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South African CRIME QUARTERLY No South African CRIME QUARTERLY No. 55 | Mar 2016 Previous issues In this edition Camilla Pickles asks whether ISS Pretoria obstetric violence should be criminalised. Block C, Brooklyn Court Inge Wessels and Cathy Ward offer a 361 Veale Street model for assessing the evidence base New Muckleneuk of parenting programmes. Carina du Toit Pretoria, South Africa and Zita Hansungule analyse judgements Tel: +27 12 346 9500 relating to the sentencing of children who Fax: +27 12 460 0998 turn 18 just before they are sentenced. Hema Hargovan assesses the use of victim/ ISS Addis Ababa offender dialogues and how they inform 5th Floor, Get House parole decisions. Gwen Dereymaeker Building, Africa Avenue analyses civil claims against the SAPS and Simon Howell et al discuss fluctuations in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia drug prices over time in Cape Town. Tel: +251 11 515 6320 Fax: +251 11 515 6449 ISS Dakar 4th Floor, Immeuble Atryum SACQ 53 is a special edition on Route de Ouakam commissions of inquiry into policing, guest Dakar, Senegal edited by Elrena van der Spuy. The focus of Tel: +221 33 860 3304/42 this edition was prompted by the release of Fax: +221 33 860 3343 the findings in 2015 of the Khayelitsha Commission of Inquiry into policing ISS Nairobi deficiencies in the Western Cape township; Braeside Gardens and the Farlam Commission that investigated off Muthangari Road police culpability in the deaths of protesting Lavington, Nairobi, Kenya miners at Marikana. The edition concludes with a interview with Judge Kate O’Regan, Cell: +254 72 860 7642 who reflects on her experience in heading Cell: +254 73 565 0300 the Khayelitsha Commission. www.issafrica.org > Probing the roots of community in District Six > The relevance of social cohesion to a city in the global South > Violence, local rule and party popularity in Imizamo Yethu > The Community Work Programme and its impact on social cohesion > Fear of crime and social cohesion in South Africa > How patterns of social cohesion vary with crime and fear The Institute for Security Studies is an African organisation which aims to enhance human security on the continent. It does independent and authoritative research, provides expert policy analysis and advice, and delivers practical training and technical assistance. © 2016, Institute for Security Studies All material in this edition of SACQ, with the exception of the front cover image, is subject to a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Licensing conditions are available from https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ ISSN 1991-3877 First published by the Institute for Security Studies, P O Box 1787, Brooklyn Square 0075 Pretoria, South Africa www.issafrica.org SACQ can be freely accessed on-line at http://www.issafrica.org/publications/south-african-crime-quarterly Editor Chandré Gould e-mail [email protected] Editorial board Professor Ann Skelton, Director: Centre for Child Law, University of Pretoria Judge Jody Kollapen, High Court of South Africa Dr Jonny Steinberg, Research Associate, Centre for Criminology, Oxford University Dr Jamil Mujuzi, Faculty of Law, University of the Western Cape Associate Professor Catherine Ward, Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town Associate Professor Dee Smythe, Director of the Centre for Law and Society, University of Cape Town Professor Bill Dixon, Professor of Criminology, School of Sociology and Social Policy, University of Nottingham, UK Professor Rudolph Zinn, Department of Police Practice, University of South Africa Associate Professor Lukas Muntingh, Project Coordinator, Civil Society Prison Reform Initiative, Community Law Centre, University of the Western Cape Cover Nyanga, Cape Town: ‘He is close to them, but he sees them not; he touches them, but he feels them not; he exists but in himself and for himself alone.’ – French philosopher Alexis de Tocqueville. © Image supplied by the photographer, Don Pinnock. Production Image Design 071 883 9359 Printing Remata Contents SA Crime Quarterly No. 55 | March 2016 Editorial Making sense of the duality of social cohesion ............................................................................................... 3 Vanessa Barolsky and Chandré Gould Research articles To be a somebody ............................................................................................................................................ 7 Probing the roots of community in District Six Don Pinnock Is social cohesion relevant to a city in the global South? ............................................................................. 17 A case study of Khayelitsha Township Vanessa Barolsky Pervasive, but not politicised ........................................................................................................................ 31 Everyday violence, local rule and party popularity in a Cape Town township Laurence Piper and Joanna Wheeler Facilitating or hindering social cohesion? ...................................................................................................... 41 The impact of the Community Work Programme in selected South African townships Malose Langa, Themba Masuku, David Bruce and Hugo van der Merwe Pulling us apart? ............................................................................................................................................ 49 The association between fear of crime and social cohesion in South Africa Benjamin Roberts and Steven Gordon Comfortably cosmopolitan? .......................................................................................................................... 61 How patterns of ‘social cohesion’ vary with crime and fear Anine Kriegler and Mark Shaw Editorial policy South African Crime Quarterly is an inter-disciplinary peer-reviewed journal that promotes professional discourse and the publication of research on the subjects of crime, criminal justice, crime prevention and related matters, including state and non-state responses to crime and violence. South Africa is the primary focus of the journal but articles on the above- mentioned subjects that reflect research and analysis from other African countries are considered for publication, if they are of relevance to South Africa. SACQ is an applied policy journal. Its audience includes policymakers, criminal justice practitioners and civil society researchers and analysts, including academics. The purpose of the journal is to inform and influence policymaking on violence prevention, crime reduction and criminal justice. All articles submitted to SACQ are double-blind peer-reviewed before publication. SA Crime QuArterly No. 55 • mAr 2016 A1 Editorial Making sense of the duality of social cohesion http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2016/v0n55a763 This edition of South African Crime Quarterly is a special edition dedicated to investigating the role of social cohesion in understanding and addressing the problem of violence in South Africa. Social cohesion is a broad concept, but can be summarised briefly as referring to the factors that ‘hold a society together’.1 The term has been utilised to denote a broad array of social characteristics that are seen to contribute to connectedness and solidarity at local and national levels. These include common values and identity, feelings of belonging, citizen participation in common organisations, and community cooperation and interaction. It extends further to encompass those things that are necessary for sustaining (holding together) a democratic nation-state, such as political legitimacy and democratic participation. By implication, a society lacking cohesion would be one that displayed social disorder and conflict, disparate moral values, extreme social inequality, low levels of social interaction between and within communities, and low levels of place attachment – characteristics that are familiar to South Africa.2 Collective efficacy, a more recent development of the concept of social cohesion, refers to how social cohesion can prevent violence when it is translated into collective action for the ‘common good’ at neighbourhood level.3 While a lack of social cohesion is theorised to result in a state of disorder or conflict, low levels of social cohesion are also seen to undermine the effectiveness of crime prevention initiatives at local level. International studies have found that communities with the highest crime and violence rates are often those who are unable or reluctant to organise collaboratively as a result of lack of trust. But is this the case in South Africa? This edition of the SACQ seeks to critically interrogate the concept of social cohesion and its meaning in South Africa. Thus far, the leading policy and academic work on social cohesion and collective efficacy has taken place in countries in the global North and has been oriented to address the problems of division in these contexts. In South Africa, we face a different set of challenges in a country defined by its heterogeneity and inequality. One of our primary challenges is to determine how to constitute a new democratic nation-state, based on relationships of solidarity and connection between citizens, after the many decades of conflict and division that tore apart our social fabric and while inequality remains a stubborn feature of our landscape. While the term ‘social cohesion’ has been incorporated into government discourse over the past decade, and efforts have been made to indigenise the concept by incorporating local concepts such as ubuntu into our notion of social
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