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Woodland Occupation in the Upper Coastal Plain of South Carolina: An University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Archaeology and Anthropology, South Carolina Research Manuscript Series Institute of 10-1981 Woodland Occupation in the Upper Coastal Plain of South Carolina: An Archeological Reconnaissance of the Carolina Power and Light Company's Lake Robinson to Sumter 230 kV Transmission Line Corridor Veletta Canouts Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/archanth_books Part of the Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Canouts, Veletta, "Woodland Occupation in the Upper Coastal Plain of South Carolina: An Archeological Reconnaissance of the Carolina Power and Light Company's Lake Robinson to Sumter 230 kV Transmission Line Corridor" (1981). Research Manuscript Series. 174. https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/archanth_books/174 This Book is brought to you by the Archaeology and Anthropology, South Carolina Institute of at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Research Manuscript Series by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Woodland Occupation in the Upper Coastal Plain of South Carolina: An Archeological Reconnaissance of the Carolina Power and Light Company's Lake Robinson to Sumter 230 kV Transmission Line Corridor Description An archeological reconnaissance of the Lake Robinson to Sumter 230 kV transmission line used a probabilistic sampling design and predictive modeling to generate expectations about the nature of the archeological record in the upper Coastal Plain of South Carolina. The 62-km long corridor parallels the Fall Line sandhills. Six sites and three isolated finds were located in survey transects which comprised approximately 25% of the total corridor. Three historic sites were located on the better drained upland soils, conducive to the agrarian settlement in the area. Four of the prehistoric sites were identified as Woodland. These sites are compared with one another and with other Woodland sites in the various physiographic provinces of the state. Keywords Excavations, Indians of North America, Lake Robinson, Carolina Power and Light Company, Transmission lines, South Carolina, Archeology Disciplines Anthropology Publisher The outhS Carolina Institute of Archeology and Anthropology--University of South Carolina Comments In USC online Library catalog at: http://www.sc.edu/library/ This book is available at Scholar Commons: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/archanth_books/174 J g DA 35) t.f jl-LfB 33 L.£ '1/-1 2. 6~ 5!t 3,-,2 ?,]_"l'.j 3G-~"":"/ ';.?-;-ifc( v<) lifO:- :'3/)11~ K<' < . 3 -) .:31> L.e... Lf - '1J/- I G ??!£!{ 2</;;' 32 ", WOODL~ND OCCUPATION IN THE UPPER COASTAL PLAIN OF SOUTH CAROLINA: An Archeological Reconnaissance of the Carolina Power and Light Company's Lake Robinson to Sumter 230 kV Transmission Line Corridor Assembled by Veletta Canouts 1 ~ Research Manuscript Series ~~ \ 1) \J\ With Contributions by Michael A. Harmon William H. Monteith INSTITUTE OF ARCHEOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA COLu~BIA, SOUTH CAROLINA 29208 October 1981 ABSTRACT An archeological reconnaissance of the Lake Robinson to Sumter 230 kV transmission line used a probabilistic sampling design and predictive modeling to generate expectations about the nature of hte archeological record in the upper Coastal Plain of South Carolina. The 62-km long corridor parallels the Fall Line sandhills. Six sites and three isolated finds were located in survey transects which comprised approximately 25% of the total corridor. Three historic sites were located on the better drained upland soils, conducive to the agrarian settlement in the area. Four of the prehistoric sites were identified as Woodland. These sites are compared with one another and with other Woodland sites in the various physiographic provinces of the state• • ii .. • ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A number of dedicated individuals cooperated to enhance the quality of the field survey and the final report. Their efforts are gratefully acknowledged: Lynne Peters designed and executed the survey strategy. Her skill and experience ensured project continuity throughout, though she was only able to supervise the field phase. Bill Monteith is deserving of a special thank you for his assistance both in the field and laboratory. His tasks were many: shovel testing in dense cover in the hottest part of the summer (Fig. 13); analyzing the artifacts; processing field records; drafting the environmental description and transect data; and reviewing the Woodland site data. Mike Harmon guided the analytical phase. He wrote the pre­ dictive model research design that is being used for transmission line studies. His historical expertise proved especially valu­ able in writing the historic background and identifying the artifacts. Survey site file data being compiled on regional basis were also helpful. Several individuals have contributed: Ken Sas­ saman, Paul Graham, and Kristen Stevens compiled site data from the Coastal Plain counties for the Savannah River Plant Archeo­ logical Research Program, and Jim Sexton and Dick Taylor pro­ grammed a computer-assisted site inventory for the Piedmont synthesis, sponsored by the South Carolina Department of Archives and History. The cumulative talent and effort that the entire Institute staff has brought to bear on problems in South Carolina archeol­ ogy are also recognized, both personally and in the referenced works. Technical assistance in preparing this reprot was provided by Gordon Brown, photographer; Darby Erd, draftsman; and Kenn Pinson and Mary Burns, manuscript production• • iii • TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT. •••. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . iii LIST OF TABLES . v LIST OF FIGURES vi I. MANNAGEMENT SUMMARY. •••• 1 II. THE ARCHEOLOGICAL RESOURCES. 11 INTRODUCTION 12 The Project Design 12 Research Design: A Predictive Model 13 THE ARCHEOLOGICAL RECORD: AN ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 21 Ecological Assessment .. 21 Environmental Potential 26 Environmental Parameters 30 Site Formation Processes 32 Site Distribution. ..• 34 THE ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY. • 43 Survey Field Methods •. 43 Survey Results and Interpretation 49 Survey Evaluation 60 HODELING WOODLAND OCCUPATION ON THE UPPER COASTAL PLAIN: A COMMENT .••••.••.•• 65 APPENDIX I: CULTURAL-HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 68 APPENDIX II: SITE DESCRIPTIONS WITH ARTIFACT INVENTORIES 81 • REFERENCES . .. .. ... 96 iv • LIST OF TABLES 1. Archeological resources located in the Lake Robinson to Sumter 230 kV transmission line corridor 7 2. Utilized floral forms 27 3. Utilized fauna •. 29 4. Vegatation changes through time 33 5. Prehistoric culture history 35 6. Recorded archeological resources in the vicinity of the project corridor ••. •• •• ••••. 38 7. Distribution of Archaic and Woodland components by selected counties .•. .• •..• • 42 8. Survey transects along the Lake Robinson to Sumter transmission line corridor. ...•.••••.• 46 9. Environmental setting of archeological resources located along the Lake Robinson to Sumter transmission line corridor. .•••.•.•.•.••.••.• 51 10. Site location relative to soil productivity 53 11. Ceramic artifacts from sites in the Lake Robinson to Sumter transmission line corridor •• •• 58 12. Prehistoric lithic artifacts from sites in the Lake Robinson to Sumter transmission line corridor .• •• 59 13. Transect sampling estimates 63 14. Selected Woodland characteristics by physiographic province. .................... 66 • v • LIST OF FIGURES 1. Lake Robinson power plant with site 38DA48 in foreground 3 2. Map of project area and vicinity ••••••••• •• 4 3. Map of archeological resources located along the Lake Robinson to Sumter 230 kV transmission line corridor 6 4. Map of project area in relation to Sandhills Province. 22 5. Survey transect 77 (near Lake Robinson) 23 6. Schematic of soils in Darlington County sandhills • 31 7. Profile of survey corridor from Sumter to Lake Robinson power plant • .• .•••• •• 45 8. Archeologists' survey transects 50 9. Site 38DA47 • ·· .. 55 10. Site 38SU32 • 55 ll. Prehistoric ceramic wares . ·· 57 12. Irrigation ditch in survey transect 51 . ·· .. 61 13. Ground cover in survey transect 6 . 61 • vi • I. NANAGEMENT SUMMARY • • MAi'l"AGEMENT SUMMARY Under contract with the Carolina Power and Light Company, the Institute of Archeology and Anthropology conducted an arche­ ological reconnaissance survey of the proposed 230 kV trans­ mission line from the Lake Robinson power plant to Sumter, South Carolina (Fig. 1). Since the project involves secondary impacts, which will result when an existing 115 kV transmission line is rebuilt to carry 230 kilovolts, the company's assessment was limited in scope. However, the original transmission line cor­ ridor had never been surveyed archeologica1ly, and not only sec­ ondary but primary impacts caused by this and the original pro­ ject were a consideration. In the absence of pertinent federal or state regulations, both parties agreed to a one week field reconnaissnce. Even though a reconnaissance survey cannot assess fully the project's potentially adverse effects on the archeolog­ ical resources, given the lack of a previous survey, it can and did provide an opportunity to record a portion of the available archeological data which will contribute to a better understand­ ing of prehistoric and historic activity patterns in this area of South Carolina. The transmission line corridor extends for 39 miles (ca. 62 km) through the interior Coastal Plain. Lynne Peters, assisted by William Monteith, surveyed approximately ten linear miles (ca. 16 km) in four 10-hour days,
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