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Investigating the Cultural Identity of a Pre-Historic Habitation Site at Ames Plantation

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Investigating the Cultural Identity of a Pre-Historic Habitation Site at Ames Plantation 1 Investigating the Cultural Identity of a Pre-historic Habitation Site at Ames Plantation William Bruce 2010 Rhodes Institute for Regional Studies 2 Table of Contents I. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………3 a. Site location……………………………………………………………………………..…4 II. Environmental setting………………………………………………………………………….5 a. Physiogrpahy and Geology ……………………………………………………………….5 b. Climate……………………………………………………………………………………..8 c. Flora and Fauna ………………………………………………………………………….11 III. Research Design and Methods………………………………………………………………...12 a. Ceramic Analysis…………………………………………………………………12 b. Lithic Analysis………………………………………………………..…………..17 IV. Results of testing Holcombe II and Holcombe III……………………………………………22 a. Previous Archaeological Investigations………………………………………………….22 b. Holcombe II………………………………………………………………………………..23 a. Shovel Tests………………………………………………………………………23 b. Formal Excavation………………………………………………………………25 c. Holcombe III………………………………………………………………………………61 a. Shovel Tests………………………………………………………………………61 b. Formal Excavation………………………………………………………………62 d. Results……………………………………………………………………………………...63 a. Features…………………………………………………………………………..63 b. Artifact Assemblage……………………………………………………………..64 1. Ceramic Analysis………………………………………………………64 a. Paste Characteristics…………………………………………65 b. Surface Decoration…………………………………………...67 c. Discussion……………………………………………………..71 2. Lithic Analysis ………………………………………………………...72 V. Conclusions…………………………………………………………………………………….80 VI. Future Excavations……………………………………………………………………………81 VII. References cited ………………………………………………………………………………82 3 I. Introduction While a substantial amount of research has been conducted on the archaeological remains of prehistoric Native Americans, little information is known about the habitation areas they occupied. Most investigations by experts have been conducted on the ceremonial mounds that often characterize the time periods, but this was only one part of their lifestyle. Domestic activities, such as subsistence practices and trade, were also fundamental aspects of the history of Native Americans, and merit increased exploration by archaeologists. This report offers an examination of a prehistoric Native American habitation area located at the Holcombe II and Holcombe III sites (40FY281) of Ames plantation in Fayette County of west Tennessee. Information is provided on the results from digs over the past three years. While current excavations of the sites are incomplete, the remains gathered so far offer valuable information on the lifestyle of some of the prehistoric occupants of west Tennessee. Following the framework of a standard excavation report, this paper covers the numerous factors that would have influenced the lifestyle of the site’s inhabitants as well as forces that may have affected the integrity of the archaeological remains. Some of these include: geological history of the Mississippi Alluvial valley and surrounding areas, flora and fauna of the region, topography, and previous archaeological investigations. All are crucial in better understanding the lifestyle and culture of the area’s inhabitants. 4 Site Location The Native American site is located on Ames plantation, an 18,400 acre land base.1 Located in Fayette and Hardeman counties in west Tennessee, the area is located approximately 60 miles east of Memphis and about 10 miles north of the Tennessee-Mississippi line near Grand Junction, Tennessee.2 Today, the plantation has approximately 12,000 acres of forest and 2000 acres of commodity row crops3. The excavation sites are located on an area believed to have been owned by the Holcombe family near the bluffs of the north fork of the Wolf River.4 Sitting on top of a ridge, the excavation area is in close proximity of the Ames mound complex, a group of four prehistoric mounds which date roughly between the early Woodland period and the emergent Mississippian period.5 II. Environmental Setting 1 “Ames Plantation”, n.d., < http://www.amesplantation.org/> (accessed on June 16, 2010) 2 “Ames Plantation”, n.d., < http://www.amesplantation.org/> (accessed on June 16, 2010) 3 “Ames Plantation”, n.d., < http://www.amesplantation.org/> (accessed on June 16, 2010) 4 Andrew Mickelson, “2008 Research”,n.d., < https://umdrive.memphis.edu/amicklsn/www/ames2008.html> (accessed June 20, 2010) 5 Lecture by Andrew Mickelson 5 Physiography and Geology According to the writings of Nevin Fenneman, west Tennessee is included in the gulf coastal plain physiographic province.6 It is situated on the northern part of the Mississippi embayment syncline, a geological trough whose axis roughly parallels the Mississippi river.7 The Cretaceous, Paleocene, Eocene, and Plio-Pleistocene found between the Tennessee and Mississippi rivers get progressively younger as one moves from east to west.8 In addition, the western boundary of the region, the bottomlands of the Mississippi river floodplain, is underlain 6 Guy Weaver, C. Andrew Buchner, Mitchell Childress, Mary Starr, Archaeological Investigations at Three sites Near Arlington, State Route 385 (Paul Barrett Parkway), Shelby County, Tennessee (Nashville: Tennessee Department of Transportation Environmental Planning office, 1999),p.4 7 Guy Weaver, C. Andrew Buchner, Mitchell Childress, Mary Starr 4 8 Guy Weaver, C. Andrew Buchner, Mitchell Childress, Mary Starr 4 6 by recent alluvium.9 The coastal plain sands and clays of west Tennessee were cropped with quaternary eolian loess deposits 20 to 90 ft thick near the Mississippi river. These deposits become thinner to the east of the river.10 Drainage into the area occurs through the stems of the main stream which flow from east to west. Material is also exposed by east to west drainages.11 These cut the loess sheet and redeposit sediments in the local floodplains including mixed sand, silt, clay, and gravel.12 The area is recognized for being composed largely of rolling hills and relatively narrow flat floodplains.13 Steep and severely eroded channel land is somewhat common in the loess hill zones.14 The pre-Cenozoic and post-Paleocene geological history of the Mississippi embayment area is of interest to archaeologists. Alluvial surfaces of the Mississippi river and its tributaries generally lack sediments coarser than sand.15 Instances of gravel deposition have transpired during at least two major intervals. One occurred during the uplift and subsequent long period of erosion of the Pascola arch during the cretaceous period. This resulted in the exposure of Cambrian age Lamotte sandstone and later Paleozoic sandstones and chert bearing limestones to erosion.16 These substances were then transported by eastward flowing streams. This phenomenon resulted in the formation of a mixed terrestrial marine, sand, and gravel deposit known as the Tuscaloosa formation.17 Following gravel deposition, the pascola arch subsided, 9 Guy Weaver, C. Andrew Buchner, Mitchell Childress, Mary Starr 4 10 Guy Weaver, C. Andrew Buchner, Mitchell Childress, Mary Starr 4 11 Guy Weaver, C. Andrew Buchner, Mitchell Childress, Mary Starr 4 12 Guy Weaver, C. Andrew Buchner, Mitchell Childress, Mary Starr 4 13 Guy Weaver, C. Andrew Buchner, Mitchell Childress, Mary Starr 4 14 Guy Weaver, C. Andrew Buchner, Mitchell Childress, Mary Starr 4 15 Guy Weaver, C. Andrew Buchner, Mitchell Childress, Mary Starr 4 16 Guy Weaver, C. Andrew Buchner, Mitchell Childress, Mary Starr 4 17 Guy Weaver, C. Andrew Buchner, Mitchell Childress, Mary Starr 4 7 resulting in the west Tennessee area becoming filled with tertiary marine sediment wedges.18 With the onset of the Pleistocene period came the lowering of sea levels, causing tertiary deposits to become exposed. This caused erosion to the Tuscaloosa gravel and the redeposit of some of this material on top of the eroded tertiary surfaces. Mixed sediments then formed on the undifferentiated sand and gravel substratum.19 This substratum was then reworked and more material deposited above it as a result of the formation of braided stream terraces. These terraces were the result of glacial outwash.20 The later Pliocene gravel deposits, identified as Citronelle gravel, lie beneath the loess sheet and became exposed by erosion.21 Such gravel deposits were exploited for the making of stone tools during the prehistoric period.22 Exposure and erosion also caused iron-bearing groundwater to move through the tertiary deposits of the coastal plain.23 This resulted in the formation of ferruginous sandstones, siltstones, and conglomerates. These rocks are primarily concentrated in uplands near the headwaters of the Mississippi river tributaries.24 There exists a large outcrop of ferruginous sandstone in Tipton County, an area adjacent to Fayette County to the northwest. In addition, a deposit of ferruginous sandstone in closer geographical proximity to Ames is located just north of Somerville within Fayette County.25 As dense iron containing stones, they were relied on by prehistoric peoples for the manufacture of heavy grinding, pounding, and chopping tools.26 Between the Mississippi river floodplain and the west Tennessee uplands is the west Tennessee 18 Guy Weaver, C. Andrew Buchner, Mitchell Childress, Mary Starr 4 19 Guy Weaver, C. Andrew Buchner, Mitchell Childress, Mary Starr 4 20 Guy Weaver, C. Andrew Buchner, Mitchell Childress, Mary Starr 4 21 Guy Weaver, C. Andrew Buchner, Mitchell Childress, Mary Starr 4 22 Guy Weaver, C. Andrew Buchner, Mitchell Childress, Mary Starr 4 23 Guy Weaver, C. Andrew Buchner, Mitchell Childress, Mary Starr 4 24 Guy Weaver, C. Andrew Buchner, Mitchell Childress, Mary Starr.4
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