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Otto Von Bismarck Otto von Bismarck Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck Retrato de Otto von Bismarck 1871. Canciller de Alemania 21 de marzo de 1871-20 de marzo de 1890 Monarca Guillermo I (1871-1888) Federico III (1888) Guillermo II (1888-1890) Predecesor Primer Titular Sucesor Leo von Caprivi Primer ministro de Prusia 23 de septiembre de 1862-1 de enero de 1873 Predecesor Adolf zu Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen Sucesor Albrecht von Roon 9 de noviembre de 1873-20 de marzo de 1890 Predecesor Albrecht von Roon Sucesor Leo von Caprivi Datos personales Nacimiento 1 de abril de 1815 Schönhausen, Prusia Fallecimiento 30 de julio de 1898 (83 años) Friedrichsruh, Alemania Partido sin etiquetar Cónyuge Johanna von Puttkamer Hijos Herbert von Bismarck y Wilhelm von Bismarck Ocupación político, diplomático y jurista Alma máter Universidad de Gotinga Religión luteranismo Firma de Otto von Bismarck [editar datos en Wikidata] Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck-Schönhausen, Príncipe de Bismarck y Duque de Lauenburg (Schönhausen, 1 de abrilde 1815–Friedrichsruh, 30 de julio de 1898)1 conocido como Otto von Bismarck, fue un estadista, burócrata, militar, político yprosista alemán, considerado el fundador del Estado alemán moderno. Durante sus últimos años de vida se le apodó el «Canciller de Hierro» por su determinación y mano dura en la gestión de todo lo relacionado con su país,n. 1 que incluía la creación de un sistema de alianzas internacionales que aseguraran la supremacía de Alemania, conocido como el Reich.1 Cursó estudios de leyes y, a partir de 1835, trabajó en los tribunales de Berlín y Aquisgrán, actividad que abandonó tres años más tarde para dedicarse al cuidado de sus posesiones territoriales.2 En 1847 entró a formar parte del parlamento prusiano,2donde muy pronto se convirtió en líder del ala conservadora.2 Se enfrentó duramente a la revolución de 1848, y por esa época comenzó a perfilar lo que sería su principal objetivo político: la unificación de Alemania y la creación del Reich desde preceptos autoritarios y antiparlamentarios.3 En 1862, tras ser nombrado primer ministro de Prusia, emprendió una importante reforma militar que le permitió disponer de un poderoso ejército para llevar a cabo sus planes de unificación. De esta forma, en 1864 consiguió arrebatar a Dinamarca losducados de Lauenburgo,4 Schleswig 4 y Holstein 4 y, dos años más tarde, después de la lucha contra Austria, consiguió la anexión de Hesse,4 Fráncfort,4 Hannover 4 y Nassau,4 lo que dio lugar a la creación de la Confederación de Alemania del Norte,5 con Bismarck como canciller.5 Por último, la guerra contra Francia supuso la adhesión de Baviera, entre otros estados, y en 1871 se proclamó el Segundo Imperio Alemán en el Palacio de Versalles de París.6 Bismarck se convirtió en primer ministro de Prusia y canciller.6 Durante los 19 años que se mantuvo en el poder llevó a cabo una política conservadora, enfrentándose inicialmente a los católicos y combatiendo a la socialdemocracia.1 Fue también el organizador de la Triple Alianza, con Italia y Austria- Hungría, creada en 1882 para aislar a Francia. La política interior de Bismarck7 se apoyó en un régimen de poder autoritario, a pesar de la apariencia constitucional y delsufragio universal destinado a neutralizar a las clases medias (Constitución federal de 1871). Inicialmente gobernó en coalición con los liberales, centrándose en contrarrestar la influencia de la Iglesia católica (Kulturkampf) y en favorecer los intereses de los grandes terratenientes mediante una política económica librecambista;1 en 1879 rompió con los liberales y se alió con el partido católico (Zentrum), adoptando posturas proteccionistas que favorecieran el crecimiento industrial alemán.1 En esa segunda época centró sus esfuerzos en frenar el movimiento obrero alemán, al que ilegalizó aprobando las Leyes Antisocialistas, al tiempo que intentaba atraerse a los trabajadores con la legislación social más avanzada del momento.1 En política exterior,8 se mostró prudente para consolidar la unidad alemana recién conquistada: por un lado, forjó un entramado de alianzas diplomáticas (con Austria, Rusia e Italia) destinado a aislar a Francia en previsión de su posible revancha;9 por otro, mantuvo a Alemania apartada de la vorágine imperialista que por entonces arrastraba al resto de las potencias europeas. Fue precisamente esta precaución frente a la carrera colonial la que le enfrentó con el nuevo emperador, Guillermo II (1888-1918), partidario de prolongar la ascensión de Alemania con la adquisición de un Imperio ultramarino, asunto que provocó la caída de Bismarck en 1890. Al faltarle el apoyo del emperador Guillermo II, quien había subido al trono en 1888, Bismarck presentó sudimisión en 1890 y se retiró a vivir al campo. Falleció en Friedrichsruh el 30 de julio de 1898 a los 83 años de edad.1 2 Índice [ocultar] 1 Genealogía o 1.1 Ascendencia o 1.2 Descendencia 2 Biografía o 2.1 Los primeros años (1815 - 1847) . 2.1.1 Infancia . 2.1.2 Estudios universitarios . 2.1.3 Labor en los tribunales . 2.1.4 Retiro de la actividad burocrática o 2.2 El Landtag unificado (1847 - 1851) . 2.2.1 Elección y desarrollo como miembro del Landtag . 2.2.2 Defensa por la clase alta . 2.2.3 Seguidor del Prusianismo o 2.3 Embajador en Fráncfort, San Petersburgo y París (1851 – 1862) . 2.3.1 Bundestag en Fráncfort . 2.3.2 Embajador en San Petersburgo . 2.3.3 Embajador en París . 2.3.4 Causas del nombramiento como ministro . 2.3.5 Nombramiento como ministro o 2.4 El conflicto constitucional (1862 – 1864) . 2.4.1 Posesión del "timón prusiano" 3 La unidad alemana en beneficio de Prusia 4 La creación del Imperio alemán 5 Los últimos años 6 Véase también 7 Fuentes o 7.1 Notas o 7.2 Referencias o 7.3 Bibliografía consultada o 7.4 Bibliografía complementaria . 7.4.1 Principal . 7.4.2 Mitos y leyendas sobre Otto von Bismarck . 7.4.3 Literatura de la época de Bismarck 8 Webs sobre la Unificación Alemana y Bismarck 9 Enlaces externos Genealogía[editar] Ascendencia[editar] La familia Bismarck era una familia de la antigua nobleza que antes de Otto von Bismarck no había dado ninguna personalidad relevante. Su padre, Ferdinand, era un hidalgode provincias poco influyente, que había renunciado prematuramente a su cargo de oficial del ejército prusiano10 En 1806 se había casado con Luise Wilhelmine Mencken, unaburguesa hija de un consejero privado vinculado ideológicamente al barón del Imperio Von Stein. Comparada con el tosco hidalgo campesino, su esposa era una personalidad eminente y muy cultivada, cuya mayor ambición se cifraba en su hijo. A menudo se ha discutido la influencia que ejerció en el joven Bismarck la disparidad de caracteres y de origen de sus progenitores. La cuestión, sin embargo, es uno de esos arcanos de la naturaleza que la razón humana jamás llegará a descifrar.11 12 En Bismarck parece también confirmarse el hecho de que las personas geniales surgen precisamente de la diversidad. En el futuro, el propio Bismarck se sentiría cada vez más atraído por su padre, a pesar de ser consciente de su primitivismo.11 Su madre quiso guiarle e influirle en demasía. El hijo afirmaría más tarde: «Mi madre era una mujer hermosa, amante del lujo, de inteligencia despejada y viva, pero carente casi por completo de eso que llamamos carácter berlinés».13 Descendencia[editar] Otto von Bismarck únicamente tuvo una esposa, Johanna, con quien tuvo dos hijos y una hija: Marie, Herbert y Wilhelm. Los tres viajaron con él a los muchos lugares que él visitó como Fráncfort, San Petersburgo y París. En una carta enviada a su esposa escribe: «Los tres son lo más hermoso que he tenido y sólo por eso sigo aquí».14 De sus tres hijos, el más sobresaliente para los historiadores y expertos de la vida de Bismarck fue Wilhelm,15 pues logró redactar una pequeña biografía de la vida de su padre durante su lucha por la unificación de Alemania y en su cargo en el Parlamento de Fráncfort.15 No obstante, aunque en menor medida, Herbert y Marie también destacaron en la vida aristocrática alemana. Biografía[editar] Los primeros años (1815 - 1847)[editar] Infancia[editar] Retrato de Otto von Bismarck a la edad de 11 años en 1826. Dibujo a carboncillo de Franz Krüger.16 Bismarck nació el 1 de abril de 1815,1 año de la derrota definitiva de Napoleón en Waterloo.17 Fue el cuarto hijo de una familia numerosa. Durante su infancia, no ocurrió ni un suceso destacado. Bismarck se sabía miembro de la nobleza; su formación, no obstante, respondió en las líneas esenciales a los deseos de su madre y fue muy diferente de la que se acostumbraba entonces en los círculos de la nobleza rural prusiana. Estudió en Berlín, primero en la Plamannsche Lehranstalt, luego en el Instituto Friedrich-Wilhelm y por último en el Graue Kloster ("Convento Gris").1 Bismarck no destacó demasiado entre sus maestros y compañeros. Más tarde se diría que abandonó la escuela convertido en unpanteísta y convencido de que la república era la forma de gobierno más racional. Tales palabras encerraban una crítica retrospectiva a las instituciones docentes de la época, más influidas por el espíritu burgués y el humanismo que por la tradición monárquico- conservadora. No obstante, afirmar su perfecta compenetración con la república es, a todas luces, exagerado. Estudios universitarios[editar] Bismarck durante los años en que era estudiante de Gotinga. Autor anónimo, hacia 1836.18 En 1832, a los diecisiete años, se matriculó en la Universidad de Gotinga para estudiar Derecho. De todos sus profesores, Bismarck sólo se interesó por Heeren, historiador y profesor de Derecho público cuyas ideas sobre elmapa político europeo le dominarían en gran medida en el futuro.19 Bismarck se hizo miembro del Corps Hanovera, pero apenas aprovechó las posibilidades intelectuales que le ofrecía aquella ciudad universitaria, tan famosa en su tiempo, sino que se entregó en cuerpo y alma a las alegrías de la vida estudiantil.
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