Otto Von Bismarck
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The German North Sea Ports' Absorption Into Imperial Germany, 1866–1914
From Unification to Integration: The German North Sea Ports' absorption into Imperial Germany, 1866–1914 Henning Kuhlmann Submitted for the award of Master of Philosophy in History Cardiff University 2016 Summary This thesis concentrates on the economic integration of three principal German North Sea ports – Emden, Bremen and Hamburg – into the Bismarckian nation- state. Prior to the outbreak of the First World War, Emden, Hamburg and Bremen handled a major share of the German Empire’s total overseas trade. However, at the time of the foundation of the Kaiserreich, the cities’ roles within the Empire and the new German nation-state were not yet fully defined. Initially, Hamburg and Bremen insisted upon their traditional role as independent city-states and remained outside the Empire’s customs union. Emden, meanwhile, had welcomed outright annexation by Prussia in 1866. After centuries of economic stagnation, the city had great difficulties competing with Hamburg and Bremen and was hoping for Prussian support. This thesis examines how it was possible to integrate these port cities on an economic and on an underlying level of civic mentalities and local identities. Existing studies have often overlooked the importance that Bismarck attributed to the cultural or indeed the ideological re-alignment of Hamburg and Bremen. Therefore, this study will look at the way the people of Hamburg and Bremen traditionally defined their (liberal) identity and the way this changed during the 1870s and 1880s. It will also investigate the role of the acquisition of colonies during the process of Hamburg and Bremen’s accession. In Hamburg in particular, the agreement to join the customs union had a significant impact on the merchants’ stance on colonialism. -
University Microfilms
INFORMATION TO USERS This dissertation was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and ’ continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. -
Victories Are Not Enough: Limitations of the German Way of War
VICTORIES ARE NOT ENOUGH: LIMITATIONS OF THE GERMAN WAY OF WAR Samuel J. Newland December 2005 Visit our website for other free publication downloads http://www.StrategicStudiesInstitute.army.mil/ To rate this publication click here. This publication is a work of the United States Government, as defined in Title 17, United States Code, section 101. As such, it is in the public domain and under the provisions of Title 17, United States Code, section 105, it may not be copyrighted. ***** The views expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. This report is cleared for public release; distribution is unlimited. ***** My sincere thanks to the U.S. Army War College for approving and funding the research for this project. It has given me the opportunity to return to my favorite discipline, Modern German History, and at the same time, develop a monograph which has implications for today’s army and officer corps. In particular, I would like to thank the Dean of the U.S. Army War College, Dr. William Johnsen, for agreeing to this project; the Research Board of the Army War College for approving the funds for the TDY; and my old friend and colleague from the Militärgeschichliches Forschungsamt, Colonel (Dr.) Karl-Heinz Frieser, and some of his staff for their assistance. In addition, I must also thank a good former student of mine, Colonel Pat Cassidy, who during his student year spent a considerable amount of time finding original curricular material on German officer education and making it available to me. -
M207 Publication Title: Papers of Hermann Von Boyen, Ca. 1787
Publication Number: M207 Publication Title: Papers of Hermann von Boyen, ca. 1787-1848 Date Published: 1952 PAPERS OF HERMANN VON BOYER, CA. 1787-1848 Introduction The records reproduced in this microfilm publication consist of papers of Herman von Boyen, an officer of the Prussian Army during the Napoleonic Wars, a leader of the military reform movement, and twice War Minister of Prussia. The paper binders and folders in which these documents are filed bear the imprint of the Heeresarchiv at Potsdam, which was the custodian of the collection. Some folders also bear the earlier label of the Geheimes Archiv des Kriegsminsteriums or of the Kriegs Archiv des Grossen Generalstabes; these institutions appear to have been the previous repositories for parts of the Reichsarchiv; in 1936, however, it was separated from the Reichsarchiv, and all military records and related materials in the legal custody of the latter were transferred to it. During the military operations in Germany in 1945 the documents reproduced in this microfilm publication came into the possession of the United States armed forces. In 1947 the War Department transferred them to the National Archives, where they constitute part of a body of records designated as Record Group 242, World War II Collection of Seized Enemy Records. Herman von Boyen was born at Kreuzberg, East Prussia, on June 23, 1771, and died at Berlin on February 15, 1848. He saw early service as a staff officer in Poland, 1794-96, and soon became widely known as a military writer. After the Peace of Tilsit he was made a member of the Commission for Military Reorganization, under the presidency of General von Scharnhorst, and was appointed to the Prussian Ministry of War. -
Volker Sellin European Monarchies from 1814 to 1906
Volker Sellin European Monarchies from 1814 to 1906 Volker Sellin European Monarchies from 1814 to 1906 A Century of Restorations Originally published as Das Jahrhundert der Restaurationen, 1814 bis 1906, Munich: De Gruyter Oldenbourg, 2014. Translated by Volker Sellin An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libra- ries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 License, as of February 23, 2017. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. ISBN 978-3-11-052177-1 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-052453-6 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-052209-9 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2017 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston Cover Image: Louis-Philippe Crépin (1772–1851): Allégorie du retour des Bourbons le 24 avril 1814: Louis XVIII relevant la France de ses ruines. Musée national du Château de Versailles. bpk / RMN - Grand Palais / Christophe Fouin. Printing and binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck ♾ Printed on acid-free paper Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com Contents Introduction 1 France1814 8 Poland 1815 26 Germany 1818 –1848 44 Spain 1834 63 Italy 1848 83 Russia 1906 102 Conclusion 122 Bibliography 126 Index 139 Introduction In 1989,the world commemorated the outbreak of the French Revolution two hundred years earlier.The event was celebratedasthe breakthrough of popular sovereignty and modernconstitutionalism. -
Germany from Luther to Bismarck
University of California at San Diego HIEU 132 GERMANY FROM LUTHER TO BISMARCK Fall quarter 2009 #658659 Class meets Tuesdays and Thursdays from 2 until 3:20 in Warren Lecture Hall 2111 Professor Deborah Hertz Humanities and Social Science Building 6024 534 5501 Readers of the papers and examinations: Ms Monique Wiesmueller, [email protected]. Office Hours: Wednesdays 1:30 to 3 and by appointment CONTACTING THE PROFESSOR Please do not contact me by e-mail, but instead speak to me before or after class or on the phone during my office hour. I check the mailbox inside of our web site regularly. In an emergency you may contact the assistant to the Judaic Studies Program, Ms. Dorothy Wagoner at [email protected]; 534 4551. CLASSROOM ETIQUETTE. Please do not eat in class, drinks are acceptable. Please note that you should have your laptops, cell phones, and any other devices turned off during class. Students do too much multi-tasking for 1 the instructor to monitor. Try the simple beauty of a notebook and a pen. If so many students did not shop during class, you could enjoy the privilege of taking notes on your laptops. Power point presentations in class are a gift to those who attend and will not be available on the class web site. Attendance is not taken in class. Come to learn and to discuss. Class texts: All of the texts have been ordered with Groundworks Books in the Old Student Center and have been placed on Library Reserve. We have a systematic problem that Triton Link does not list the Groundworks booklists, but privileges the Price Center Bookstore. -
Hin : Alexander Von Humboldt Im Netz
Markus Lenz Bewegte Systematik. Alexander von Humboldts „Amerikanische Reisetagebücher“ als Problemfelder der Literaturgeschichte und historischen Epistemologie Themenschwerpunkt Amerikanische Reisetagebücher HiN XVI, 31 (2015) ISSN: 1617–5239 Ingo Schwarz „etwas hervor- Julia Bispinck-Roßbacher Markus Alexander Lenz zubringen, was meines Kö- „Zwischen den Zeilen …“ Zur Bewegte Systematik. Alexan- nigs und meines Vaterlandes kodikologischen Untersu- der von Humboldts Amerika- werth sein kann“ – Briefe von chung der Amerikanischen nische Reisetagebücher als Alexander von Humboldt an Reisetagebücher von Alexan- Problemfelder der Literatur- Friedrich Wilhelm III., 1805 der von Humboldt geschichte und historischen Epistemologie Ottmar Ette Tras la huella de Tobias Kraft Humboldts la vida. El proyecto de larga Hefte. Geschichte und Ge- David Blankenstein, duración „Centro Alejandro genwart von Tagebuch-For- Bénédicte Savoy Frontale de Humboldt. Ciencia en schung und -Rezeption Präsenz. Zu einem unbe- movimiento“ edita los apun- kannten Porträt Alexander tes transdisciplinarios de Dominik Erdmann, Jutta von Humboldts im Besitz des Humboldt Weber Nachlassgeschichten – französischen Conseil d’État Bemerkungen zu Humboldts Horst Bredekamp Die Ameri- nachgelassenen Papieren Margot Faak Alexander von kanischen Reisetagebücher: in der Berliner Staatsbib- Humboldts Amerikareise ein erster Zugang liothek und der Biblioteka Jagiellońska Krakau Universität Potsdam Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften Internationale Zeitschrift für Humboldt-Studien International Review for Humboldtian Studies Revista internacional de estudios humboldtianos Revue internationale d‘études humboldtiennes ISSN: 1617–5239 HiN XVI, 31 (2015) Impressum Herausgeber Prof. Dr. Ottmar Ette, Prof. Dr. Eberhard Knobloch Editorial Board Dr. Tobias Kraft, Dr. Ulrich Päßler, Dr. Thomas Schmuck Redaktionelle Mitarbeit Katja Schicht, Sandra Ewers Advisory Board Prof. Dr. Walther L. Bernecker, Prof. Dr. Laura Dassow Walls, Prof. -
Die Burgkellerbibliothek Oder Progreßbibliothek Der
Die „Burgkeller-“ oder „Progreßbibliothek“ der Burschenschaft Arminia auf dem Burgkeller-Jena im Bundesarchiv Koblenz, Bestd. DB 9: Deutsche Burschenschaft Gesellschaft für burschenschaftliche Geschichtsforschung e. V. Archiv und Bücherei zusammengestellt und bearbeitet von Peter Kaupp und Harald Lönnecker Frankfurt am Main 2002 Dateiabruf unter: www.burschenschaft.de Die „Burgkeller-“ oder „Progreßbibliothek“ der Burschenschaft Arminia auf dem Burgkeller-Jena im Bundesarchiv Koblenz, Bestd. DB 9: Deutsche Burschenschaft Gesellschaft für burschenschaftliche Geschichtsforschung e. V. Archiv und Bücherei zusammengestellt und bearbeitet von Peter Kaupp und Harald Lönnecker Die „Burgkellerbibliothek“ oder „Progreßbibliothek“ der Burschenschaft Arminia auf dem Burgkeller-Jena entstand in den dreißiger, vierziger und fünfziger Jahren des 19. Jahrhunderts und wurde bis etwa 1930 fortlaufend ergänzt. Die Bibliothek ist die einzig erhaltene einer Burschenschaft aus der Zeit des Vormärz. Die Bibliothek befand sich bis in die 1930er Jahre im „Burgkeller“, einer Gastwirtschaft, in der die Burschenschaft tagte und die sie später kaufte. Während sich ein Großteil des Bestandes seit etwa 1870 durch die Bombardierung Jenas 1945 nicht erhalten hat, wurde der älteste Teil durch die Abgabe an Archiv und Bücherei gerettet. Erleichtert wurde die Trennung dadurch, daß die Bibliothek im numerus currens geordnet war. Dies wurde beibehalten. Die nachstehenden beiden Auflistungen wurden im Juni und Juli 2002 anhand des numerischen Zettelkatologs (zwei Kästen: DBz 1–500 und DBz 501–981), den der Leiter des Archivs und der Bücherei, Dr. Harald Lönnecker, erarbeitete und mir leihweise überließ, erstellt. Die Abschrift erfolgte ohne Format-Angaben. Trotz einiger Sorgfalt sind Fehler nicht ganz auszuschließen. Die Auflistung ist in zwei Teile gegliedert: A. Bestand der Progreßbibliothek der Burschenschaft Arminia auf dem Burgkeller- Jena in numerischer Folge; B. -
Modern German History
THE OXFORD HANDBOOK OF MODERN GERMAN HISTORY Edited by HELMUT W ALSER SMITH OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS PART III GERMANY: THE NATION STATE sALfiC sE:A NORTH sf.A RUSSIA Kingdom of Prussia Annexed by Prussia in 1866 Joined the North German Confederation, 1 Joined the German Empire, 1871 Annexed by Germany, 1871 0 100 200 FRANCE Mi! es AUSTRIAN EMPIRE Map 2 Creation of the German Empire Source: James Retallack (ed.), Short Oxford History of Germany: Imperial Germany 1871-1918 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), 313. CHAPTER 13 NATION STATE, CONFLICT RESOLUTION, AND CULTURE WAR, 1850-1878 SIEGFRIED WEICHLEIN RITUALs combine past and present. At least this is the intention of their protagonists. During the nineteenth century, this was particularly true for monarchs whose rule had always been symbolically charged. The French king of the restoration, Charles X, had himself crowned like a medieval monarch in the Cathedral of Reims on 31 May 1825. This event was followed by a ceremony of healing the sick in the tradition of the 'rais thaumaturges,' with Charles X speaking the traditional formula used to eure those · suffering from scrofula: 'Le rai te tauche, Dieu te guerisse' ('the king touches you, may the Lord heal you'). 1 Charles X possessed, however, as much faith in modern science as in divine assistance, as three ofhis personal physicians were present at the ceremony to look after the siele. On 18 October 1861, King Wilhelm I of Prussia, who had a monarchic family history of a mere 160 years, similarly employed symbols to empha size his royal status. -
Victories Are Not Enough: Limitations of the German Way of War
VICTORIES ARE NOT ENOUGH: LIMITATIONS OF THE GERMAN WAY OF WAR Samuel J. Newland December 2005 Visit our website for other free publication downloads http://www.StrategicStudiesInstitute.army.mil/ To rate this publication click here. This publication is a work of the United States Government, as defined in Title 17, United States Code, section 101. As such, it is in the public domain and under the provisions of Title 17, United States Code, section 105, it may not be copyrighted. ***** The views expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. This report is cleared for public release; distribution is unlimited. ***** My sincere thanks to the U.S. Army War College for approving and funding the research for this project. It has given me the opportunity to return to my favorite discipline, Modern German History, and at the same time, develop a monograph which has implications for today’s army and officer corps. In particular, I would like to thank the Dean of the U.S. Army War College, Dr. William Johnsen, for agreeing to this project; the Research Board of the Army War College for approving the funds for the TDY; and my old friend and colleague from the Militärgeschichliches Forschungsamt, Colonel (Dr.) Karl-Heinz Frieser, and some of his staff for their assistance. In addition, I must also thank a good former student of mine, Colonel Pat Cassidy, who during his student year spent a considerable amount of time finding original curricular material on German officer education and making it available to me. -
German Unification German Unification Took a Different Course
German Unification German unification took a different course from Italian unification even though—because of the time proximity of the movements—the two are generally considered similar. In Italy, although the most radical movements lost out in the struggle for unification and the country was not united as a republic, unification represented a victory for liberals. The Kingdom of Italy had a constitution based on the French Constitution of 1830 but it quickly evolved into a constitution in which the legislature had considerable powers with respect to the executive. The Italian parliamentary system had flaws but by the twentieth century was roughly comparable to the British or the French parliaments of the same period. The German Parliament, however, was inferior to the executive power (the Emperor) and in the twentieth century lost several battles to become stronger—a direct consequence of how Germany was unified. Another important contrast was that Germany was unified primarily by war. War played a part in Italian unification, but diplomacy had a greater role. Another major difference was that, although Italy had been unified by Piedmont, within 16 years that region ceased to dominate the country. In contrast, Prussia, the state that unified Germany, remained supreme in that country at least until 1918 but really until 1933, when Hitler came to power. Prussia’s domination of the country, again, a consequence of how Germany was unified, played a crucial role in later European and world affairs. The Lessons of 1848 Many German patriots drew two important lessons from the revolutions of 1848. The “Big German” solution of incorporating Austria into a united Germany was dropped as being impossible (this was shown by the failure of the Frankfurt Parliament). -
Introduction Prussia: War, Theory and Moltke
NOTES INTRODUCTION PRUSSIA: WAR, THEORY AND MOLTKE 001. From Stephen J. Gould, Leonardo’s Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (New York, 1998), p. 393. Gould argues that post-modernist critique should give us a healthy scepticism towards the ‘complex and socially embedded reasons behind the original formulations of our established cat- egories’. Surely this applies to the Prussian military before 1914. 002. Gerhard Weinberg, Germany, Hitler and World War II: Essays in Modern Germany and World History (Cambridge, 1995), p. 287. 003. Although the image of nineteenth-century Germany had begun to shift a bit before August 1914, the sea change took place thereafter and since 1945 has been fairly uniformly grey, at least in the English cultural world. Fifty years past World War II has not erased the negative image of the ‘Hun’, German national character and Germany prior to August 1914. Peter E. Firchow, The Death of the German Cousin: Variations on a Literary Stereotype: 1890–1920 (Lewisburg, 1986), passim. 004. These are the three great historiographical controversies which have erupted since the end of World War II. Each one paints nineteenth-century Germany in dark, twentieth-century colours. The first and third confront the Prussian–German Army directly, describing it in militaristic terms. All three describe various attempts to attach the Third Reich, and especially the Holocaust, to German history before 1933, and especially before 1914. The Fischer controversy was touched off by the publication of Fritz Fischer’s book, Griff nach der Weltmacht (Düsseldorf, 1961), translated as Germany’s Aims in the First World War (New York, 1967), in which he argued that Nazi foreign policy was a continuation of German foreign policy in 1914–18.