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Note to Users NOTE TO USERS This reproduction is the best copy available. ® UMI IDt Rise and Evolution of Nationalism in Aigeria before 1962 or why 'Berberistan' never happened to be Danièle Bargelli Institute of Islamic Studies McGill University, Montreal Submitted July 2003 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfilment of the requîrements of the degree of Master of Arts © Danièle Bargelli Libraryand Bibliothèque et 1+1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l'édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-41587-0 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-41587-0 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l'Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, électronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriété du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protège cette thèse. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. ln compliance with the Canadian Conformément à la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privée, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont été enlevés de cette thèse. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. ••• Canada ilOna vu chez les Berlàl:s des choses tellement hors du OOIlnllUn, des faits tellement admirables, qu'il est impœsible de rnécoimaitre le gmnd som que Dieu a eu de œtle nation, "r extrême 00n1é qu'il lui a toujours 1émoignée,]a ro.mbinaison de vertus dont il ra dolÉe, les ~ genres de perfa::tiOns auxquels il ra ·'-faIt a.t:ieîncire .et: toutesies '·diverses qualités . ,. propres à respèce humaine qu'il lui a permis de . réunir et de .s'approprier. A œ sujet, leurs historiens "mpporterd: des circonstances qui :rernpli$ent le kleUr d'un profond étormement" nn Khalin (ffitoie des"~ J: m.:m) in S Odœr. Babères Aujrud'huii: :hi9rie c:tJ'ltllW'Jim: nB1ibtall!ttftS. Peri;: L 'H!Ir:mIm,. 1989,137. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACTS ..• , .•••••••..••..••.'. , ...•..•.•.................•.•........... '.•..•..•....... , i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......•....•.....•............................•.... , .•..•..•...•.. 111 CHAPTER ONE: lNTRODUÇTION .....................•...•....................•..•.•...• 1 CHAPTER Two: NATIONALISM .•••••••............. , .......•••......•.•...••••••••..•• 3 1) A tentative definition ..................................................... 3 . Nationalism, an empty word? .......... ; •.. :~.;· •. ,.;'... ;t•• ;:.,.:;"~ •. r.'" •. ,~., 3 · l' Ç. l' ? ' i ,·C•• :, ; N aÜ ona Ism, a mere J.ee mg ........... ;,:, ........ ".'J.~ •..•. :.... .. .'; . .': .. ,: 5 Nationalism. a fact? ...................................... " ......... 7 . 2) Nationalism and Algeria .................................................. 8 Iiltemal dynamics ................................................... .. 12 Geography .................... : ........................................ 12 Population ................................... " ....................... 18 Economies ............................................................. 22 Extemaldynamics............................................ '" .... 25 Migration of expelled French agitators ....................... " .. 26 French army discontent and public opinion in France ........... 27 Resistance from abroad ............................................. 28 CHAPTER THREE: BERBER NATIONALISM ........................................... 34 1) Culturai justification...................................................... 34 Ethnicity.............................................................. 35 Language ................................................................ 37 Tradition and rites .................................................... 41 Religion ................................................................ 44 2) Historical justification ...................................................... 50 Early history .................................................. .- ...... '" 51 The Berber Empire .................... " .. : ...... '" . .. .. ... .. ... ... 52 3) The Berber tradition of resistance ................................. " . .. .... 54 To different invasions.: ........................... :................... 56 Roman Empire .. '" ...................................... ~ . .. ... ........ 57 The Arabs................. ............................................... 60 The Ottomans. ... ........ ........... .. ....... ..... .... .. .. ... ... ... 65 4) Resistance!o colonisation ............................................... ~.. 70 French colonisation.... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 74 Inteinal disagreements in the early struggle for independence. 77 fJ.I,iAPTER FOUR: BERBER NA TIONAUSM AND mE ALOERIAN REv:o(ùnOif. ~: ~ :' .. ;..... '&5 . .~. 1) French influence and the idea ofa great Arab empire:·:.. ; .. :~: ... :.;.~~ "86 French government policies.......... ......... ...... ...... .... ........ .87 2) Arab influence on Berher nationaIism in the Aigerian Revolution.... 91 Different parties stru~le for independence. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. 92 Role ofMessali.Hadj ........................................ :... ........ 94 The influence of other Arab countries................................ 97 Ben Bella's nationalism (''We are aIl Arabs !')..................... 99 CONCLUSION.. .. ...... ................................ ..... .... .. ... .... .. ... .... ............ 103 BIBLIC;>ORAPHY.. ... .. ... .. • ••• •• . ••• .. .. .. • .. • .. ... •. • .. • .. •• . .. .. ... • .... 106 ABSTRACT Author: Danièle Bargelli Title: Rise and evolution ofnationalism in Algeria before 1962, or why 'Berberistan' never happened to be Department: IIistitute ofIslamic Studies, McGill University . Degree:.Master of Arts The fact that it took ·so long, in' spite of s~ccessive waves of invaders and spirited yet sporadicresistance, to fashion a united national front, points out an anomaly in Algerian society: a divided identity. It took a cruel French occupation, the incompetence of colonial authorities, and the infiltration of European nationalist ideology to fashion a united front, but it was only a front, for immediately after i,ndependence, the unity was shown to be a temporary one. The Berher majority found itself excluded, both culturally and politically, from the new Aigerian state. Strangers in their own land, Berbers wère facèd with a new, more insidious colonialism: Arabization. RÉSUMÉ Auteur: Danièle Bargelli Titre: Émergence et évolution du nationalisme Algérien ayant 1962, ou le Berbéristan avorté Département: Institut d'Études Islamiques, Université McGill Diplôme: Maîtrise ès Arts AUl~uts;de~ temps, l'Algérie a subi de multiples vagues d'mvasio"ns auxquelles ~'est traditionnellement et inlassablement opposé une résistance populaire farouche mais désorganisée. Ainsi, le fait qu'un mouvement de rési~tance, solide et unitaire, ait eu autant de difficulté à se créer, trahit une anomalie dans la société Algérienne: une identité divisée. Il a fallu une cruelle guerre de colonisation française, suivie deXincompétence des autorités coloniales. puis, de l'infiltration de diverses idéologies venues d'Europe, pour arriver à façonner en Algérie un front de résistance uni. Au lendemain de l'Indépendance, cette unité ne s'est avérée que temporaire, puisque dans le n~>uvel état Algérien, la population Berbère a brutalement été évacuée de la scène politique et culturelle. Dorénavant étrangers sur leur propre territoire, les B~rbères durent faire face à une forme plus insidieuse de colonialisme: l'arabisation. 11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1 would like to begin with thaDking my thesis advisor Professor A. Üner Turgay, Director of the Institute of Islamic Studies at McGill, for his encouragement and his wann, fatherly advice . Thânks are also due to the staff working in the Secretariat of the Institute, who are too often forgotten in thesis acknowledgements. Yet, when we are deeply lost in the fog of · our studious thoughts, their vigilant and often. motherly care' preserves us from the quagmire of administrative demands and menacing deadlines of every kind. A. special thank-yougoes to Da~Richards, withou~ :wJl(~se emotion~ suPport, faith in life and regularprovision o{:fresh;'Coffee;·it.wotdd have:Oëën ~ery difficult to sui-vive writing this thesis. Your support bas. been invaluable during my stay in the Institute. This thesis· owes much to the assistance and encouragement of many otherpeople,
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