PART 1 THE TOWNSHIP LINKAGES TO METROPOLITAN TAXI ECONOMY TRANSPORT HUBS

CENTRAL UNIT In January 2013 the Sustainable Livelihoods Foundation in partnership with the Department of Political Science at the University of the Western Cape undertook an CAPE AMALGAMATED area-based study of informal micro-enterprise activities in Imizamo Yethu. The research identified and then mapped the spatial distribution of economic activities. TAXI ASSOCIATION An important component of informal business in this township was the transport sector, comprising private vehicles, formal mini-bus taxis, informal taxis, school TAXI ASSOCIATION transport services, freight services and employee transport services. These various activities link the township to the local economy and key transport hubs within the Metro. As public transport is an important and profitable sector for emerging entrepreneurs, there has been considerable conflict between rival organisations and individual operators over market access to the routes serving commuters from Imizamo Yethu. This infographic presents the core findings of our CUTA research on the spatial characteristics and material flows of the township transport sector in a case study context. CATA Greenpoint BEFORE 10am AFTER 10am BEFORE 9am AFTER 9am

Seapoint Station ! CATA rank CATA rank

IY IY IY IY CUTA rank CUTA rank ADULT FARES IY to - R6 Spar Checkers Spar Checkers Checkers Checkers Spar Spar CTS to Sea Point - R6 IY to CTS - R10 Wynberg to Houtbay - R8 Wynberg to Victoria Hospital - R5 Wynberg to Southern Cross - R6 CATA rank CATA rank Hout Bay Harbour rank Hout Bay Harbour rank SCHOOL SERVICE THE ROUTE CAN ALTER IN RESPONSE TO (7am) & Harbour High (7h30am) IMMEDIATE NEEDS OF R150 per month CUTA TAXI ROUTES THE CUSTOMERS CATA TAXI ROUTES The o cial route provides a link between Hout Bay, Imizamo Yethu and the Cape Town Station. The route via Seapoint or The o ce route provides a link between Hout Bay, Imizamo Yethu and Wynberg Station. The route is Kloof Nek CHILDREN’S FARES dynamics, however, are partially emergent, changing in response to passenger needs and local business Children pay full price, however, those similarly flexible and can change in response to customer needs. The organisation of the route is centred opportunities between these destinations. The organisation of the route is centred on the informal taxi under 3 years travel free. on the informal taxi rank, situated at the Constantia end entrance to the township. CATA operates a formal rank, situated adjacent to the police station and main entrance into Imizamo Yethu. rank at the harbour (Hangberg), which supplies the informal rank and route with additional passengers. THE ROUTE CAN ALTER IN RESPONSE TO THE IMMEDIATE NEEDS OF TAXI ROUTE BEFORE 10am TAXI ROUTE DURING OFF PEAK DAILY TAXI OPERATIONS THE CUSTOMERS TAXI ROUTE BEFORE 9am TAXI ROUTE DURING OFF PEAK via Constantia PnP or Wynberg Station Before 10am taxis will drive into From 10am until the evening The rank marshal logs the taxi when Southern Cross One leg of the Hout Bay-Wynberg The taxis begin their journey at the After 10am, taxis queue at the Hout Bay via the Spar-harbour- peak, the route does not go past they drive through the circle at the Southern Cross Hospital route begins at the formal Hangberg CATA rank and then Hangberg CATA rank for no longer Checkers and then to the CUTA the harbour or drive direclty to entrance to Imizamo Yethu, giving Hangberg CATA rank. The taxis drive to the informal rank, than 10 minutes and then depart, rank located opposite the Police the CUTA rank. Instead the taxis them a position in the queue for Victoria Hospital then stop at the Imizamo Yethu collecting passengers along the whether full or not. The taxi then has Station situated along Main Road. drive straight into Imizamo Yethu departures to Cape Town. If the Imizamo Yethu informal rank which is part of the route before stopping at the to stop at the Imizamo Yethu rank Drivers will collect and drop of dropping oŽ passengers within driver chooses not to sit and wait at Wynberg route. If they arrive at the informal rank to load awaiting and transfer their passengers to passengers along this section of the the settlement, driving along NR the rank, the marshal will call the CATA rank informal rank and there is a taxi in passengers. A taxi marshal based at taxis already in the queue there route. The final stop will be at the Mandela Drive. On exiting the taxi driver when it is their turn at the queue, the drivers are required the Hangberg rank controls the since the first in the queue are CUTA rank from where they will township, the taxis’ drive to the front of the queue. to oŽ-load their passengers to fill route and co-ordinates with a aŽorded route preference. commence the journey to Cape Checkers centre, dropping oŽ CUTA rank the taxi in the front of the queue. marshal at the informal rank. Town Station Deck, either via customers along the route or During the peak hours the rank is Camps Bay (over Kloof Nek) or via picking up others going into Cape very busy with long queues of Sea Point. Town. They then return to the passengers, and thus the taxis CUTA rank to join the queue. Any that depart Hangberg make a The first taxis start at 5am, with passengers collected along the quick stop at Imizamo Yethu to peak hours from 6am - 8am. route will disembark and get into fillup before proceeding Average individual taxi trips during the taxi in the front of the queue. to Wynberg. peak morning: 6 Average individual trips during peak evening: 6 Harbour rank CATA CUTA 66 AMALGAMATED TO FORM

+200 HOUT BAY OWNERS MINIBUS DRIVERS TAXIS APPROXIMATELY ASSOCIATION 7 TRIPS OWNERS MINIBUS DRIVERS PER DAY TAXIS AMAPHELA IN ONE DIRECTION SMALL TAXIS AMALGAMATED TO FORM 60 20 APPROXIMATELY 15 TRIPS HOUT BAY NO SCHOOL TAXIS PER DAY AFFILIATED INCLUDES SCHOOL TAXIS IY TAXI UNITED CENTRAL FROM HOUT BAY TO SEA ASSOCIATION POINT, AND FROM SEA POINT ASSOCIATION TAXI ASSOCIATION TO WOODSTOCK AMAHOENDER SMALL TAXIS 20 50 80 20 20 20 OWNERS DRIVERS

OWNERS “UNREGISTERED” DRIVERS TAXIS / AMAHOENDER CUTA FINANCE FLOWS CATA FINANCE FLOWS

MARKET COMPETITION TARGETS vs COMMISSION There exists market competition Taxi owners remunerate drivers ASSOCIATION MORE between the two taxi either on a target basis or LESS PROFITABLE FINES FEE CUTA associations, CUTA and CATA, commission basis. In the target PROFITABLE FINES CATA ROUTE ROAD WORTHY PERMIT ROUTE ROAD WORTHY PERMIT DRIVERS LICENCE ASSOCIATION owing to the fact the Cape Town - system, the driver must achieve a DRIVERS LICENCE ASSOCIATION Hout Bay route is more profitable daily minimum return for the owner, SYSTEM BOUNDARY DENOTES THE than the Wynberg-Hout Bay with his / her earnings determined SYSTEM BOUNDARY DENOTES THE VARIABLES THAT WERE COLLECTED route. by his / her ability to exceed these VARIABLES THAT WERE COLLECTED DRIVERS AND AS PART OF THIS STUDY. AS PART OF THIS STUDY. OWNERS LIVE OUT- targets. In the commission system, DRIVERS AND SIDE IY: THEIR EXTRA SEATS, EXTRA INCOME the taxi owners usually take 70% of OWNERS LIVE IN IY: INCOME LESS LIKELY the income derived from the day’s THEIR INCOME TO CONTRIBUTE TO “Laptops” are extra seats that get operation. Drivers consider the MORE LIKELY TO THE IY ECONOMY added to the rows of seats within CONTRIBUTE TO THE commission system to provide the taxi to increase the number of IY ECONOMY RANK them with a higher level of income. RANK passengers that the taxi can carry. MARSHAL Most drivers are engaged on the MARSHAL RANK SALARY This illegal practice enables the RANK SALARY MECHANICS OWNER GI target system. MECHANICS OWNER GI MARSHAL driver to achieve his targets more MARSHAL TIPS quickly and thus enhance his/her TIPS earnings. PRICING MONEY RECEIVED The associations decide on the MONEY RECEIVED BY DRIVER HANDED BY DRIVER HANDED OVER DAILY TO THE OWNERSHIP route fare. The price is influenced OVER DAILY TO THE OWNER by the cost of petrol, but it doesn't OWNER The majority of the formal taxis always go up with petrol increases. APPROXIMATELY operating from Imizamo Yethu R500 - R900 Fare price increases more typically APPROXIMATE are owned by non-residents. DAILY TARGET = R500 PAID TO THE OWNER HOUSEHOLD follow changes to major inflationary HOUSEHOLD PER DAY INCLUDING FUNERAL PLAN These taxi owners reside outside increases in input costs and the the township with the operators cost of living, especially food. The typically owning between last price increase was in 2010. The two-three vehicles. CUTA owners taxi drivers play an important role are racially diverse (‘coloured’ and GROSS INCOME DRIVER FINES GROSS INCOME DRIVER FINES SPEEDING AND GOVERNMENT in motivating for price increases as SPEEDING AND GOVERNMENT FROM FARES PER ‘black’ persons), whereas CATA FROM FARES PER GI OVERLOADING operating costs aŽect their daily GI OVERLOADING DRIVER PER DAY owners are predominantly ‘black’ DRIVER PER DAY targets. Since the driver has to pay persons in terms of South African for petrol out of his wage, the racial categorisations. increases in petrol prices reduce CUSTOMERS PETROL his/ her earnings unless these cost CUSTOMERS PETROL INCREASING PROFITABILITY increases are oŽset through raising There are no conductors THE DRIVER KEEPS the fares. The drivers will report THE DRIVER KEEPS APPROXIMATELY (gaatjies) on these routes because back to the owners if they are APPROXIMATELY FIXED DAILY PAYMENT IRREGULAR PAYMENT R400 - R500 AFTER there is not a high turnover of struggling to make their targets, FIXED DAILY PAYMENT IRREGULAR PAYMENT R400 - R500 AFTER PAYING FOR FUEL passengers which would and the owner will in turn raise the PAYING FOR FUEL necessitate stopping the taxi issue with the association. If a fare frequently to allow increase is agreed by the disembarkation. It is relatively association, a notice of about the easy for the drivers to collect the increase is displayed in the taxi money and manage stops along three months in advance. these routes.

We acknowledge the roles of Shannon Royden-Turner (in/formal south) (team leader), Andrew Charman (SLF), Laurence Piper (UWC), Thuli Ntshingila (SLF), Anthony Muteti (UWC), Paula Jackson (independent researcher) and Rachal Watson for concept, design and layout (Studio Shelf). PART 2 THE TOWNSHIP LOCAL ROUTES IMIZAMO YETHU TAXI ECONOMY

Informal taxis, known as ‘amaphela’ (meaning ‘cockroach’) and 'amahoender' (meaning ‘chicken’) provide short-distance transport services. The ‘amaphela’ are registered with the and fall under the organisation of one of two bodies, the Imizamo Yethu Taxi Association and United Central Taxi Association. The PM TRADERS

'amahoender' are unregistered. Both ‘amaphela’ and 'amahoender' taxis are subject to the authority of the recently TAXI DROP OFF CATA TAXI

RANK MARSHALL GRAVEYARD TAXI LOADING AM TRADERS

FOOD amalgamated Hout Bay Association. The rivalry between the sub-ordinate associations and between the ‘amaphela’ CARAVAN SCHOOL TAXI PASSENGER QUEUE LOADING AND HOUSES DROP OFF hout bay road PARKING AREA FENCE and 'amahoender' themselves have resulted in past conflict and public violence. Informal taxis provide workers with HOUT BAY ROAD PEDESTRIAN WAKWAY transport from Imizamo Yethu to their work destinations in Hout Bay and Llandudno. They also provide the township HOUSES

residents with access to Hout Bay shopping malls, the clinic and other facilities. The majority of the informal taxi PM TRADERS JUNGLE drivers live in Imizamo Yethu, and the transport service is predominantly owner operated. GYM HOUT BAY ROAD BASKET BALL FIELD DOMESTIC CAR GUARDS WORKERS SLIDES BUILDING EDGE GARDEN TAXI DROP OFF R7 ROUTE COST SERVICES N R MANDELA ROAD BUILDING CATA TAXI RANK EDGE

AMAPHELA AND AMAHOENDER RANK MARSHALL TAXI LOADING AM TRADERS RANKS BUILDING EDGE FENCE HOUSES

FOOD BUILDING CARAVAN EDGE SCHOOL TAXI HOUSES PASSENGER QUEUE LOADING AND AMAPHELA AND AMAHOENDER CATA DROP OFF THREE MAIN ROUTES TAXI RANK PARKING AREA

BUILDING EDGE

P E D E S T R

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HOUSES A

L

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A

Y R7 TOPOGRAPHY

BUILDING EDGE FORMAL HOUT

INFORMAL EMPLOYEES & SCHOOL BUILDING PUPILS COLLECTION AND DROP OFF POINT

BAY BUILDING ASSOCIATION TAXI RANK HOUT BAY IY TOWNSHIP RESTAURANT MAIN ROAD BUILDING EDGE

victoria road PARKING AREA mandela drive AMAPHELA TAXI RANK

FENCE FENCE HOSPITALITY HOSPITALITY TAXI QUEUE RANK ADMIN TIMBER CABIN

R6 RANK MARSHAL RESTAURANT TAXI LOADING

BUILDING EDGE

AMAPHELA TAXI RANK FORMAL/ road main

N R MANDELA ROAD

FENCE INFORMAL SETTLEMENT FENCE

R6 TAXI QUEUE BUILDING EDGE BUILDING EDGE

FORMAL road victoria RETAIL RETAIL RANK ADMIN INFORMAL TIMBER CABIN

BUS HOUT BAY RANK MARSHAL

HOP ON HOP OFF ROAD CLINIC BUILDING EDGE

PEDESTRIAN WALKWAY

TAXI LOADING Checkers rank BUILDING EDGE VICTORIA ROAD N R MANDELA ROAD harbour road MAIN ROAD CUTA N R MANDELA ROAD TAXI RANK POLICE INSIGHT STATION PARKING The physical characteristics of the township have an influence on the transport economy. The majority of TAXIS TRANSPORT: COMPLEX informal housing is located at the top of SPORTS FIELDS the settlement, on the steep mountain ADAPTIVE SYSTEMS slope. The informal settlement is HOUT BAY inaccessible to vehicles. The residents The taxi route changes throughout the day, responding to the cyclical POLICE are thus heavily reliant on public business demands. The routes themselves are semi- adaptive, whilst the STATION

transport, predominantly the informal taxi system is emergent in that it is able to quickly absorb information on bollards taxis that provide them with access to customer preferences and respond through minor changes to routes and

shops and local sites of employment. HOP ON HOP OFF BUS drop-o points in order to better serve customer needs. The licensing PEDESTRIAN WALKWAY

conditions and road use restrictions limit the scope of adaptability in the CUTA route between Hout Bay and the transport hubs in Cape Town and TAXI RANK Wynberg. This is an emergent property of a system that is built from the RANK MARSHALL 1 TAXI SCHOOL AND bottom up, as it has the ability to respond to a greater level of local 2 TAXI EMPLOYEE

information. The system therefore has a far greater local complexity than 3 TAXI one designed from the top down. TRANSPORT TAXI ROUTES MORNING PEAK IS FROM ROUTE COSTS 5AM-9/10AM. The cost of the trip per passenger FORMAL depends on how many people are in There is an informal rank for MINI-BUS TAXIS the taxi. The cost is R7 per person if ‘amaphela’ taxis located along there are 7 people in a taxi going to Mandela Drive. This rank is used by Llandudno. The benefit of using this people wanting to travel longer INFORMAL mode of transport over the minibus distances. From the rank, passengers taxis is that people are dropped o TOWNSHIP-BASED can travel to Llandudno or to further at their place of employment within destinations within Hout Bay. If the TAXIS Llandudno, and not on the main taxi is fully loaded, individual costs road at the entrance into this are reduced so that the rank enables suburb. Fares are negotiated if it is passengers to group together. The an unusual route. A passenger can demand for informal taxis is most use an ‘amaphela’ to get to active at times when employees get Wynberg, though the costs are paid, such as month end or typically prohibitive. Customers can bi-weekly. The majority of daytime pay extra for the driver to wait for trips take residents to the Hout Bay them whilst shopping and then shopping centres. The main route in return them to Imizamo Yethu. this respect is from the taxi rank to When operating outside the Checkers, then to the harbour, township, the ‘amaphelas’ are not thereafter to the Spar, onto the clinic permitted to collect other and back to the Spar. passengers on route as this would be in conflict with the minibus taxis. SCHOOL TAXIS

Some taxi owners provide school PERMIT transfer services, within the A permit to operate an ‘amaphela’ settlement and connecting Imizamo taxi for 5 years costs . The Yethu to schools elsewhere permit is obtained the City of Cape in the city. These taxis have to have STREET TRADERS Town Transport Department. special permit called a Scholar Charter Permit. They charge R150 per month per child for schools DRIVER OPERATIONS located within the Hout Bay area. The taxi fare is collected by the The children are collected from their driver. Unlike inner city routes in TOURISM homes and dropped o at school Cape Town, there are no conductors INFORMAL STREET and then returned to their homes. (or gaatjies) on taxis operating the INFORMAL Some school taxis also operate as Wynberg or Cape Town routes. FOOD TRADERS MECHANICS AND informal taxis during the remainder Because there are no conductors, LOCAL CAR WASHERS of the day. School taxis also there is sometimes confusion about PANEL BEATERS transport pre-school children to the who has and who has not paid their nineteen educares situated within fare when passengers embark on BUSINESSES Imizamo Yethu. the taxi. In these cases, the driver may refuse to drive until someone LINKED TO These schools include: pays the fare, either the guilty party Kronendal primary or a passenger most desperate to Sentinel Primary get to their destination ends up THE TAXI Hout Bay Harbour High paying. Oranjekloof School INDUSTRY Valley School. Street traders (food and snacks)

We acknowledge the roles of Shannon Royden-Turner (in/formal south) (team leader), Andrew Charman (SLF), Laurence Piper (UWC), Thuli Ntshingila (SLF), Anthony Muteti (UWC), Paula Jackson (independent researcher) and Rachal Watson for concept, design and layout (Studio Shelf).