics Olde English District are dedicated to keeping of the American Revolution in the Southern alive the region’s cultural traditions. Among backcountry, a place where long-standing the most popular attractions within the hostilities between American settlers erupted district are the regular living history programs into a full-scale civil war between Tories and at Historic Brattonsville in York County, the Whigs, Loyalists and Rebels.

33 33 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Fea sibility Study

The Southern Revolutionary War Institute, based at the Culture & Heritage Museums of Comments from the Public: York County’s McCelvey Center in York, “Another critical issue is the preservation of sites of National, state and regional importance before ‘Urban Creep’ overtakes South Carolina, is a scholarly center dedicated the site and they are lost to housing, highway or retail to gathering primary and secondary resources developments. A coordinated action plan must be developed about the Revolution in all the southern states at the local, state and regional levels to ensure these sites are identified early and action is taken to preserve them.” and making them available to the general public. The institute offers regular programs “John Buchanon, who wrote ‘The Road to Guilford and lectures on Revolutionary War history Courthouse’ that was the basis for the movie, ‘The Patriot’, is now writing a sequel about the campaign culminating in the and heritage, publishes scholarly books on the battle of Eutaw Springs—a site which needs to be protected. subject of the Southern Campaign, and What we can learn from history is why we study it.” responds to hundreds of research requests from academia and the general public on topics of Revolutionary War history. In the rapidly developing environment of the Based on the supporting information Carolinas, numerous sites are at risk of being described above, the study finds that the area engulfed by suburban residential or encompassing the Southern Campaign of the commercial development. Modern Revolution meets criterion 2. development increasingly envelops or obscures the rural landscape that contains many remnants of battlefields and skirmishes. CRITERION 3 Without sufficient incentives for owners to The area provides outstanding preserve Revolutionary War-related opportunities to conserve natural, cultural, resources, many privately owned sites would historic, and/or scenic features. be at increased risk of development. As noted under criterion 1, additional documentation As described in previous chapters and criteria, and research is required at a large number of North Carolina and South Carolina have a battlefield sites and archeological sites remarkable concentration of historic sites, associated with the Revolution in the South. battlefields, homes, communities, trails, and natural features associated with the Southern Suburban development adjacent to Campaign. Many sites currently do not have Greensboro, North Carolina, surrounds appropriate mechanisms in place to conserve Guilford Courthouse. Suburban development their physical integrity. overlays portions of the Camden battlefield in Kershaw County, South Carolina; a state In addition to the parks, historic sites, highway bisects much of the remainder. battlefields, and military parks associated with Residential development overlays much of the the Southern Campaign, both states have entire site of the Battle of Hobkirk’s Hill; extensive natural park sites that would however, archeological excavations at sites enhance visitor understanding of the region, within this area have yielded battle-related particularly the natural landscape of the resources. Many archeological sites associated Carolinas and how it influenced the outcome with Francis Marion’s guerilla campaign in the of the Southern Campaign.8 lowcountry swamps of the Pee Dee and Santee rivers are not sufficiently protected and are vulnerable to inadvertent damage or vandalism.

Additionally, the NPS American Battlefield 8. See appendix D for a full inventory of sites within the Protection Program’s “Report to Congress on corridor, potential partner sites identified by stakeholders, and the Historic Preservation of Revolutionary other associated sites (natural areas, scenic byways, etc.).

34 34 Chapter 4: Appli cation of PN S Heritage Area Criteria

War and Sites in the United concludes that the area encompassing the States” identified a number of Revolutionary Southern Campaign of the Revolution meets War sites in North Carolina and South criterion 3. Carolina that face some level of short-term or long-term threat. These include a number of national park system units and state sites. CRITERION 4 Table 4 below identifies thematically related resources that face threats due to ongoing The area provides outstanding recreational regional development. and educational opportunities.

The report also identified other sites in the North and South Carolina are home to many two states that require additional study, NPS and state sites dedicated to preserving including Stono Ferry in Charleston County, places and stories associated with the military, South Carolina, and the sites of Cherokee political, and social history of the Southern towns in North Carolina that were destroyed Campaign. In addition, a number of local and during Rutherford’s Campaign in 1776. A private efforts exist or are under development number of associated historic properties in to enhance visitor experience and under- the Carolinas have also been identified as standing of the American Revolution in the preservation priorities. South. While not all of these sites or programs fall within the corridor, they are representa- Threats could be mitigated through tive of the work in the Carolinas to preservation efforts coordinated by a national commemorate the history of the Southern heritage area Campaign of the American Revolution. Among these are the following: Based on the supporting information described above, the feasibility study team

TABLE 4. SITES IN STUDY AREA FACING THREATS

Revolutionary War Sites Short-term Threat Level Long-term Threat Level

Guilford Courthouse National Military Park High High Waxhaws Medium High Historic Camden Revolutionary War Site Medium Medium Cowpens National Battlefield Low Medium Ninety Six National Historic Site Low Medium Eutaw Springs Medium Medium Hanging Rock Low Medium Musgrove Mill Low Medium

Note: To determine the degree of threat at each of these sites, the National Park Service considered a combination of several factors: (1) current condition and integrity, (2) rate and type of land use change occurring on and near each principal site, (3) current ownership and care of the resource, (4) level of registration, (5) local planning and zoning in place at and near each site, and (6) site-specific issues identified by the field surveyors.

35 35 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Fea sibility Study

The Alliance for Historic Hillsborough §. Andrew Jackson State Park §. Hanging Rock Battleground This group hosts an annual Revolutionary §. Catawba Cultural Center War Living History Day, where Continental, §. Historic Brattonsville British, and militia re-enactors demonstrate camp life during the Revolutionary War and commemorate General Cornwallis’s Converse College, Spartanburg, South encampment in Hillsborough in February 1781. Carolina – National Endowment for the Humanities Landmark of American History and Culture Blue Ridge National Heritage Area Workshops

This heritage area celebrates the cultures that These one-week workshops provide teachers helped define the Revolutionary period in the with fresh perspectives on the complex Carolinas. The heritage area also connects dynamics of the American Revolution in the visitors to the Overmountain Victory National southern backcountry. The program uses the Historic Trail. rich historical resources in , including Walnut Grove Plantation and the living history museum at Historic Carolina Backcountry Alliance Brattonsville, to better understand day-to-day life in the backcountry at the time of the This private association is dedicated to the Revolution. Participants tour the battlefields preservation and interpretation of the at Kings Mountain National Military Park, Revolutionary War in the Carolina Cowpens National Battlefield, and Ninety Six backcountry. National Historic Site to learn more about the nature of backcountry warfare. Participants explore the ways that art, archeological Carolina Thread Trail (currently evidence, and material culture can increase under development) student engagement with the subject matter.

The Carolina Thread Trail will contribute toward the preservation of natural and The Francis Marion Trail Commission cultural areas by providing opportunities for exploring the environment, culture, and This commission assists with historical and history of a 15-county region in North and archeological research, as well as development South Carolina. By connecting points of of sites and interpretive programs, to tell the regional significance, the trail will provide story of Francis Marion and the Patriot visitors with the opportunity to experience the campaigns in South Carolina. landscape that shaped the war in the South as well as sites associated with the Southern Campaign. These sites could include the Old Salem Museums and Gardens following: This private museum preserves a community §. Kings Mountain State Park of original museum buildings and interprets §. Kings Mountain National Military life in Revolutionary War-era backcountry Park Carolina, including the experiences of the §. Overmountain Victory National Moravians who settled in Salem, North Historic Trail Carolina.

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Overmountain Victory

Comments from the Public: Trail Association “If the Southern Campaign NHA is to be a success, then the nation as a whole needs to be educated (or re-educated) as to This organization was formed in 1975 to gain what took place here.” recognition for the route that the Overmountain Men took to the Battle of “I feel strongly that this is a very important heritage area to help identify this region as a major factor in the outcome of Kings Mountain, South Carolina, during a the American Revolution. History books mostly tell of campaign that lasted from mid-September to Lexington and Concord but seldom tell of the war in the early October 1780. Association volunteers south.” support the organization’s mission to protect, “One of the most important issues is to raise awareness for the preserve, and interpret the route of the residents of South Carolina and North Carolina in the pivotal Campaign to the . role these colonies/states played in the American Revolution.”

The Palmetto Conservation

Foundation Olde English District The foundation’s mission is to conserve South The Olde English District is one of 11 tourism Carolina’s natural and cultural resources, regions in South Carolina. The name refers to preserve historic landmarks, and promote the region’s early settlement by the English in outdoor recreation through trails and the mid-1770s. Visitors to this seven-county greenways. This effort involves protecting region can gain a sense of deeply rooted natural areas through land trust assistance or English traditions while touring numerous through local government programs, sites and communities associated with the preserving Revolutionary War battlefields, Revolutionary War, including sites related to and developing greenways and the Palmetto the history and culture of African Americans Trail. The foundation’s educational programs, and American Indians. outdoor centers, leadership school, and

publications familiarize the citizens of South

Carolina with the spectacular natural and Comments from the Public: cultural resources of the state. “Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail does a great job in bringing the story of the southern revolution and how it connects to the area it crosses. They can see the trail and tell the story of the march that came through that area in 1780. The South Carolina National School kids love [the] story. It gets them involved in history.” Heritage Corridor

The corridor contains an array of intact cultural resources representative of three Overmountain Victory National major components of the state’s development Historic Trail, Blacksburg, including some of the earliest permanent South Carolina European settlements in the American South; the intervention and development of the This NPS-administered historic trail and the plantation system of agriculture; and the Overmountain Victory Trail Association interrelationship of historic trade routes, the conduct an annual two-week-long coastal ports, and settlement of the state’s commemorative march along the route to upland region. The area also contains specific trace the 1780 campaign. The march includes sites of importance to the Revolutionary War. special events and ceremonies, as well as Travel itineraries have been developed to opportunities to walk portions of the historic guide visitors through the four regions of the trace. heritage corridor.

37 37 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Fea sibility Study

Southern Revolutionary War Institute would assume a leadership role in a partnership of federal, state, and local The institute is the only center exclusively agencies, and private organizations. dedicated to the study of the Revolution in the southern states of Virginia, North Carolina, Led by the coordinating entity, the South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, and partnership would play an essential role in Tennessee, with a particular focus on the coordinating the opportunities for Revolutionary War in the Carolina educational and recreational experiences at backcountry. The institute sponsors research the many sites associated with the Southern as well as presents ongoing public educational Campaign. The partnership would have the programs including lectures, guided tours, and capacity to oversee the development of a biennial symposium. integrated, comprehensive educational and interpretive programs and recreational opportunities, and manage funds for The Trading Path Association promotional materials, research projects, site development, archeological excavations, The association’s purpose is to preserve, collections management, and Web-based promote, and study the historic Trading Path information programs. The coordinating of the Southeastern Piedmont. The Trading entity would be responsible for establishing Path was a corridor of river crossings linked preservation and educational priorities, by roads and trails between the Chesapeake coordinating partnership efforts, managing Bay region and the Catawba, Cherokee, and matching funds, and promoting the national other Indian towns in the Carolinas and heritage area. Georgia. It facilitated Indian commerce prior to European colonization and later served as Based on the supporting information an important corridor for multiple cultures. described above, the feasibility study team concludes that the area encompassing the Preservation of the remnants of the Trading Southern Campaign of the Revolution meets Path will secure archeologically important criterion 4. materials and information about the Piedmont environment. CRITERION 5 The region also includes 36 sites, museums, and interpretive centers managed by local Resources that are important to the communities and private organizations. There identified theme or themes of the area are a large number of likely battlefield sites retain a degree of integrity capable of and archeological sites associated with the supporting interpretation. Revolution in the South that require additional documentation and research. The potential national heritage area includes These sites may also have the potential to offer sites under federal, state, and private opportunities for recreational and educational management. These sites preserve, protect, use and experience in the future. and interpret many of the most critical resources associated with the Southern Together, these organizations provide the Campaign of the Revolution. The sites that are foundation for a diverse regional partnership under the jurisdiction of the National Park dedicated to preserving resources and Service, the North Carolina Department of enhancing visitor opportunities to experience Cultural Resources Division of State Historic and appreciate the history and resources Sites and Properties, and the South Carolina associated with the Southern Campaign of the Department of Parks, Recreation, and Revolution. The coordinating entity would Tourism retain a high degree of physical not supplant these organizations; rather, it

38 38 Chapter 4: Appli cation of PN S Heritage Area Criteria

integrity and currently have interpretive and area or Revolutionary War-related partner educational programs in place. sites in the two states.

Other sites retain a high level of integrity and The public has demonstrated overwhelming some level of informational signage or other support for the designation of the Southern printed media to facilitate visitor use and Campaign of the Revolution National experience. Sites that offer potential for Heritage Area through participation in the resource preservation and visitor experience many public meetings conducted in the two also exist in the counties. With technical states and through comments submitted to the assistance provided by a heritage area planning team. Advocates for the area have coordinating entity, these sites could also emphasized the potential of a national support visitor opportunities and educational heritage area to reinforce the public’s and interpretive programs. perception and appreciation of the region’s profound association with the American Based on the supporting information Revolution; promoting public interest in and described above, the feasibility study team visitation at the many Revolution-related concludes that the area encompassing the resources in the two states; and preserving, Southern Campaign of the Revolution meets protecting, and promoting the varied criterion 5. components of the two states’ Revolutionary- era history and heritage.

CRITERION 6 The potential coordinating entity, The Culture & Heritage Museums of York Residents, business interests, nonprofit County, has developed the following three- organizations, and governments within the year conceptual financial plan based on proposed area that are involved in the current economic conditions in the region. planning have developed a conceptual The plan seeks to match anticipated NPS financial plan that outlines the roles for all funds for the development of a management participants, including the federal plan with funds raised from a combination of government, and have demonstrated sources including state and local government, support for designation of the area. private, corporate, foundation, and membership funds, as well as volunteer and There is significant support among residents, in-kind contributions. See table 5 below for businesses, nonprofit organizations, and state potential funding sources. and local governments for the designation of the Southern Campaign of the Revolution In support of the conceptual financial plan, National Heritage Area. Establishing the the Culture & Heritage Museums have also national heritage area would create the nexus submitted a preliminary staffing plan for for the historic, cultural, and natural sites and heritage area management that includes the resources associated with the history of the following key positions: American Revolution in North Carolina and South Carolina. The national heritage area . Program Manager – overall would provide a catalyst for economic coordination of stakeholders, development in the Carolinas through planning, and implementation, and heritage tourism with a focus on the two principal head of heritage tourism states’ strong association with the American promotion. Revolution and establish the foundation for . Content Development Coordinator regional commemoration of the 250th – enroll the expanded anniversary of the American Revolution. This researcher/scholar network of would be a multiyear endeavor with ongoing academic and lay researchers/scholars focus on sites included in the national heritage to develop Southern Campaign

39 39 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Fea sibility Study

narrative themes and associated phase by providing support services, logistics, stories. meeting and conference planning and . Site Development Coordinator – execution, website maintenance, graphic and coordinate activities to identify, exhibit design, education program develop, and promote local and development, fundraising and membership private sites, and advocate for local, coordination, accounting and business state, and national government operations, etc. (See criterion 10 for more support, as well as private support for information.) continued public and private site preservation, interpretation, and The coordinating entity would serve as the promotion. leading entity in a diverse partnership of . Education Program Coordinator – federal, state, and local public agencies, and work with content/narrative themes private organizations. The partnership would and stories and coordinate the process play a substantive role in raising funds for of developing educational programs planning and operations of the national that reflect the goals of the national heritage area. heritage area for established sites, as well as sites to be developed. Based on the supporting information described above, the feasibility study team In addition, CHM staff would assist the concludes that the Southern Campaign of the national heritage area during its development Revolution meets criterion 6.

TABLE 5. CONCEPTUAL FINANCIAL PLAN FUNDING

Funding Source Anticipated Amount

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

NPS Grant $145,000 $145,000 $145,000 Private Donations 5,000 7,500 10,000 Business and Corporate Support 7,500 10,000 15,000

Grants: State and Private Foundations 35,000 35,000 35,000

Advisory Board Contributions 17,500 22,500 25,000 Value of in-Kind and Volunteer (Non-cash) 75,000 80,000 85,000

TOTAL $285,000 $300,000 $315,000

CRITERION 7 National Park Service on the feasibility study for the Southern Campaign of the Revolution The proposed management entity and National Heritage Area. These include: units of government supporting the designation are willing to commit to . North Carolina Department of working in partnership to develop the Commerce, Division of Tourism, Film heritage area. and Sports Development

Representatives from a number of state agencies have worked closely with the

40 40 Chapter 4: Appli cation of PN S Heritage Area Criteria

. North Carolina Department of and greater marketing ability of a national Cultural Resources, Division of State heritage area. Historic Sites and Properties . North Carolina Department of Tourism and travel is the largest sector in the Cultural Resources, Office of Archives economies of North Carolina and South and History Carolina. In North Carolina, travel and . South Carolina Department of Parks, tourism generate more than $22 billion a year Recreation, and Tourism and sustain 378,000 jobs, generating nearly 9% . South Carolina State Historic of all employment in the state. In South Preservation Office Carolina, tourism and travel generate more . Chester County, South Carolina – than $17 billion yearly and nearly 13% of Olde English District Commission employment in the state.

Representatives of the National Park Service and North Carolina and South Carolina Comments from the Public: agencies participating in the feasibility study “Development of tourism infrastructure leads to increased process have committed to continued tourism and residual tax revenues for rural localities that may involvement should the national heritage area be suffering economically.” be designated. Numerous letters of support attest to the high level of support among state and local governments and organizations. The management personnel of the potential An important aspect of tourism and travel is coordinating entity, The Culture & Heritage cultural heritage tourism, defined as traveling Museums of York County, are committed to to experience the places, artifacts, and continued collaboration with the state activities that authentically represent the government representatives on the national stories and people of the past. It includes heritage area feasibility study as well as with visitation to cultural, historic, and natural other public and private agencies and resources. Travel to heritage attractions has organizations dedicated to preserving the been a popular segment of the tourism history of the Revolutionary War in the South. industry in the last decade. Between 1996 and 2003, there was a 13% increase in heritage Numerous local officials, organizations, and travel. In 2003, the Travel Industry individuals have submitted letters in support Association of America reported that 81% of of the potential national heritage area. American adult travelers (or approximately Based on the supporting information 118.1 million adult travelers) included described above, the feasibility study team heritage or culture sites on a trip. Visiting a concludes that criterion 7 is met. historic site (building, battlefield, or community) is the most popular heritage activity, followed by visiting museums and CRITERION 8 heritage festivals. Heritage travelers typically stay longer, spend more money, and use more The proposal is consistent with continued commercial accommodations than other economic activity in the area. travelers. Nearly one-third of heritage travel parties report that their destination choice is It is anticipated that any designation would influenced by a specific historic activity, have primarily economic benefits due to sometimes related to a hobby or other efficiencies realized from improved personal interest. coordination among organizations and an increase in heritage tourism due to cross- Heritage tourism associated with the potential promotion of events, national recognition, Southern Campaign of the Revolution

41 41 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Fea sibility Study

National Heritage Area would be consistent Based on the supporting information with continued economic activity in the area. described above, the feasibility study team The sites that already offer some form of concludes that criterion 8 is met. resource protection or visitor services report more than 3.3 million visitors annually. CRITERION 9 A development and economic impact study prepared in 2010 for the South Carolina A Conceptual Boundary Map is Supported National Heritage Corridor evaluated its By the Public return on investment. The study found that Through the ongoing public process, the . Visitors to the 14-county region general public demonstrated support for the annually generate $624 million in broadest possible geographic boundaries for direct economic impact. the proposed national heritage area. However, . In addition, 9,389,120 tourists visited it was determined that the corridor approach these counties in 2009. These visitors is the option that would provide the most spent an average of $45.83 per day and practical manner in which to administer stayed in the corridor an average of resources over a broad geographic area. 1.45 days. . The corridor’s economic impact was Based on public input during the study estimated at $1.0 billion in total output process, the feasibility study team concludes impact; $375 million earnings impact; that the area encompassing the Southern $91.4 million indirect tax impact; and Campaign of the Revolution meets criterion 9. 17,867 jobs.

An estimate of the economic impacts of CRITERION 10 outdoor recreation, heritage tourism, special- event tourism, nature-based tourism, and The management entity proposed to plan culinary tourism on the national heritage and implement the project is described. corridor were calculated. Heritage tourism had the second-lowest number of tourists The Culture & Heritage Museums of York (235,000), but the second-greatest total output County is a York County government- ($35.9 million). Heritage tourists spent $114 supported cultural institution system per day while in the corridor—almost three (commonly referred to as a family of times what was spent by outdoor recreation museums) with a mission, “To communicate visitors. A greater impact is generated by and preserve the natural and cultural histories extending the stay of visitors as compared to of the Carolina Piedmont, inspiring a lifetime attracting new visitors to a region. It is evident of learning.” that the greatest improvement to economic impact comes with extension of visitor stays. A York County-appointed board of commissioners governs the Culture & It is reasonable to conclude that visitation to Heritage Museums of York County. Its the national heritage area would increase due operations are carried out by a professional to expanded public awareness of the 250th staff of 42 at its four facilities in a variety of anniversary of the American Revolution. disciplines including business, property Therefore, overall tourism revenues probably management, museum management, would increase as a result of national heritage collections management, exhibit planning, area designation. natural sciences, history, visitor services, and interpretation, and adult and childhood education.

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The Culture & Heritage Museums of York Led by Director Carrey Tilley, the Culture & County has extensive experience in Heritage Museums of York County is a community engagement and promotion of component unit of York County, but also heritage tourism, including the Carolina maintains a 501(c)(3) status and owns Backcountry Alliance, which focuses on museum collections and other non-real estate Revolutionary War sites in North Carolina assets used for its operations. York County and South Carolina. owns the real estate operated by the museums that includes the following sites: §. The Culture & Heritage Museums of York County was a key collaborator in §. Historic Brattonsville near the two Carolinas’ effort to celebrate McConnells, South Carolina, a 780- and market the 225th anniversary of acre historic site, museum, and the Revolutionary War. heritage farm that was the site of the Southern Campaign of the Revolution Battle of Huck’s Defeat. §. The Culture & Heritage Museums of York County are active partners with the Rock Hill / York County §. McCelvey Center in York, South Convention and Visitors Bureau; the Carolina, a culture and heritage regional Olde English District; and the research and program center that South Carolina Department of Parks, houses the Culture & Heritage Recreation, and Tourism. Museums of York County’s historical / genealogical archives and historical material culture collections. §. In recognition of its heritage tourism The center features a theater and development success, The Culture & other program spaces including the Heritage Museums of York County Historical Center of York County, received the Governor’s South which houses county archives and Carolina Heritage Tourism Award in provides public access to the archives. 2001 from the Palmetto Trust for Historic Preservation and the South Also housed in the McCelvey Center is Carolina Department of Archives, and the Southern Revolutionary War the History and Bundy Award for Institute, which was founded in 2006. Tourism from the South Carolina The institute is dedicated to research Department of Parks, Recreation, and and study of the Southern Campaign Tourism. of the Revolution. An advisory board of Revolutionary scholars supports §. The Culture & Heritage Museums of the institute’s activities. York County has a public history program that includes the installation §. Museum of York County in Rock Hill, of exhibits within public spaces in South Carolina. This museum features business venues and the installation of exhibits and programs on cultural South Carolina state historical history, natural history, and the markers. environmental history of the Catawba River and Carolina Piedmont. The Culture & Heritage Museums of York County brings broad experience in site §. The Main Street Children’s Museum management, development of comprehensive in Rock Hill, South Carolina. educational and interpretive programs, fundraising, collections management, and

43 43 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Fea sibility Study

development of Web-based information and substantial ways to our country’s national promotional programs. heritage and contains the appropriate assemblage of high-integrity natural, cultural, Based on the supporting information historic, and scenic resources to comprise a described above, the feasibility study team nationally distinctive landscape. concludes that criterion 10 is met. The unique stories of the area and the period of significance lend themselves to a CONCLUSION compelling set of themes that effectively connect people to the various heritage The feasibility study team concludes that resources of the area. Furthermore, the Southern Campaign of the Revolution meets designation of Southern Campaign of the each of the 10 interim evaluation criteria for Revolution as a national heritage area has designation as a national heritage area based strong public support throughout the study on the NPS “Draft National Heritage Area area, and there is a local capacity and Feasibility Guidelines.” As described commitment to undertake the responsibilities throughout the study, the area contributes in associated with a future national heritage area.

44 44 Appendixes and References

Appendixes

APPENDIX A: LEGISLATION

Note: This appendix contains only sections 321, 322, and 323 of TITLE III of the act, which contains the information relevant to the Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Feasibility Study.

Public Law 109-338 109th Congress

An Act

To reduce temporarily the royalty required to be paid for sodium produced, to establish certain National Heritage Areas, and for other purposes. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,

TITLE III--NATIONAL HERITAGE AREA STUDIES

Subtitle C--Southern Campaign of the Revolution

SEC. 321. SHORT TITLE.

This subtitle may be cited as the “Southern Campaign of the Revolution Heritage Area Study Act.”

SEC. 322. SOUTHERN CAMPAIGN OF THE REVOLUTION HERITAGE AREA STUDY.

(a) Study.--The Secretary of the Interior, in consultation with appropriate State historic preservation officers, States historical societies, the South Carolina Department of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism, and other appropriate organizations, shall conduct a study regarding the suitability and feasibility of designating the study area described in subsection (b) as the Southern Campaign of the Revolution Heritage Area. The study shall include analysis, documentation, and determination regarding whether the study area (1) has an assemblage of natural, historic, and cultural resources that together represent distinctive aspects of American heritage worthy of recognition, conservation, interpretation, and continuing use, and are best managed through partnerships among public and private entities and by combining diverse and sometimes noncontiguous resources and active communities; (2) reflects traditions, customs, beliefs, and folklife that are a valuable part of the national story; (3) provides outstanding opportunities to conserve natural, historic, cultural, or scenic features; (4) provides outstanding recreational and educational opportunities; (5) contains resources important to the identified theme or themes of the study area that retain a degree of integrity capable of supporting interpretation; (6) includes residents, business interests, nonprofit organizations, and local and State governments that are involved in the planning, have developed a conceptual financial plan that outlines the roles of all participants (including the Federal Government), and have demonstrated support for the concept of a national heritage area;

47

47 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Fea sibility Study

(7) has a potential local coordinating entity to work in partnership with residents, business interests, nonprofit organizations, and local and State governments to develop a national heritage area consistent with continued local and State economic activity; and (8) has a conceptual boundary map that is supported by the public.

(b) Study Area.-- (1) In general.-- (A) South Carolina.--The study area shall include the following counties in South Carolina: Anderson, Pickens, Greenville County, Spartanburg, Cherokee County, Greenwood, Laurens, Union, York, Chester, Darlington, Florence, Chesterfield, Marlboro, Fairfield, Richland, Lancaster, Kershaw, Sumter, Orangeburg, Georgetown, Dorchester, Colleton, Charleston, Beaufort, Calhoun, Clarendon, and Williamsburg. (B) North Carolina.--The study area may include sites and locations in North Carolina as appropriate. (2) Specific sites.--The heritage area may include the following sites of interest: (A) National Park Service sites.--Kings Mountain National Military Park, Cowpens National Battlefield, Fort Moultrie National Monument, Charles Pickney National Historic Site, and Ninety Six National Historic Site as well as the National Park Affiliate of Historic Camden Revolutionary War Site. (B) State-maintained sites.--Colonial Dorchester State Historic Site, Eutaw Springs Battle Site, Hampton Plantation State Historic Site, Landsford Canal State Park, Andrew Jackson State Park, and Musgrove Mill State Park. (C) Communities.--Charleston, Beaufort, Georgetown, Kingstree, , Camden, Winnsboro, Orangeburg, and Cayce. (D) Other key sites open to the public.--Middleton Place, Goose Creek Church, Hopsewee Plantation, Walnut Grove Plantation, Fort Watson, and Historic Brattonsville.

(c) Report.--Not later than 3 fiscal years after the date on which funds are first made available to carry out this subtitle, the Secretary of the Interior shall submit to the Committee on Resources of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate a report on the findings, conclusions, and recommendations of the study.

SEC. 323. PRIVATE PROPERTY.

In conducting the study required by this subtitle, the Secretary of the Interior shall analyze the potential impact that designation of the area as a national heritage area is likely to have on land within the proposed area or bordering the proposed area that is privately owned at the time that the study is conducted.

48 48 Appendixes

APPENDIX B: ALL SOUTHERN CAMPAIGN LETTERS

(Letters of Support)

49 49 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Fea sibility Study

50 Appendixes

51 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Fea sibility Study

52 Appendixes

53 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Fea sibility Study

54 Appendixes

55 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Fea sibility Study

56 Appendixes

57 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Fea sibility Study

58 Appendixes

59 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Fea sibility Study

60 Appendixes

61 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Fea sibility Study

62 Appendixes

63 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Fea sibility Study

64 Appendixes

65 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Fea sibility Study

66 Appendixes

67 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Fea sibility Study

68 Appendixes

69 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Fea sibility Study

70 Appendixes

71 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Fea sibility Study

72 Appendixes

73 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Fea sibility Study

74 Appendixes

75 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Fea sibility Study

76 Appendixes

77 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Fea sibility Study

78 Appendixes

79 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Fea sibility Study

80 Appendixes

81 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Fea sibility Study

82 Appendixes

83 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Fea sibility Study

84 Appendixes

85 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Fea sibility Study

86 Appendixes

87 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Fea sibility Study

88 Appendixes

89 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Fea sibility Study

90 Appendixes

APPENDIX C: CORRIDOR MAPS

91 91 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Fea sibility Study

92 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability / Feasibility Study National Park Service North Carolina, South Carolina U.S. Department of the Interior Map 1. Proposed National Heritage Area Corridor

K e n t u c k y V i r g i n i a

8 ! Occoneechee Mountain Winston-Salem State Natural Area 9 ! 7 ! ^_! 6 T e n n e s s e e Pisgah ^_ ! Chapel Hill National ! 4 Forests Upper Yadkin Way 5 ! ^_ Lower Haw River 10 State Natural Area ! Greensboro ! 33 ! 12 11 ! South Mountain 13 Scenery Byway Black Mountain Rag Byway Devil's Stompin' Ground Road Byway 3 Cherokee Foothills ! Scenic Byway ! Drovers Road Byway 14 Kings Mountain State Park Weymouth Woods - Nature Preserve

James Ross State Wildlife Reservation Fayetteville ! ! 15 19 Rock Hill Blackjacks Heritage Preserve / ^_ Bushy Lake State Natural Area Cowpens National Wildlife Management Area Battlefield Scenic Byway ^_ ! 20^_ ! 22 Suggs Mill Pond ! Spartanburg Game Land 21 ! 23 ! Meteor Lakes Byway 16! 2 Rock Hill ! ! 17 Francis Marion 24 Service Layer Credits: Sources: Esri, USGS, and Sumter National Forests NOAA !1 Meteor Lakes Byway 25 Sites ! 1, Moores Creek National Battlefield ! 18 2, Harmony Hall Plantation ! 3, House in the Horseshoe State Historic Site 4, Historic Hillsborough 26 ! 5, Alamance Battleground Manchester State Forest 6, Guilford Courthouse National Military Park 7, Old Salem Museums and Gardens

8, Surry Muster Ground Francis Marion and ! Sumter National Forests 9, Robert Cleveland House, Old Wilkes Jail, Wilkes Heritage Museum Santee National 27 Legend National Forest Wildlife Refuge ! 29 10, Fort Defiance Historic Site ! 11, McDowell House at Quaker Meadows 28 ^_ City Geological Area (USFS) 12, Joseph McDowell House Big Ocean Bay ! Site 13, Davidson’s Fort Historic Park Geological Area National Wildlife Refuge (FWS) 14, Gilbert Town Historic Route Intersection 15, Cowpens National Battlefield 31! Nature Preserve 16, Blackstock Battlefield Monument ! 32 Mount Pleasant (! ^_ Cornwallis Route, 1780-1781 State Game Land 17, Musgrove Mill State Historic Site ! G e o r g i a Ashley River National Scenic Byway 30 Long Point Road (! 18, Ninety Six National Historic Site Scenic Highway Greene Route, 1781 State Heritage Preserve 19, Kings Mountain National Military Park (! Morgan Route, 1781 20, Williamson's Plantation, Huck's Defeat, Historic Brattonsville State Natural Area 21, Landsford Canal State Park (! 22, Museum of the Waxhaws and Andrew Jackson Memorial Overmountain Victory Trail State Park 23, Andrew Jackson State Park (! , 1775 24, Hanging Rock State Wildlife Management Area

25, Historic Camden Revolutionary War Site and Camden Battlefield !!!!!!! Overmountain Victory Historic Trail 26, Thomas Sumter Historic Burial Site Gullah Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor 27, Fort Watson Historic Site and Santee Indian Mound State Scenic Byway 28, Eutaw Springs South Carolina National Heritage Corridor 29, Francis Marion Historic Burial Site Federal Scenic Byway Blue Ridge National Heritage Area 30, Fort Moultrie 31, Colonial Dorchester State Historic Site Proposed National Heritage Corridor South Carolina National Heritage Corridor 32, Isaac Hayne Tomb and House Site E and Gullah Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor 33, Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail State Boundary

Produced by: NPS Denver Service Center Planning Division 0 25 50 100 Miles May 2014

93 94 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Park Service National Heritage Area Suitability / Feasibility Study North Carolina, South Carolina U.S. Department of the Interior Map 2. Theme 1: The War in the South and American Victory

K e n t u c k y V i r g i n i a

Winston-Salem

^_ !5^_ Chapel Hill Area ¨¦§77 ^_ age ¨¦§85 Greensboro T e n n e s s e e erit l H na tio Na e ¨¦§40 dg Ri e lu B !!9 10 Fayetteville Spartanburg ^_ ^_ !4 1 ¨¦§85 ! 12 North Carolina 26 ! SouthSouth CarolinaCarolina !8 ¨¦§95 S o 3 u Service Layer Credits: Sources: Esri, USGS, ! th NOAA

C P !2 e a ¨¦§26 ¨¦§20 e r ro !7 D rrido l e Co in e ge R a a i it G e o r g i a v r N e e Atlantic Ocean a r l H ti ra o tu na l l Cu H e eri e ta ch g e e e Cor 6 r ! G id h Legend or a Site ll u ^_ City S a G v a 1, Museum of the Waxhaws and Andrew Jackson Memorial n ! Site n

ha 2, Historic Camden Revolutionary War Site and Camden Battlefield ^_ Interstate R Mount Pleasant i !11 3, Moores Creek National Battlefield v U.S. Highway e r 4, Williamson's Plantation, Huck's Defeat, Historic Brattonsville River 5, Guilford Courthouse National Military Park Lake 6, Eutaw Springs South Carolina National Heritage Corridor and Proposed National Heritage Corridor 7, Ninety Six National Historic Site Gullah Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor County 8, Musgrove Mill State Historic Site State Boundary 9, Cowpens National Battlefield South Carolina National Heritage Corridor 10, Kings Mountain National Military Park Gullah Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor Blue Ridge National Heritage Area 11, Fort Moultrie South Carolina National Heritage Corridor 12, Andrew Jackson State Park E and Gullah Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor

Produced by: NPS Denver Service Center Planning Division 0 25 50 100 May 2014 Miles 95 96 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Park Service National Heritage Area Suitability / Feasibility Study North Carolina, South Carolina U.S. Department of the Interior Map 3. Theme 2: The Revolution - America's First Civil War

K e n t u c k y V i r g i n i a

Greensboro !19 ^_ ^_ T e n n e s s e e a 9 Chapel Hill Are Winston-Salem ! ge ¨¦§77 ^_ ita ¨¦§85 er !12 l H a !17 §40 n !16 ¨¦ io ¨¦§40 at N e g !5 ¨¦§95 id R !15 e lu B !10 Fayetteville Spartanburg ^_

^_ !4 1 ¨¦§85 ! !3 North Carolina 26 !18 !13 SouthSouth CarolinaCarolina !8 !6 S o 2 u Service Layer Credits: Sources: Esri, USGS, ! th NOAA Wilmington C P e dor a ¨¦§26 ¨¦§20 e rri ro !7 D Co l e e e g in ta G e o r g i a R ri a i e v H N e l a r ra Atlantic Ocean ti ¨¦§95 tu o ul na C l e He e ri ch ta e ge e Site Cor !14 G ri h 1, Museum of the Waxhaws and Andrew Jackson Memorial dor la Legend 2, Moores Creek National Battlefield ul G ^_ City S 3, Andrew Jackson State Park a v a 4, Williamson's Plantation, Huck's Defeat, Historic Brattonsville n ! Site n

ha 5, House in the Horseshoe State Historic Site ^_ Interstate 6, Hanging Rock R i !11 Mount Pleasant v U.S. Highway e 7, Ninety Six National Historic Site r 8, Musgrove Mill State Historic Site River 9, Alamance Battleground Lake 10, Kings Mountain National Military Park South Carolina National Heritage Corridor and Proposed National Heritage Corridor 11, Fort Moultrie Gullah Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor County 12, Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail 13, Blackstock Battl efield Monument State Boundary 14, Francis Marion Historic Burial Site South Carolina National Heritage Corridor 15, Gilbert Town Gullah Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor 16, Joseph McDowell House Blue Ridge National Heritage Area 17, McDowell House at Quaker Meadows 18, Landsford Canal State Park South Carolina National Heritage Corridor 19, Robert Cleveland House, Old Wilkes Jail, Wilkes Heritage Museum E andand Gullah/Geechee Gullah Geechee Cultural Cultural Heritage Heritage Corridor Corridor

Produced by: NPS Denver Service Center Planning Division 0 25 50 100 May 2014 Miles 97 98 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Park Service National Heritage Area Suitability / Feasibility Study North Carolina, South Carolina U.S. Department of the Interior Map 4. Theme 3: Relentless Fury

K e n t u c k y V i r g i n i a

Greensboro 2 !4 ! T e n n e s s e e !6 Winston-Salem Chapel Hill ¨¦§77 Area tage eri ¨¦§40 l H na tio Na e ¨¦§95 dg Ri ue Bl !5 Fayetteville

¨¦§40 ¨¦§85 North Carolina Spartanburg 26 SouthSouth CarolinaCarolina !8

S o ¨¦§26 u Service Layer Credits: Sources: Esri, USGS, th NOAA

C P r !1 e do a e rri ro !3 D Co l e e e g in ta R ri a i e v H N e l a r ra ti tu o ul na C Atlantic Ocean l e G e o r g i a He e ri ch ta ¨¦§95 e ge e Cor G ri h dor la Legend ul G ^_ S City a v a n !7 ! Site n

ha !9 Interstate Site R Mount Pleasant i v e U.S. Highway 1, Historic Camden Revolutionary War Site r River 2, Guilford Courthouse National Military Park Lake 3, Ninety Six National Historic Site South Carolina National Heritage Corridor and Proposed National Heritage Corridor 4, Old Salem Museums and Gardens Gullah Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor County 5, Kings Mountain National Military Park State Boundary South Carolina National Heritage Corridor 6, Historic Hillsborough Gullah Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor 7, Colonial Dorchester State Historic Site Blue Ridge National Heritage Area 8, Harmony Hall Plantation South Carolina National Heritage Corridor 9, Isaac Hayne Tomb and House Site E and Gullah/Geecheeand Gullah Geechee Cultural CulturalHeritage HeritageCorridor Corridor

Produced by: NPS Denver Service Center Planning Division 0 25 50 100 May 2014 Miles 99 100 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Park Service National Heritage Area Suitability / Feasibility Study North Carolina, South Carolina U.S. Department of the Interior Map 5. Theme 4: The Other Americans in the Southern Campaign

K e n t u c k y K e n t u c k y V i r g i n i a

Winston-Salem Greensboro ^_ ^_ T e n n e s s e e a e Are Chapel Hill ag 77 ^_ erit !7 ¨¦§ l H ¨¦§85 ona ati N ¨¦§40 dge !1 Ri ue ¨¦§95 Bl

Rock Hill Fayetteville Spartanburg ^_ ^_ ^_ ¨¦§40 North Carolina ¨¦§85 !6 North Carolina SouthSouth CarolinaCarolina

!4 S o u Service Layer Credits: Sources: Esri, USGS, 26 th ¨¦§ NOAA G e o r g i a Wilmington C P e r a ¨¦§20 e ido ro !5 D orr l ¨¦§95 e C e e in ag R it a i r v e N e H a r al ti ur on lt a Cu l H e eri e ta ch g !8 e e C e or !2 G rid h or la ul S G Legend a v a ^_ n City n Atlantic Ocean

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Site i !3 Mount Pleasant v Interstate e r 1, Davidson’s Fort Historic Park U.S. Highway 2, Eutaw Springs River Lake 3, Fort Moultrie South Carolina National Heritage Corridor and Gullah Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor Proposed National Heritage Corridor 4, Hanging Rock County Boundary 5, Ninety Six National Historic Site State Boundary 6, Andrew Jackson State Park South Carolina National Heritage Corridor Gullah Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor 7, Fort Defiance Historic Site Blue Ridge National Heritage Area 8, Fort Watson Historic Site and Santee Indian Mound South Carolina National Heritage Corridor E and Gullah Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor

Produced by: NPS Denver Service Center Planning Division 0 25 50 100 May 2014 Miles 101 102 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Park Service National Heritage Area Suitability / Feasibility Study North Carolina, South Carolina U.S. Department of the Interior Map 6. Potential Partner Trails: War in the Backcountry Trail and Trail of the Swamp Fox

K e n t u c k y V i r g i n i a

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!13 Georgetown !12 Cowpens National Battlefield South Carolina National Heritage Corridor E and Gullah Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor !14 Charleston !13 Musgrove Mill State Historic Site

Produced by: NPS Denver Service Center Planning Division 0 25 50 100 May 2014 Miles 103 104 Appendixes

es s Fort ’ arolina C Management orth N Sit Historic Davidson Historic Park, Inc. Fort Defiance Board of Directors

-

Activities Programs/ Programs/

interpretive programs, demonstrations, living history events living history events, demonstrations, volunteer opportunities, self guided interpretive trail museum touring, demonstrations, interpretive programs, living history days

uction),

S S museum Facilities welcome welcome structure, historic center, visitor monuments, picnic shop gift facilities, fort reconstructed (under constr structure/ historic museum, reconstructed outbuildings, historic gardens and land - scape, historic cemetery trail, trail, center/ ORRIDOR C of

s militia. The ’ original fort

300 original

ITES WITHIN THE

the Carolina be

S -

to - EADY

-R D: INVENTORYD: OF SITE most outpost in Colonial ISITOR V

volunteers has bandedtogether to

6. ABLE Description/Significance T

APPENDIX APPENDIX close to the believed the to close is fort was once the western

taxes, dishonestsheriffs, and illegal fees imposed by

, February, 1970. s Fort ’

ishin the American Revolutionary War. National Register urnishing s and historic household items. the British Crown.response, In the Regulators wereformed and began to fight back.Though the rebellion was crushed,fewa years later theirtactics became a model forcolonists the fighting the Brit f Today, a dedicated group of In 1771, an armedrebellion of backcountryfarmers called Regulators battled with royal governor WilliamTryon spark for this conflict was growing resentment in Historic Places Davidson America. The fort was originallyconstructed in 1776 with the assistance troops of providedGeneral by . bring back this historic facility and preserve the rich history for the Appalachian region. The reconstructed location. Thisexquisite 18th centurywas home built by Revolutionary War hero, General William Lenoir and named for a frontier fort that stood nearby.The home has been fullyrestored to its late 18th, early 19th centurysplendor and than houses more colony against

s Fort ’ Site

storic Park storic Alamance Alamance Battleground Davidson Hi Defiance Fort Site Historic Sites

County

North Carolina Alamance McDowell Caldwell

105

105 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Fea sibility Study

Management Private ownership Service Park National Bladen County Society Historical The Alliance for Historic Hillsborough

- ograms

Activities Programs/ Programs/ none; possible and exhibits wayside interpretive trails in the future interpretive pr living history events twice a year, interpretation on demand bus, bike, and walking tours (guided and self guided)

; ;

,

late late

t, trail center center Facilities house) numerous secondary buildings, bridges, dams, sites, mill visitor (relocated/restored cultural landscape, archeological site/remains, Overmountain Victory National Trail Historic segmen historic marker, site grave markers, center/ visitor museum, auto tour road, memorials 18th and 19th century historic structures (original plantation house, kitchen colonial 19th century store, general store/ museum) One hundred 18th and 19th century structures farm ORRIDOR

C it ,

Town

acre tract - miles n Historic Historic n

3 3

ITES WITHIN THE

Department War S fall Charles of

and was later used as as used later was and of a few aof buildings and the the

Gilbert Tow

EADY s ass a campsite, hospital century. -R tle of Kings Mountain in Revolutionary War battlefield in

ISITOR V

6. NationalRegister Historic of Places on , owned by Bladen County Historical

forcesknown asthe Overmountain Men. ABLE

Description/Significance T s defeat at the Bat the at s defeat Gov. after n the

historic home, a chapel,and several authentic Americanvictory the in Revolutionary War. The Patriot ulturalcenter in 19th the the 10, 1933. The site is the first

outh Carolina orth Carolina and prison forTory and British prisoners.the Atend of the war, the site once again revertedto agricultural use. August 23, 2006. The Gilbert Town Historic District is District was listed i listed was District October, GilbertTown served the Patriot Following Ferguson ’ a campthe by the United States protected by the federal government. federal the by protected States United the in May 1780. Later, General Cornwallis raisedthe RoyalStandard here during his stayFebruary in 1781. Hillsborough remained a political and c Gilbert Town playedan important rolein the Kings Mountain Campaign during the Revolutionary War.Settled by William Gilbert in 1772, it wassmalla community comp osed structures. It was the campsitethe of Toryarmy underthecommand of Major PatrickFerguson in September 1780 , northeast of downtown Rutherfordton, North Carolina. The battlefought here on March15, 1781, opened the campaign that led to Britishlost substantiala number troops of atthe battle, a factor in their surrender at Yorktown seven months later. The park was Colonel James Richardson A. built his home on a 12,000 on the CapeFear River near the village of White Oak around 1768. Several old buildings havemoved been onto the property to give an authenticatmosphere. The site featuresan original 18th century N historic buildings includingschool a house, the TatumStore, and GeneralStore featuring homemade country crafts. volunteers. by operated is Society, Hillsborough was the base of operations forthe Continental Army led by Revolutionary General Horatio Gatesand the headquarters S for HarmonPlantation y Hall August established March 2, 1917; transferred from

Site Gilbert Town Guilford Courthouse National Military Park Hall Harmony Plantation Historic Hillsborough

County

Rutherford Guilford Bladen Orange

106

106

TABLE 6. VISITOR-READY SITES WITHIN THE CORRIDOR

Programs/ County Site Description/Significance Facilities Management Activities

Moore House in the In spring and summer, bright flowers surround this plantation house historic house/ battle re-enactments, North Carolina Horseshoe State named for its location on a horseshoe bend in the Deep River. The museum, musket Historic Sites Historic Site house (ca. 1770) was owned by Philip Alston, whose band of monument, historic demonstrations, colonists seeking independence from Britain was attacked here in cemetery outdoor tours 1781 by British Loyalists led by . Later, four-term exhibit, picnic governor Benjamin Williams lived in the house, which now features facilities, gift shop antiques of the colonial and Revolutionary War eras.

McDowell Joseph McDowell This historic home, ca. 1780–81, is listed on the Commemorative historic McDowell proposed programs/ McDowell County House Driving Route for the National Park Service Overmountain Victory House activities, interpretive National Historic Trail. Joseph McDowell was a militia commander programs on house from present-day Burke County, North Carolina, who traveled with historic cemetery and McDowell Col. Charles McDowell’s regiment to the Watauga settlements in (McDowells) county, canoeing. September 1780, and on to Kings Mountain in pursuit of British Major Patrick Ferguson’s Loyalist regiment. McDowell County is named in his honor.

107

107 The historic site will host a privately owned tea house that also will

offer tours of the house (under development). The site is part of the Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail.

Burke McDowell House On September 30, 1780, several hundred militia men from western visitor center, docent-guided tours, Historic Burke at Quaker North Carolina gathered beneath the Council Oak in Quaker gardens, restored annual revolutionary Foundation Meadows Meadows. Under the command of General Charles McDowell and historic house and war weekend, other leaders, the men marched to the Battle of Kings Mountain. reconstructed Overmountain men The battle was considered the turning point of the Southern kitchen, log structure re-enactments Campaign.

Today, the site is the setting for the historic Charles McDowell House, once the center of McDowell’s thriving plantation. In 1986, the Land and Timber Corp. ceded the property to the Historic Burke Foundation. The house has been restored to its original 1812 appearance and the detached kitchen has been reconstructed. The house is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.

There is also a Quaker Meadows Cemetery managed by the Historic Burke Society that contains numerous Revolutionary War burials, including Charles and Joseph McDowell and other McDowell family members. It is included in the national heritage area. A ppendixes

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Activities of

the Pender Moores Creek The site commemorates the February 27, 1776, battle between visitor center/ hiking, bird- National Park Service

National Battlefield North Carolina Patriots and Loyalists. The Patriot victory notably museum, auto tour watching, guided R

advanced the revolutionary cause in the South. Established as a road, memorials, tours, living history evolution national military park June 2, 1926; transferred from War hiking trails, Department August 10, 1933; redesignated September 8, 1980. boardwalk, picnic Boundary changes: September 27, 1944; October 26, 1974. area

Union Museum of the The museum is a regional attraction dedicated to the history of the museum/gift shop, museum touring, Andrew Jackson N Waxhaws and Waxhaws region and the memory of our nation’s seventh president, three reconstructed living history Historical ational Andrew Jackson who was a native of the Waxhaws. living history sites demonstrations Foundation, Inc. Memorial (house, farm site,

smokehouse) H eritage Forsyth Old Salem Old Salem is a rare collection of numerous historic structures and retail shops, living history, Old Salem, Inc. Museums and landscapes spanning 80 acres that have been preserved and are restaurant, inn, seasonal events,

Gardens presented in the original town plan, with 80% restored structures private residences, education programs A

and 20% reconstructed structures. These buildings help present the interpreted historic rea 108 108 unique local settlement of the town by European immigrants in the houses Museum of Early backcountry of North Carolina, and are complemented by Southern Decorative S

uitability collections that represent the material culture of the early American Arts South through the town and the Museum of Early Southern Decorative Arts. Old Salem is adjacent to downtown and is the central theme of Winston-Salem’s heritage tourism for the last 60 / years. F bility ea s

Avery, Burke, Overmountain The Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail commemorates the trail, commemorative hiking, auto touring National Park Service i Caldwell, Polk, Victory National campaign leading to the battle of Kings Mountain by following the motor route, Surry, Historic Trail Revolutionary War route of Patriot militia men from eastern affiliated historic sites Rutherford, Tennessee, North Carolina, and South Carolina to the battle site at and museums, and S Wilks Kings Mountain National Military Park in South Carolina. waysides tudy

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Wilkes Robert Cleveland The 1779 home of Robert Cleveland, gentleman farmer, and his Robert Cleveland Log guided and self- Wilkes Heritage House / Old Wilkes family of 17 children, is behind the Old Wilkes Jail (1860) in full House, Old Wilkes guided tours, Museum, Inc. Jail / Wilkes restoration and furnished in its period furniture. It was built in the Jail, Wilkes Heritage seasonal events, (nonprofit) Heritage Museum 1770s and was originally located in Purlear, western portion of Museum/Gift Store exhibits, education Wilkes County. Col. , Robert’s brother, led forces programs from Wilkes County to the Battle of Kings Mountain during the Revolutionary War.

The structure is managed by the Wilkes Heritage Museum, Inc. (a private, nonprofit organization formed in 1968). The museum is responsible for operating and maintaining the Old Wilkes Jail (ca. 1859), and the Wilkes Heritage Museum (former Wilkes County Courthouse, ca. 1902).

Surry Surry Muster On September 27, 1780, Major Joseph Winston raised 100 militia see Overmountain see Overmountain National Park Service Ground troops at Surry County muster field, near an ironworks in the Victory National Victory National (see Overmountain floodplain of Big Elkin Creek. The assembly ground is the Historic Trail Historic Trail Victory National 109

109 easternmost point of the Overmountain Victory National Historic Historic Trail)

Trail. The militia joined other Patriots to defeat Cornwallis at Kings Mountain in South Carolina.

South Carolina Sites

Lancaster Andrew Jackson Andrew Jackson State Park combines history, art, and community museum, replica late community South Carolina State State Park activities into a setting that has made it one of the South Carolina 18th-century gatherings, living Parks State Parks most popular attractions. schoolhouse, history interpretive meeting house, programs, fishing, The only park in the system dedicated to a U.S. president, Andrew amphitheater , hiking Jackson State Park features a museum that details the boyhood of campground, fishing the nation’s seventh president, who grew up here in what then was lake, picnicking known as the Waxhaw community of the South Carolina facilities, and trails. backcountry.

Union Blackstock Blackstock was the site of a major battle between the Patriot militia monument, no other 2009 South Carolina State Battlefield led by Gen. Thomas Sumter and the British forces under Lieutenant facilities commemoration Parks Monument Colonel Banastre Tarleton on November 20, 1780. The British were event defeated because of Tarleton’s tactical error in dividing his troops and Sumter’s choice of a formidable position to defend. In 1780, Blackstock’s Plantation was on a steep eminence with its flanks well protected. Today, the site has a granite Blackstock’s Battlefield Monument. The site is not developed. It is administered by Musgrove Mill State Historic Site and is listed in the national register. A ppendixes

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the Dorchester Colonial Colonial Dorchester is the archeological site of a village that existed remains of historic touring historic South Carolina State

Dorchester State from the late 1690s until sometime after the Revolutionary War. church bell tower, structure remains Parks R Historic Site During the war, the village was a post for troops of both sides. historic structures and archeological evolution British and Loyalist forces burned the Anglican church and free foundations, remains site excavations, school buildings when they finally evacuated Dorchester in of two log wharfs, interpretive trails, December of 1781. The destruction and dislocation brought by the archeological sites, interpretive programs

war are believed to have been contributing factors in the French and Indian and demonstrations, N

abandonment of the village. war tabby fort, living history events, ational restrooms, historical participatory Intact remains of the old town include the brick bell tower of Saint marker, kiosks, archeology program George’s Anglican Church, a fort made of the oyster-shell concrete wayside exhibits, (hands-on volunteer

called tabby, and part of a log wharf visible at low tide. cemetery opportunities) H eritage administrative office When the town was abandoned after the Revolution, the forest and building later a community park protected the site, leaving remarkably

undisturbed evidence of village life just beneath the surface. Listed A rea 110

110 in the National Register of Historic Places (1969). S uitability Cherokee Cowpens National Brig. Gen. Daniel Morgan won a decisive Revolutionary War victory visitor center, auto auto touring, hiking, National Park Service Battlefield here over British Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton on January loop, trail, hiking, interactive exhibits in 17, 1781. Established as a national battlefield site March 4, 1929; picnic facilities, visitor center, transferred from War Department August 10, 1933; redesignated bookstore picnicking

April 11, 1972. Boundary changes: July 18, 1958; April 11, 1972. / F

Also see Isaac Hayne Tomb and House Site. bility ea s Orangeburg Eutaw Springs Eutaw Springs is the site of the last major battle of the Revolution in signs no ongoing program Santee-Cooper i South Carolina (September 8, 1781). The armies of General Authority

Nathanael Greene and Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Stewart met S

near these limestone springs. Technically a British victory, the tudy American forces decimated the British ranks, forcing them to retreat to Charles Town, South Carolina. One month later, Cornwallis surrendered to the Americans at Yorktown, Virginia. Today, the springs are under the waters of Lake Marion, but most of the battleground is still above water.

The site had been managed by the South Carolina Parks, Recreation, and Tourism () until ca. 2007. Santee-Cooper now manages the site by mowing the property. Santee-Cooper’s actual name is South Carolina Public Service, a state-owned electric utility.

TABLE 6. VISITOR-READY SITES WITHIN THE CORRIDOR

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Charleston Fort Moultrie The first fort on Sullivan’s Island was still incomplete historic fort, visitor self- and cell phone- National Park Service when Commodore Sir Peter Parker and nine warships attacked it on center, museum, guided tours, June 28, 1776. After a nine-hour battle, the ships were forced to exhibits interpretive program, retire. Charles Town was saved from British occupation, and the fort museum touring, was named in honor of its commander, Colonel. . bird-watching, In 1780, the British finally captured Charles Town, abandoning it boating, fishing, only on the advent of peace. kayaking, nature walks, wildlife viewing

Clarendon Fort Watson and The Santee Indian Mound is more than 3,000 years old and served fort site / Santee viewing historic fort U.S. Fish & Wildlife Santee Indian as a prehistoric ceremonial and subsequent burial site for the Santee mound, wildlife site and Santee Service Mound at Santee Indians. Perhaps the mound’s greatest notoriety comes from its use observation post, mound, National Wildlife as a British fort during the American Revolution. This outpost was boat ramp, visitor photography, nature Refuge built by the British and was at least 30 feet high. Gen. Thomas center, nature trails, study, hiking, biking, Sumter’s militia brigade launched an unsuccessful attack here on driving trail and birding February 28, 1781. Gen. Francis Marion, “the Swamp Fox,” and 111

111 “Light Horse” Harry Lee laid siege to the post April 15–23, 1781, by

erecting a tower of logs under cover of night enabling them to fire into the British stockade. This brought about the surrender of the fort, cutting off the main British supply line to Camden, forcing Lord Rawdon to withdraw from that position.

The Battle of Fort Watson is one of the murals featured on the Swamp Fox Murals Trail in Summerton, Paxville, Manning, and Turbeville.

Berkeley Francis Marion The tomb of General Francis Marion is at the site of Belle Isle occasional South Carolina Historic Burial Site plantation, which belonged to his brother Gabriel. This legendary interpretive programs Department of American hero, the "Swamp Fox" of the Revolution, waged a Natural Resources guerrilla war against the British in South Carolina, disrupting their supply lines and launching surprise raids against their detachments Santee State Park / from his bases in the Pee Dee and Santee swamps. The cemetery South Carolina State also contains several generations of related individuals. Eligible for Park the National Register of Historic Places. A ppendixes

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the Lancaster Hanging Rock Hanging Rock was a British post garrisoned by the Prince of Wales’ none occasional Andrew Jackson

American Regiment, a detachment of the British Legion, and a large interpretive programs State Park / South R evolution force of Loyalist militia, all under the command of Major John (Andrew Jackson Carolina State Parks Carden. On August 6, 1780, General Thomas Sumter made an State Park) attack on this position with a band of Patriot militia and won a great Note: This is the victory, although short of ammunition and outnumbered two to geological feature,

one. Among the impressive rock formations in the vicinity of the not the battle site. N

battlefield is the huge boulder known as Hanging Rock. The site The state owns the ational consists of a monument in a field; no development. Listed in the feature. The National Register and has a conservation easement from local battlefield (adjacent

landowner. to the rock) is in H

private ownership. eritage

Kershaw Historic Camden This early colonial village was established in the mid- and was museum exhibits, self-guiding and NPS Affiliate Revolutionary War known as Fredericksburg Township. In 1768, the village was named historic structures guided tours, bus City of Camden:

Site Camden in honor of Charles Pratt, Lord Camden, a British tours Historic Landmark A rea 112 Parliamentary champion of colonial rights. The site was occupied by Commission 112

the British under Lord Cornwallis from June 1, 1780, until May 9, S uitability

1781. Camden was one of the few frontier settlements where two Revolutionary War battles were fought: August 16, 1780, and April 25, 1781. Authorized May 24, 1982.

Colleton Isaac Hayne Tomb This is the ancestral home, Hayne Hall, and burial ground of Colonel historical marker interpretive wayside, South Carolina State / F

and House Site Isaac Hayne (1745–81), a wealthy rice planter who fought for self-guided brochure, Parks bility ea

independence during the American Revolution. Hayne was forced to occasional s i sign the oath of allegiance to the British after the fall of Charles interpretive programs Town in order to avoid being separated from his sick wife. When

the British ordered him to bear arms for the King, he again joined S the American forces and was subsequently captured by the enemy. tudy His execution on the gallows by the British in Charles Town aroused great indignation in both America and Europe. The site is now maintained by South Carolina State Parks. The cemetery also contains the graves of other relatives and subsequent landowners. Eligible for the National Register of Historic Places.

York Kings Mountain American frontiersmen defeated the British here on October 7, visitor center, auto touring, hiking, National Park Service National Military 1780, at a critical point during the American Revolution. Established bookstore, auto tour guided tours, re- Park March 3, 1931; transferred from War Department August 10, 1933. roads, hiking trails, enactments, Boundary change: June 23, 1959. historic structure, horseback riding, horse trails, birding, camping backcountry campsites

TABLE 6. VISITOR-READY SITES WITHIN THE CORRIDOR

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Chester/ Landsford Canal Stretched along the Catawba River along the South Carolina fall canal system, fishing, boating, South Carolina State Lancaster State Park line, the park is home to the well-preserved remains of the canal viewing deck, 19th picnicking, nature Parks system that made the river commercially navigable from 1820 to century lockkeeper watching, studying 1835. Locks, a mill site, and the lock keeper’s home are among the house / education canal none numerous intact structures from that era. center, stone bridge, picnic facilities, This crossable spot on the river played a role in the Revolutionary restrooms, historic War, as both British and American troops under Cornwallis and canal trail, Sumter crossed here before and after pivotal battles. William interpretive signs Richardson Davie, a Revolutionary War leader and postwar statesman in North Carolina and South Carolina, retired here and built his plantation “Tivoli.” It is now a South Carolina state park and is in the National Register of Historic Places.

Laurens Musgrove Mill Musgrove Mill State Historic Site’s peaceful setting in the Piedmont visitor monthly interpretive South Carolina State Spartanburg State Historic Site woods stands in sharp contrast to the bloody struggle waged there center/exhibits, programs (April– Parks Union on August 19, 1780. A group of 200 Patriot militiamen rode to nature trails, picnic December), re- 113 113 strike what they thought was an equal number of Loyalists at facilities enactments, living

Musgrove Mill on the Enoree River. Instead, they found themselves history (once a badly outnumbered, the Tories having been joined by 300 provincial month spring–fall), Regulars from the British post at Ninety Six. Retreat was impossible, hiking, guided tours a frontal assault suicidal. So the Patriot forces took a strong defensive position and lured the Loyalists into a fierce fight that turned into a near rout after the British attack collapsed. In the National Register of Historic Places.

Greenwood Ninety Six National This important colonial backcountry trading village was the scene of reconstructed fort, wildlife viewing, National Park Service Historic Site the first land battle in South Carolina upcountry (November 1775) historic structures, fishing, media and Nathanael Greene’s siege in 1781. The site contains earthwork hiking trails, visitor programs, re- embankments of a 1781 fortification, remains of two historic center, exhibits, gift enactments, living villages, a colonial plantation complex, and many prehistoric sites. shop history Authorized August 19, 1976.

Sumter Thomas Sumter The site contains the graves of Revolutionary War partisan interpretive wayside self-guiding / Historic Burial Site commander Thomas Sumter and other family members. Also in the brochure, occasional South Carolina State cemetery are a small brick mausoleum and a monument erected by interpretive programs Parks the state in 1907. (no support facilities) A ppendixes

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the York Williamson’s On July 12, 1780, British Provincial and Loyalist troops under the battlefield, children’s interpretive Culture & Heritage

Plantation/ command of Captain Christian Huck were defeated by Patriot encampment area, programs, re- Museums R Huck’s Defeat/ troops from Gen. Thomas Sumter’s militia brigade at the plantation outdoor exhibits, enactments, museum evolution Historic of James Williamson near Brattonsville. The destruction of Huck’s historic and touring, historic Brattonsville force helped revive the morale of the people in South Carolina just reconstructed houses research when British victory seemed inevitable. It served as a rallying point and buildings, visitor

for the backcountry Whigs, and set into motion a series of center, campgrounds N

significant events that eventually led to the even larger Patriot ational victories at Kings Mountain in October 1780, Cowpens in January 1781, and finally to the British surrender at Yorktown in October 1781.

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North Carolina Sites

Brunswick Brunswick Town / A major pre-Revolutionary port on North Carolina’s Cape Fear historic structures, interpretive programs, North Carolina Fort Anderson River, Brunswick was razed by British troops in 1776 and never visitor center, trails, demonstrations, living Historic Sites rebuilt. During the Civil War, Fort Anderson was constructed atop monuments, outdoor history the old village site, and served as part of the exhibits, picnic defenses below Wilmington before the fall of the Confederacy. facilities, gift shop Colonial foundations dot the present-day tour trail, which crosses (universal access) the earthworks of the Confederate fort.

New Hanover Burgwyn-Wright Built upon the foundation of an old jail, the Burgwyn-Wright restored historic tours, living history, National Society of House Museum House was built in 1770 by John Burgwyn, a planter, merchant, house / museum and seasonal events, The Colonial Dames and Gardens and treasurer of the colony of Carolina. It was occupied by Lord outbuildings, eight demonstration, online of America Cornwallis shortly before his defeat at Yorktown. In 1799, the gardens, jail kitchen videos house was purchased by Joshua Grainger Wright. It remained occupied until 1937 when it was purchased by the National Society 115

115 of the Colonial Dames of America in the state of North Carolina.

Now, having been restored, it is the oldest museum house in southeastern North Carolina. It is surrounded by beautiful gardens that have restored architectural structures.

Lenoir Governor Caswell The Caswell memorial focuses on the celebrated life of Richard Governor Caswell living history events North Carolina Memorial Caswell, the first governor of the independent state of North Memorial/museum, (two/year) Historic Sites Carolina. historic cemetery, CSS demonstrations, Neuss ironclad, trail, tours, children’s monument, outdoor programs exhibits, picnic facilities, gift shop

Lenoir Harmony Hill See above under Bladen County. Plantation

Carteret Historic Beaufort The Beaufort Historic Site is in the heart of charming downtown restored historic tours of historic Beaufort Historical Site Beaufort, where you can experience the history of North Carolina structures, historic district (double-decker Association in a quaint seaport village setting. cemetery (in the bus), tours of historic National Register of structures and the Historic Places) cemetery A ppendixes

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the Forsyth Historic Bethabara Historic Bethabara Park, located in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, reconstructed village, living history, City of Winston-

Park is the 1753 site of the first Moravian settlement in North Carolina. a French and Indian demonstrations, Salem R War fort and colonial museum touring, evolution The City of Winston-Salem and the County of Forsyth share the and medical gardens. guided tours, annual administrative budget. The City Department of Recreation visitor center/ hiking/strolling, and Parks is responsible for the maintenance of the buildings and museum/gift store, nature

grounds. The site was listed as a national historic landmark in archeological ruins, N

1999. nature trails ational

The park is owned by the Provincial Elders of the Southern Province of the Moravian Church. Other managing entities include the

Board of Trustees of Historic Bethabara Park, Inc., City of Winston- H Salem, Forsyth County, and the State of South Carolina. The city eritage has operational oversight of the park. The operational budget is evenly split between Winston-Salem and Forsyth County.

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116 Chowan Historic Edenton Featuring 18th and early 19th century history, North Carolina’s historic structures, tours, children’s North Carolina 1 16

second-oldest town, Edenton was one of the fledgling nation’s visitor center, trails, programs annual Historic Sites S uitability chief political, cultural, and commercial centers. As the state’s first monuments, outdoor Elderhostel program colonial capital, it was established in the late 17th century and exhibits, picnic incorporated in 1722. Once the state’s second-largest port, facilities, gift shop Edenton provided slaves with a means of escape before

emancipation via the Maritime Underground Railroad. Today, it / F

features an extensive historic district with architectural styles bility ea

spanning 250 years, such as the 1767 Chowan County Courthouse s National Historic Landmark. i

Halifax Historic Halifax Located on the Roanoke River, the town of Halifax developed into visitor center, walking guided walking tour, Halifax S

State Historic Site a commercial and political center at the time of the American trail, restored houses museum touring tudy Revolution. North Carolina’s Fourth Provincial Congress met in (homes, stores, Halifax in the spring of 1776. On April 12, that body unanimously taverns, etc.), outdoor adopted a document later called the “Halifax Resolves,” which was exhibits, picnic the first official action by an entire colony recommending facilities, gift shop independence from England.

Wake Joel Lane The Joel Lane Museum House is an authentic restoration of an restored home, tours, in-school Joel Lane Museum Museum House 18th century manor house. Lane supported North Carolina’s break kitchen (historic presentations, onsite House, Inc. from Great Britain. In 1775, he was a delegate to the revolutionary structure restored as demonstrations, Provincial Congress held in Hillsborough. replica colonial school field trips, kitchen), visitor education destination, center/gift shop rented events (restored historic

TABLE 7. POTENTIAL PARTNER SITES IDENTIFIED BY STAKEHOLDERS

County Site Description/Significance Facilities Programs/Activities Management

structure), formal garden and herb garden

Mecklenburg McIntyre Historic The McIntyre Historic Site was the setting of a Revolutionary War hiking trails, picnic hiking, picnicking Park (part of the skirmish and 19th century gold mining. facilities Latta Plantation Nature Preserve)

Lincoln Ramsour’s Mill On June 20, 1780, Patriot militia launched a dawn surprise attack two log structures, annual battle Lincoln County Battle Site against Loyalist troops encamped on Clark Creek. The Loyalists three burial sites, celebration and Historic Association retreated to the mill site and then dispersed. The Patriots were the remains of a education programs and Lincoln County victors, although both sides suffered heavy losses. The Patriot mill/bridge Historic Properties victory destroyed Loyalist morale in the Carolina backcountry and Commission paved the way for victory at Kings Mountain, often considered the turning point in America’s quest for independence.

117

117 Today, the Lincoln County Historical Association owns a small portion of the battle site. Other owners include a local government

and the local school district. Much of the battle site is now the site of three schools, athletic fields, a playground, and parking lots.

Rowan Rowan Museum, The purpose of the Rowan Museum, Inc., is to collect, preserve, museum/gift shop, museum touring, Rowan Museum, Inc. Inc. “Old Stone research, exhibit, and educate the public about the history of two historic building education programs House,” Historic Rowan County and Piedmont, North Carolina, through the use of museums, tours Salisbury its properties, programs, and collections. The museum’s general history collection is in the 1854 Old County Courthouse. The museum also has two house museums: The 1766 Old Stone House in Granite Quarry, and the 1819 Utzman Chambers House in Salisbury.

Mecklenburg Rural Hill Farm Historic Rural Hill Farm is the remnant of the homestead of 11 historic buildings interpretive programs Rural Hill Farm Revolutionary War Patriot Major John Davidson. His plantation, and reconstructions, on the house and Rural Hill, was the jewel of the Catawba River plantations. Rural historic cemetery, gift farm, living history Hill features three home sites that were occupied by six shop events, generations of the Davidson family for more than 230 years. demonstrations (Restoration project in progress.) A ppendixes

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Alamance Snow Camp After defeating General Greene’s army at the Battle of Guilford Thirty-two historic dramas, living history Historical Drama of

Historic Site Courthouse, the British soldiers camped in and around this Quaker structures (museum, events Society, Inc. the

community. The historic site’s mission is to share the history of the colonial kitchen, R

Snow Camp community and early Quakers and to highlight their Quaker meeting evolution contributions to the county and the state through the collection houses, and other and preservation of historic structures and the presentation of the historic structures/ historical outdoor dramas. outbuildings), amphitheater,

restaurant N ational Guilford Tannebaum The largest, most hotly contested battle of the Revolutionary War’s historic house, barn interpretive programs, City of Greensboro / Historical Park Southern Campaign was fought at the small North Carolina (19th century), living history, tours, National Park Service

backcountry hamlet of Guilford Courthouse between the American reconstructed kitchen demonstrations, H

Continental Army under Gen. Nathanael Greene and the British and blacksmith shop, museum/site touring eritage Army under Lord Cornwallis. While technically a British victory, it crop exhibit, gardens, was a very costly victory, and the battle proved to be the high- monuments water mark of British military operations in the Revolutionary War. museum/gift shop

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The Hoskins Historic District (formerly Tannenbaum Historic Park) preserves a remnant of the 150-acre farmstead of Joseph Hoskins. S During the battle on March 15, 1781, the Hoskins farmstead uitability served as a staging area for British troops under General Charles Cornwallis, who described the area as “a considerable plantation.” The park is part of the Battle of Guilford Courthouse National /

Landmark District. F bility ea s

Craven Tryon Palace The capitol at Edenton was later transferred to New Bern, with the historic homes and walking tours, North Carolina i royal governor residing at Tryon Palace. Following the structures, visitor interpretive programs, Historic Sites Revolutionary War, New Bern and Tryon Palace continued to serve center, palace and lectures, concerts

as the set of state government, this time as the first U.S. capital of gardens, the (200+ events/year) S North Carolina. Meticulously reconstructed in the 1950’s, the Carraway Library, the tudy original Tryon Palace was built between 1767 and 1770 for North Carolina history colonial Governor Tryon. Today visitors to the complex marvel at education center, the palace’s English antiques, stroll its renowned gardens, and conservation lab learn about various periods of New Bern’s proud history at the Academy Museum as well as the Stanly, Hay, and Dixon houses.

TABLE 7. POTENTIAL PARTNER SITES IDENTIFIED BY STAKEHOLDERS

County Site Description/Significance Facilities Programs/Activities Management

South Carolina Sites

Kershaw Battle of The battle of Hobkirk’s Hill was fought on April 25, 1781, between historical marker Private ownership Hobkirk’s Hill the British garrison forces at Camden, commanded by Lord Rawdon, and besieging American forces commanded by General Nathanael Greene. The British forces (800 men) were much smaller than Greene’s Army (more than 1,500 troops); nevertheless, they gave a good account of themselves and the Americans, narrowly avoiding being routed, ended up withdrawing. However, due to Rawdon’s inability to replenish his losses, he soon abandoned Camden and withdrew to a consolidated position at Charleston.

Today, the modern-day city of Camden has grown so large that the site of the battle is now a residential part of the city.

Berkeley Biggin Church/ Biggin Church was the victim of several Revolutionary War battles. church ruins, Vestry St. John’s Bridge British soldiers, who used the church to store their ammunition, set cemetery Parish 119

119 it on fire. It was promptly rebuilt, but after it was burned again Biggin Church during the Civil War, it was abandoned and left in ruins. Today,

Ruins only two walls of the church remain.

Biggin Bridge Biggin Bridge was the scene of a British route of Patriot troops associated with the Battle of Moncks Corner, April 14, 1780, prior to the surrender of Charles Town. The British garrison was attacked by Gen. Thomas Sumter’s militia brigade on July 16, 1781.

Lancaster Buford’s Massacre On May 29, 1780, Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton and a mass grave (84 impromptu tours by Lancaster County Site or Buford force of British Provincial cavalry and infantry defeated about 300 soldiers, outlined in local historians Battleground; also Virginia Continentals commanded by Colonel Abraham Buford. quartz rocks), 2 stone known as the There is debate over whether Tarleton’s men shot and bayoneted markers, 1 state Battle of the Patriots while they were in the act of surrendering or after they historical marker, Waxhaws had surrendered. Two monuments now mark the Buford infant burial/ Battleground (the second replacing the severely weathered first headstone (post- monument). This particular battle became a symbol of British Revolutionary War) atrocities and Tarleton became known as “Bloody Tarleton.” The site was listed as a historic district in the National Register of Historic Places in February 1990. A ppendixes

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the Chesterfield Cheraw Historic During the American Revolution, the town was occupied by both Old St. David walking and auto tour City of Cheraw and

District British and American forces. After the fall of Charles Town, the Episcopal Church and guide, group tours Historic Cheraw R

British established a backcountry outpost at Cheraw. The town’s Graveyard, Lafayette (on request) evolution St. David’s Church was used by both sides as a hospital. The House, Lyceum graveyard contains a mass burial for enlisted men of the 71st Museum Highlanders and two officers’ graves relating to a smallpox

epidemic. The district also includes the Lafayette House, which N

hosted the French general during his 1820 tour. (General Greene’s ational 1781 Camp of Repose is across the river in Marlborough County.)

The Cheraw Historic District was listed in the National Register of

Historic Places in 1974. The boundaries include approximately 35 H blocks in the historic residential and commercial areas of the town eritage of Cheraw.

Union Fishdam Ford Fishdam Ford is a historic crossing point on the Broad River; which monument, historical South Carolina A rea

120 Monument takes its name from a prehistoric Indian fish weir or “fish dam” just marker, stone Department of 120 upriver from the present-day Highway 215 bridge. On monument (not on Natural Resources S uitability November 9, 1780, General Thomas Sumter’s militia brigade was battlefield), fish weir camped at the ford and repelled a night assault by Major James (north of bridge) Wemyss and elements of the British 63rd Regiment and British Legion. Gen. Sumter had camped at Fishdam Ford in order to draw

off troops from Lord Charles Cornwallis’s headquarters at / F

Winnsboro. The battlefield is on the east bank of the Broad River in bility ea

Chester County. The property has been acquired by the State of s South Carolina and is administered by the Department of Natural i Resources. S

Chester Fishing Creek The Battle of Fishing Creek took place on August 18, 1780, just historical marker tudy Cemetery after the . The battle was fought on the west side of the Catawba River and the north side of Fishing Creek. The precise location of the battle is not known; however, it is probable that the site of the conflict is now under the waters of Fishing Creek Reservoir, near the Catawba River Dam.

The battle consisted of a British surprise attack on the 500-man camp of Thomas Sumter. Sumter had been apprised of the horrendous American defeat at Camden and had been ordered to remove his force to Charlotte, North Carolina. Nevertheless, he was surprised by a 160-man detachment of the British Legion, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton. Sumter barely escaped capture and his men were routed.

TABLE 7. POTENTIAL PARTNER SITES IDENTIFIED BY STAKEHOLDERS

County Site Description/Significance Facilities Programs/Activities Management

Lexington Fort Granby On February 21, 1781, a 352-man Loyalist force commanded by Major Andrew Maxwell surrendered a fortified frame building named “Fort Granby,” to General. Thomas Sumter’s Whig militia brigade after a two-day siege. The site was a former trading post seized and fortified by the British.

Charleston Fort Johnson The “fort“ is a modern complex of government and university one historic structure none South Carolina operations. One remnant of an ancillary building to the fort Department of remains. Little to no integrity is left. Natural Resources, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College of Charleston

Calhoun Fort Mott British fort on Congaree River attacked by Gen. Francis Marion, February 24, 1781. Significant archeological work has located the site of the fort and battle. 121 121 York Hill Ironworks Colonel William Hill and his partner, Colonel Isaac Hayne, historical marker Marker established a successful ironworks on the banks of Allison Creek in what today is eastern York County, South Carolina, in 1776. The ironworks manufactured all types of iron tools and implements, including cast-iron cannon and cannonballs for the South Carolina government, and in June 1780, the upcountry Whig militia established a camp there.

Hill’s Ironworks was destroyed by a British and Tory force commanded by Captain Christian Huck on June 17, 1780. Hill rebuilt the site after the war, but by 1820 it had ceased operation and was abandoned.

Charleston Historic A siege on the city in 1776 was successfully defended by William Historic Charleston Charleston City, Moultrie from Sullivan’s Island, but by 1780, Charles Town came Foundation Historic District under British control for two and one-half years. After the British retreated in December 1782, the city’s name was officially changed to Charleston.

The historic district was developed through a partnership project produced by the NPS National Register of Historic Places, the Planning Department of the City of Charleston, and the National Conference of State Historic Preservation Officers. A ppendixes

S outhern C

TABLE 7. POTENTIAL PARTNER SITES IDENTIFIED BY STAKEHOLDERS ampaign

County Site Description/Significance Facilities Programs/Activities Management

of

the Georgetown Historic During the 18th century, Georgetown was South Carolina’s

Georgetown second-largest city and its major shipping port for rice and indigo. R

Battle/ Siege The city was captured by a British Royal Navy force under Captain evolution John Plumer Ardesoif on July 1, 1780. The area around Georgetown was the scene of several battles between British provincials, Loyalist militia, and Whig militia in late 1780 and early

1781 until the city was retaken by Whig forces under Gen. Francis Marion on May 28, 1781. N ational

Fairfield Historic In 1780, Lord Cornwallis spent a hard winter here after the defeat restored Cornwallis exhibit, lectures, Friends of Fairfield Winnsboro at Kings Mountain. At that time, the village of Winnsborough, as it House, Fairfield meetings County Museum

was called, had about 20 dwellings. Winnsborough was County Museum H

incorporated as a town in 1785. eritage

Colleton Parker’s Ferry On August 30, 1781, Col. William Harden and Gen. Francis Marion

prepared an ambush for Tory troops on the causeway that led to A

Parker’s Ferry on the Edisto River. The Tories charged the American rea 122 122 position and ran into the ambush. The Tories soon had no choice but to retreat with their remaining forces. Marion could not pursue S

uitability the Tories because of a lack of ammunition.

Berkeley Quinby Bridge British forces stationed here were attacked by Gen. Thomas Sumter’s militia brigade on July 17, 1781. / F

Fairfield Rocky Mount After the fall of Charles Town in May 1780, the British established very little remains of bility ea s

backcountry military outposts at Cheraw, Hanging Rock, Rocky Rocky Mount i Mount, and Fort Ninety Six. The Rocky Mount outpost consisted of Outpost; the site now three log cabins with an abatis surrounding them. The garrison lies in a densely

included British Provincial troops of the New York Volunteers and a wooded and isolated S detachment of Loyalist militia under the command of Lieutenant area 0.75 mile west tudy Colonel George Turnbull, approximately 150 men total. of Cedar Creek Dam, which is a power dam On July 30, 1780, a Whig force of 500 men under the command on the Catawba River of General Thomas Sumter attacked this British outpost. The British were given an opportunity to surrender, but they declined. After several unsuccessful attempts to storm the compound, the Americans sent a burning wagon up against the fort. The British were about to give up the struggle when it suddenly began to rain. The fires were quickly extinguished and the British resumed the battle. Seeing that the fates were not with him that day, Sumter withdrew his men after eight hours of fierce fighting.

TABLE 7. POTENTIAL PARTNER SITES IDENTIFIED BY STAKEHOLDERS

County Site Description/Significance Facilities Programs/Activities Management

Florence Snow’s Island Significant as a Revolutionary War campsite, Snow’s Island served private hunting N/A Private ownership Private, Restricted as headquarters, supply depot, and retreat for General Francis reserve address Marion’s partisan forces during the crucial winter of 1780–81. The ideal location of Snow’s Island afforded launching of numerous Johnsonville, harassment and interception raids on British outposts as well as a South Carolina major assault upon the Georgetown garrison conducted by the combined forces of General Marion and Colonel “Light Horse” Harry Lee on January 25, 1781. In late March 1781, while Marion repelled and pursued one British attack force, another under Colonel Doyle penetrated to Snow’s Island and destroyed the camp. Marion never used Snow’s Island again after Doyle’s raid. Listed in the National Register of Historic Places March 14, 1973; designated a national historic landmark December 2, 1974.

Charleston Stono Ferry The was an American Revolutionary War battle, fought on June 20, 1779, near Charles Town, South Carolina. The rear guard of a British expedition retreating from an 123

123 aborted attempt on Charles Town held off an assault by militia

forces under American General .

A ppendixes

Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Fea sibility Study

124 Appendixes

APPENDIX E: COORDINATING ENTITY

The Culture & Heritage Museums is a York with exhibitions and programs County government-supported cultural focused on cultural history and institution system (commonly referred to as a natural history and the environmental family of museums) with a mission “to create history of the Catawba River and an enlightened and engaged citizenry by Carolina Piedmont. keeping, communicating, and connecting our cultural, historical and natural heritage in §. Main Street Children’s Museum in ways that promote deeper understanding of Rock Hill, South Carolina, targeting people and place.” toddler to kindergarten-aged children.

A York County-appointed board of §. A new environmental history museum commissioners governs the Culture & designed to replace the Museum of Heritage Museums and its operations are York County, planned for carried out by a professional staff led by a construction over the next three to director and CEO. Culture & Heritage five years along the Catawba River in Museums is a component unit of York Fort Mill, South Carolina. County, but also maintains a 501(c)(3) status. CHM own museum collections and other non-real estate assets used for its operations LOCATION WITHIN THE NATIONAL and York County owns the real estate HERITAGE AREA DESIGNATION operated by Culture & Heritage Museums that includes the following sites: Bordering the South Carolina and North Carolina state line, York County is centrally §. Historic Brattonsville near located within the proposed area for national McConnells, South Carolina, a 780- heritage area designation. York County is acre historic site museum and heritage home to Kings Mountain National Military farm and the site of the Southern Park and Historic Brattonsville, site of the Campaign of the Revolution Battle of American Revolution Battle of Huck’s Defeat. Huck’s Defeat. Culture & Heritage Museums’ immediate §. McCelvey Center in York, South service area consists of York County and Carolina, a culture and heritage surrounding upstate South Carolina and research and program center that North Carolina counties within the greater houses CHM’s historical/genealogical Charlotte, North Carolina, metropolitan area, archives and historical material with a population of 2.5 million. Culture & culture collections. It features a Heritage Museums also attracts visitors from theater and other program spaces outside the region, including national and including the Historical Center of international tourists. York County for public access to archives and the Southern Revolutionary War Institute for NATURE OF MANAGING ENTITY research and programs related to the Southern Campaign of the Revolution. A 1997 York County ordinance authorized the creation of the Culture & Heritage Museums §. Museum of York County in Rock Hill, by merging two existing county commissions South Carolina, a general museum with a similar purpose—the Museum of York

136 125 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Fea sibility Study

County established in 1950 and the York §. Culture & Heritage Museums was a County Historical Commission established in key collaborator in the two Carolina’s 1959. In the 1950s, York County passed a effort to celebrate and market the public referendum to devote a portion of 225th Anniversary of the property taxes to support the Museum of Revolutionary War. York County and that funding was extended §. In 2006, Culture & Heritage Museums to the Culture & Heritage Museums to launched the Southern Revolutionary support all of its sites when it was created. The War Institute (SRWI) as the nation’s organizations also rely on earned and only center exclusively dedicated to contributed income for the operating budget. the study of the Southern Campaign. In 1998, Culture & Heritage Museums An advisory board of Revolutionary established the Culture and Heritage academic and lay scholars from the Foundation as an independent 501(c)(3) two Carolinas support SRWI activities, support entity organized exclusively to including a biannual symposium. develop and manage funds for our use. The §. Culture & Heritage Museums has also supporting foundation could help support collaborated in hosting numerous future collaborative projects so its bylaws also professional conferences including the allow it to receive and manage funds for joint North Carolina Museums projects that Culture & Heritage Museums Council / South Carolina supports. of Museums Conference meeting in 2009, the international 2002 XIV At the time of the 1997 merger that created the Ulster-American Heritage Culture & Heritage Museums, the Historical Symposium, and the 1999 Southeast Commission operated Historic Brattonsville Regional Association of Living and leased space in the McCelvey Center for History, Agricultural and Farm its Historical Center of York County. In 2001, Museums meeting. Culture & Heritage Museums absorbed the §. Culture & Heritage Museums is an McCelvey Center. These consolidations and active partner with the local Rock related activity to create Culture & Heritage Hill / York County Convention and Museums and its supporting foundation have Visitors Bureau, the regional Olde provided us with institutional expertise in English Tourism District, and the collaboration, organizational development, South Carolina Department of Parks, alignment, and change management. Recreation and Tourism. §. In 1999, Culture & Heritage Museums played a role in positioning South EXPERIENCE IN COLLABORATIVE Carolina as the location for filming PROJECTS AND HERITAGE TOURISM The Patriot released in 2000. DEVELOPMENT §. Culture & Heritage Museums’ marketing campaign related to filming Culture & Heritage Museums has extensive The Patriot at Historic Brattonsville experience in coordinating collaborative was clearly successful in raising its work, community engagement, and heritage public profile as measured by tourism promotion: increased annual attendance that has nearly doubled in the ensuing years. §. Culture & Heritage Museums was §. In recognition of its heritage tourism instrumental in helping to promote development success, in 2001 Culture the Carolina Backcountry Alliance & Heritage Museums received the (made up of Revolutionary War sites Governor’s South Carolina Heritage in the two Carolinas). Tourism Award from The Palmetto Trust for Historic Preservation and the South Carolina Department of

137 126 Appendixes

Archives and History and the Bundy historical artifacts relating to the Award for Tourism from the South Southern Campaign of the Revolution. Carolina Department of Parks, The collection includes: Recreation, and Tourism. – the Bobby G. Moss Revolutionary §. Culture & Heritage Museums War Collection collaborates with York County, the – copies of the Lyman C. Draper City of Rock Hill, and the Catawba Manuscript Collection, the Cultural Preservation project to Cornwallis Papers, and North and develop an interpretive corridor along South Carolina Audited Accounts the new Carolina Thread Trail that for Revolutionary War service will create a pedestrian and bicycling – the published papers of Henry trail connecting 14 counties Laurens, Nathanael Greene, and throughout the Charlotte other important Revolutionary metropolitan area. The collaboration War figures focuses on the intersection of people and places centered on the historic §. The SRWI research director, Michael Nation Ford (named for the Catawba Scoggins, is a recognized Indian Nation) on the Catawba River. Revolutionary War scholar and author §. Culture & Heritage Museums’ public who has established partnerships with history program includes installation other academic and lay scholars to of exhibits within public spaces in support its programs. business venues and installation of §. Culture & Heritage Museums South Carolina state historic markers. operates a Microsoft SharePoint- We have identified and marked 11 based Internet “portal” designed for historic sites in the past seven years. project management, data Our historic marker program is a collection/storage, and collaborative center for community engagement work. and audiences for our marker §. Culture & Heritage Museums has in- celebrations and have ranged from 75 house capabilities and effective to 650 people. vendor partners related to using §. The public history program was a key information technology including factor in York County’s designation as website maintenance and social media. Preserve America Community a in §. Culture & Heritage Museums is a best 2008. practices-oriented nonprofit organization and is an American Association of Museums Accredited RESOURCES Museum and a Smithsonian Institution Affiliate. In addition to organizational development §. Culture & Heritage Museums has and collaborative and heritage tourism successfully administered federal experience, Culture & Heritage Museums grants from the Institute for Museum brings other resources to developing the and Library Services and National Southern Campaign of the Revolution Park Service. National Heritage Area: §. Culture & Heritage Museums has direct experience in battlefield §. The Southern Revolutionary War protection including historical and Institute in the McCelvey Center is a archeological research and training to repository for primary and secondary administer an NPS American research materials, including books, Battlefield Protection Program grant. microfilm, computer databases, and

127138 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Fea sibility Study

CULTURE & HERITAGE MUSEUMS CULTURE & HERITAGE MUSEUMS FINANCIAL CAPACITY MEMBERSHIP

Since its inception through the 1997 merger CHM membership falls into two categories: that consolidated organizations and their retail members and donor members. In the respective budgets totaling approximately $1.7 course of a fiscal year Culture & Heritage million, the CHM budget grew to $4,056,624 Museums regularly have approximately 900 in 2010. As noted previously, since the 1950s, retail members and 200 donor members. Culture & Heritage Museums has received Culture & Heritage Museums also has a York County government support derived volunteer cadre that numbers approximately from property taxes that now totals 500. Culture & Heritage Museums maintains a approximately $2.8 million and the remainder database of members, volunteers, donors and of our operating budget comes from earned prospective donors, and other stakeholders and contributed income. To avoid duplication that currently numbers approximately 3,600 of expense and coordinate overall fundraising, records. CHM staff members provide administrative support for the Culture and Heritage Foundation. Support from York County Advisory Groups and provides stability and, complemented by support from the foundation, the organization Assistance for the national heritage area has been able to develop strong overall would be provided by an advisory board and organizational financial and intellectual committees that could include representatives capacity even as economic conditions change. of the following organizations:

Our supporting foundation was established in §. State / regional / local tourism entities 1998 and has since developed more than $15 in North and South Carolina million in gifts, grants, and pledges from §. Carolina Backcountry Alliance individuals, foundations, and corporations. §. Overmountain Victory Trail These include gifts of land collectively valued Association at $8.9 million when donated. To date, the §. National, state, and regional land foundation has provided nearly $2.2 million to trusts / conservation entities operating support CHM projects in addition to ongoing in North and South Carolina (such as operating support noted above. Catawba Lands Conservancy, Trust for Public Land, Nation Ford Land Trust, Catawba Valley Land Trust, Palmetto Trust for Conservation, Palmetto Conservation Foundation, etc.)

128 139 Appendixes

APPENDIX F: NATIONAL HERITAGE AREA CORRIDOR DRIVING GUIDE

NATIONAL HERITAGE AREA HIGHWAY CORRIDOR

1. From Moore’s Creek National 11. McDowell House at Quaker Meadows Battlefield, proceed west on State then head on State Highway 64 and Highway 210 then north on State west on Interstate 40 the site of Highway 53 to the site of 12. Joseph McDowell House, continue on 2. Harmony Hall Plantation, then north on state Highway 221, then west continue west and north on State on State Highway 70 to the site of Highway 53 (along Meteor Lakes Byway) to the site of 13. Davidson’s Fort Historic Park, continue south on State Highway 9 3. House in the Horseshoe, then and west on Interstate 40 to the site of continue west on Interstate 40, then to State Highway 15 along the Devil’s 14. Gilbert Town. Proceed southeast on Stomping Ground to the site of State Highway 64 south on State Highway 9, then east on Interstate 40 4. Historic Hillsborough, then continue to the site of west on Interstate 40 to the site of 15. Cowpens National Battlefield. From 5. Alamance Battleground, then continue Cowpens, proceed south from on west on Interstate 40 to the site of State Highway 110, west on State Highway 29, then State Highway 215 6. Guilford Courthouse, then continue to the site of west on Interstate 40 to the site of 16. Blackstock Battlefield Monument, 7. Old Salem Museums and Gardens continue west on State Highway 49, then continue west on State Highway then State Highway 56 south to the 67 to the site of site of

8. Surrey Muster Ground Park then 17. Musgrove Mill State Historic Site, continue southwest on State Highway continue south on State Highway 56, 268 to the site of then southwest on State Highway 72 to State Highway 246 to the site of

9. Robert Cleveland House / Old Wilkes Jail / Wilkes Heritage Museum , 18. Ninety-Six National Historic Site. continue southwest on State Highway From Cowpens, proceed east on State 268 (along the Upper Yadkin Way Highway 11 (on the Cherokee Scenic Byway) to the site of Foothills Scenic Highway), Interstate 5, then southeast on State Highway 5 to Interstate 5 to 10. Fort Defiance Historic Site, continue southwest on State Highway 64 to the site of 19. Kings Mountain National Military Park, then continue south on State

140 129 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Fea sibility Study

Highway 5 then south on State 27. Fort Watson Historic Site and Santee Highway 321 to the site of Indian Mound, then proceed south on Highway 15 to State Highway 6 to the 20. Historic Brattonsville. Proceed east, site of then south on State Highway 5 to the site of 28. Eutaw Springs Battlefield, then continue west on State Highway 6 21. Landsford Canal State Park, south on then north on State Highway 45 to the Highway 521, then north on Highway site of 21 to the 29. Francis Marion Tomb, then continue 22. Museum of the Waxhaws and the south east on State Highway 45 and Andrew Jackson Memorial. Continue south on State Highway 41 to the site south on State Highway 521 to the site of of 30. The Battle of Quimby Bridge, then 23. Andrew Jackson State Park. Continue south on State Highway 41 to the site south on State Highway 521 to the site of of 31. Fort Moultrie, then west on Highway 24. Hanging Rock. Continue south on 17 to State Highway 61 and State State Highway 521 to the site of Highway 165 to the site of

25. Historic Camden Revolutionary War 32. Colonial Dorchester State Historic Site, then continue south State Site, then proceed west on State Highway 521 then south on State Highway 17A to the site of Highway 261 to the site of the 33. Isaac Hayne Tomb and House Site at 26. Thomas Sumter Tomb, then continue Jacksonville, South Carolina. south on State Highway 261 and south on State Highway 15 to the site of

141 130 Appendixes

SELECTED REFERENCES

Babits, Lawrence, and Joshua B. Howard Published for Old Salem, Inc., 2009 Long, Obstinate, and Bloody: Winston-Salem, North The Battle of Guilford Carolina by the University of Courthouse. The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel North Carolina Press. Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Hill, NC. Morgan, Robert Davidson, James West et al. 2008 Boone: A Biography. 1990 Nation of Nations: A Algonquin Books of Chapel Narrative History of . Chapel Hill, NC. American Republic. Volume I: to 1877. McGraw Hill National Park Service, Department of the Publishing Co., New York. Interior 2001 “Communicating the Edmonds, Thomas J. National Park Service 2006 A Strategy ‘judiciously Mission.” designed and vigorously executed’: The Tactical Retreat 2002 “The American Revolution: of General Nathanael Greene. Southern Campaigns.” Greensboro, NC. Self- National Park American published. History Series. Eastern National. Fanning, David. 1981 The Narrative of Colonel 2006 “Charting a Future for David Fanning. A Journal of National Heritage Areas.” A Col. David Fanning’s Report by the National Park Transactions During the Late System Advisory Board. War in America, from the Year 1775 – Commencing 1st of 2006 NPS Management Policies May until the Peace. Edited, 2006. Washington, D.C. with notes and an introduction by Lindley S. 2007 “Report to Congress on the Butler. Briar Patch Press, Historic Preservation of Davidson, NC. Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Sites in the United Garraty, John A. with Robert A. McCaughey States.” Prepared for The 1991 The American Nation. A Committee on Energy and History of the United States to Natural Resources, United 1877. Harper Collins States Senate and The Publishers. New York. Committee on Resources, United States House of Hunter, James Representatives. Washington, 1976 The Quiet People of the Land: D.C. American Battlefield A Story of the North Carolina Protection Program. Moravians in Revolutionary 2010 “Buffalo Bayou National Times. The Old Salem Series. Heritage Area Study.”

142 131 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Fea sibility Study

Lakewood, Colorado. Tindall, George Intermountain Region. 1988 America. A Narrative History. Heritage Partnerships Second Edition. Program. University of West Alabama 2010 “St. Croix National Heritage 2010 “Alabama Black Belt Heritage Area Feasibility Study.” Area Feasibility Study for Lakewood, Colorado. Denver National Heritage Area Service Center. designation.” Submitted by the Alabama Black Belt Niven, Penelope Heritage Area Task Force, the 2010 Old Salem: The Official Center for the Study of the Guidebook. Published by Old Black Belt, Station 45, Salem, Inc. Winston-Salem, Livingston, AL. Prepared by NC. Fermata, Inc., New York Office. Trumansburg, NY. Piecuch, Jim 2004 The Blood Be Upon Your Internet Sites Head. Tarleton and the Myth of Buford’s Massacre. The National Park Service, Department of the Battle of the Waxhaws, May Interior 29, 1780. Southern Campaign Cowpens National Battlefield. of the Revolution Press, (http://www.nps.gov/cowp/index Lugoff, SC. .htm) Fort Moultrie – Fort Sumter National 2008 “The Revolutionary War in Monument North Carolina.” North (http://www.nps.gov/fosu Carolina Office of Archives /historyculture/fort_moultrie.htm) and History and the North Guilford Courthouse National Military Carolina Society of the Park Cincinnati. (http://www.nps.gov/guco/index .htm) Schama, Simon King’s Mountain National Military Park. 2005 Rough Crossings: Britain, The (http://www.nps.gov/kimo/index Slaves, and the American .htm) Revolution. Harper Collins, Moores Creek National Battlefield. New York. (http://www.nps.gov/mocr/index.ht m) Scoggins, Michael C. National Heritage Area Programs. 2006 Relentless Fury. The (http://www.nps.gov/history Revolutionary War in the /heritageareas/) Southern Piedmont. Southern Ninety Six National Historic Site. Revolutionary War Institute, (http://www.nps.gov/nisi/index York County, SC. .htm) Overmountain Victory National Historic Smith, Page Trail. 1976 A New Age Begins. A People’s (http://www.nps.gov/ovvi/index History of the American .htm) Revolution. Volume 1. Penguin Books, New York.

143 132 Appendixes

State and Local Sites Colonial Dorchester State Historic Site (http://www.southcarolinaparks North Carolina .com/park-finder/state- Alamance Battleground Historic Site. park/725.aspx) (http://www.nchistoricsites.org Historic Camden Revolutionary War /alamance/alamanc.htm) Site (http://www.historic- Davidson’s Fort Historic Site camden.net/) (http://davidsonsfort.com/) Issac Hayne Tomb and House Site CSS Neuse and Governor Caswell (http://www.southcarolinaparks.co Memorial Historic Site m/product.aspx?productId=3567) (http://www.nchistoricsites.org Landsford Canal State Park /neuse /neuse.htm) (http://www.southcarolinaparks Brunswick Town / Fort Anderson State .com/park-finder/state- Historic Site park/916.aspx) (http://www.nchistoricsites.org/bru The McCelvey Center / Southern nswic/brunswic.htm) Revolutionary War Institute Historic Edenton (http://chmuseums.org/mccelvey/re (http://www.nchistoricsites.org vwar.php) /iredell /iredell.htm) Musgrove Mill State Historic Site Historic Halifax (http://www.southcarolinaparks.co (http://www.nchistoricsites.org/hali m/park-finder/state- fax /halifax.htm) park/3888.aspx) Old Salem Museums and Gardens The Olde English District (http://www.oldsalem.org/) (http://sctravel.net/) Tryon Palace Historic Site “South Carolina Economic Study. A (http://www.nchistoricsites.org Development and Economic Impact /tryon/tryon.htm) Study of the South Carolina National Heritage Corridor: A South Carolina Roadmap for Economic Andrew Jackson State Park Development.” August 2010. (http://www.southcarolinaparks (http://www.hrsm.sc.edu .com/park-finder/state- /travelandtourism/) park/1797.aspx)

133 144 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Fea sibility Study

134 Appendixes

PREPARERS AND CONSULTANTS

NPS Denver Service Center NPS American Battlefields Protection Program John Gerbich, Community Planner Cynthia Nelson, DSC Planning Branch Chief Tanya Gossett, Preservation Planner, Tom Thomas, Project Manager American Battlefields Protection Program NPS Southeast Regional Office Kristen McMasters, Archeologist, American Battlefields Protection Program Chris Abbett, Assistant Regional Director, Partnerships Local Planning Team K. Lynn Berry, Heritage Area Program Coordinator Paul Carson, Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail Superintendent NPS Park Planning and Christopher Revels, Chief Ranger, Kings Special Studies Mountain National Military Park Stephen Ware, Guilford Courthouse Cherri Espersen, Program Analyst National Military Park, Chief, Visitor Services NPS National Heritage Areas Program Office NPS Denver Service Center— Publications and GIS Services Katie Callahan Durcan, Assistant Coordinator for National Heritage Areas , Visual Information Martha Raymond, National Coordinator for Specialist Heritage Areas Wanda Gray Lafferty, Editor Phil Thys, Visual Information Specialist Rafael Zak Wood, GIS Specialist

135 146 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability/Fea sibility Study

136 As the nation’s principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has responsibility for most of our nationally owned public lands and natural resources. This includes fostering sound use of our land and water resources; protecting our fish, wildlife, and biological diversity; preserving the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historic places; and providing for the enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation. The department assesses our energy and mineral resources and works to ensure that their development is in the best interests of all our people by encouraging stewardship and citizen participation in their care. The department also has a major responsibility for American communities and for people who live in island territories under U.S. administration.

SOCR T26 124855 July 2014 Southern Campaign of the Revolution National Heritage Area Suitability / Feasibility Study North Carolina and South Carolina South and Carolina North Study / Feasibility Suitability Area Heritage National

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