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Az Értekezés SZEGEDI TUDOMÁNYEGYETEM BÖLCSÉSZETTUDOMÁNYI KAR TÖRTÉNELEMTUDOMÁNYI DOKTORI ISKOLA MODERNKOR PROGRAM PALOTÁS ZSOLT BEJEK, KORZÁRÓK ÉS DIPLOMATÁK A TUNISZI KORMÁNYZÓSÁG KAPCSOLATAI A NYUGAT-EURÓPAI ORSZÁGOKKAL ÉS AZ EGYESÜLT ÁLLAMOKKAL, 1605–1830 DOKTORI ÉRTEKEZÉS Témavezető: Dr. Kökény Andrea, PhD egyetemi adjunktus SZEGED 2016 Szüleimnek ii KÖSZÖNETNYILVÁNÍTÁS Soli Deo gratia! Először is köszönetet szeretnék mondani témavezetőmnek, Kökény Andrea egyetemi adjunk- tusnak munkám során megfogalmazott hasznos észrevételeiért. Ott volt tudományos kutatása- im kezdetekor és mindig segített, amikor szükségem volt rá. Szintén köszönetet szeretnék mondani J. Nagy László egyetemi tanárnak doktori tanulmányaim során nyújtott segítségéért. Ő volt az, aki felkeltette érdeklődésemet a Magreb történelme iránt. Nagylelkű támogatásának köszönhetően 2012-ben, első alkalommal kutathattam Tunéziában. A munka elkészítését segítették a pénzügyi támogatások. Köszönhetően az ERASMUS ösztön- díjnak lehetőségem volt Máltán tanulni félévet (2011–2012-es tanév 2. félév). A Máltai Egye- temen megismertem a Szent János Lovagrend történetét és a máltai korzó jellegzetességeit. Külön köszönetet szeretnék mondani Victor Mallia-Milanesnek, az Ispotályos Tanulmányok mester képzés vezetőjének Máltán való tartózkodtam során nyújtott segítségéért. 2013-ban Berlinben a John F. Kennedy–Institut für Nordamerikastudien (JFKI) végeztem kutatómunkát a Campus Hungary ösztöndíj keretén belül. Ezen intézmény mellett lehetősé- gem volt forrásgyűjtésre a Staatsbibliothek zu Berlinben, a Bibliothek des Instituts für Islamwissenschaft-ben és az Universitätsbibliothekben. Köszönhetően a programnak szintén kutathattam Tunéziában 2014-ben. Ezen időszak alatt elsődleges- és másodlagos forrásokat gyűjtöttem a Biblothèque de Université de Sousse-ban, az Archives Nationales de Tunisie-ban, a Biblothèque Nationale de Tunisie-ban és a Le Centre d’Etudes Maghrébines à Tunisban (CEMAT). Emellett, köszönhetően Mehdi Jerad egyetemi adjunktusnak két előadást is tartot- tam az Université de Sousse-on. Itt szeretném kifejezni nagyrabecsülésemet Mehdi Jeradnak, aki mellettem volt első kutatása- im során Tuniszban (2012) és Angelika Kriesernek, a JFKI vezető könyvtárosának, aki segí- tett Berlinben és az egyetemen is. Továbbá köszönöm Mehdi Jerad hatékony segítségét és folyamatos támogatását. Segítségével jelent meg első alkalommal külföldön két tanulmányom és egy forrásközlésem az Archives Nationales de Tunisie-ben és az Arab Historical Review for Ottoman Studiesben 2014-ben. Barátaim és kollégáim közül köszönetet mondanék Baracs Róbertnek, aki lehetővé tette szá- momra, hogy meglátogassam őt ERASMUS tanulmányai alatt Angersben, ahol több hasznos anyagot szereztem be a Bibliothèque Universitaire Belle Beille-ből. Szintén köszönettel tarto- zom Hegedűs Róbertnek és Farkas Rita Krisztinának, hogy átolvasták dolgozatomat és felhív- ták figyelmem az abban található nyelvi hibákra. Szintén köszönetet mondok a következő kutatóknak: Ferwágner Péter Ákosnak, Kövér Lajosnak, Emmanuel Buttigiegnek, Stephen C. Spiterinek, Joseph Grimának, Sadok Boubakernek és Mabrouk Jebahinek. Végül, de nem utolsósorban szívből jövő hála és elismerés jár családom tagjainak, akik éve- ken keresztül támogatták tudományos céljaim elérését. Támogatásuk nélkül ez a disszertáció nem készülhetett volna el. Szeged, 2016. szeptember iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Soli Deo gratia! First of all, I would like to thank my supervisor, Andrea Kökény, senior assistant professor, for her useful remarks during my work. From the very beginning of my academic research she has been there and always helped me when I needed. I also would like to thank László J. Nagy, full professor, for all his help during my doctoral studies. He was the one who aroused my interest in the history of the Maghreb. Thanks to his generous assistance I could do my first research abroad in Tunisia in 2012. Financial support made the completion of this project easier. An ERASMUS Scholarship gave me the opportunity to study in Malta for a semester (spring semester, 2011-2012). At the L- Università ta’ Malta I got to know the history of the Order of Saint John and the characteristics of Maltese corsairing. I would like to say special thanks to Victor Mallia- Milanes, Head of the Hospitaller Studies (M.A.) program for his help during my stay in Malta. I did my research in Berlin at the John F. Kennedy–Institut für Nordamerikastudien (JFKI) in 2013 with the help of a Campus Hungary Scholarship. Besides this institute, I also had the opportunity to collect source materials at the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, the Bibliothek des Instituts für Islamwissenschaft and the Universitätsbibliothek. I also visited Tunisia thanks to this scholarship in 2014. During this period I collected primary and secondary sources at the Biblothèque de Université de Sousse, the Archives Nationales de Tunisie, the Biblothèque Nationale de Tunisie and the Le Centre d’Etudes Maghrébines à Tunis (CEMAT). In addition, I also held two lectures at the Université de Sousse thanks to Mehdi Jerad, senior assistant professor. I would like to express my great gratitude to Mehdi Jerad who accompanied my first steps of research in Tunis (2012) and for Angelika Krieser, Acting Head Librarian at JFKI who helped me in Berlin and in the University Campus. In addition, I also thank for the effective help and sustained support of Mr Jerad. Thanks to his help, two of my academic papers and an edited source presention have been published abroad for the firs time in the Archives Nationales de Tunisie and in the Arab Historical Review for Ottoman Studies for the first time in 2014. From my friends and colleagues I would like to thank Róbert Baracs who allowed me to visit him in Angers during his ERASMUS studies where I gathered useful material at the Bibliothèque Universitaire Belle Beille. I also thank Róbert Hegedűs and Rita Krisztina Far- kas for proof reading my thesis and drawing my attention to some linguistic errors within it. In addition, I also appreciate the guidance of the following researchers: Ákos Péter Ferwágner, Lajos Kövér, Emmanuel Buttigieg, Stephen C. Spiteri, Joseph Grima, Sadok Boubaker and Mabrouk Jebahi. Last but not least, my hearty gratitude and recognition go to my family who provided support to my academic pursuits for decades. Without their support this dissertation would not have been completed. Szeged, September 2016 iv TARTALOMJEGYZÉK Ajánlás ........................................................................................................................................ ii Köszönetnyilvánítás ................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... iv Tartalomjegyzék ......................................................................................................................... v Táblázatok listája .................................................................................................................... viii Ábrák és térképek listája ........................................................................................................... ix BEVEZETÉS I. A DISSZERTÁCIÓ ÉS JELENTŐSÉGE ................................................................................................ 1 ELSŐ RÉSZ: MÓDSZER- ÉS FORRÁSTAN II. A FEJEZETEK ÁTTEKINTÉSE .......................................................................................................... 5 III. HISTORIOGRÁFIA: A MEDITERRÁN KALÓZKODÁS, ÉSZAK-AFRIKA ÉS A TUNISZI KORMÁNYZÓSÁG A KORABELI FORRÁSOKBAN ÉS A TÖRTÉNETÍRÁSBAN ................................. 10 3.1. A kora újkori Földközi-tenger és Észak-Afrika történetének elsődleges forrásai ..... 11 3.2. A földközi-tengeri kalózkodás a nyugat-európai történetírásban ................................. 17 3.3. Oszmán Észak-Afrika a modern történetírásban ............................................................. 20 3.4. A Tuniszi Kormányzóság a francia és az angol nyelvű történetírásban ...................... 23 3.5. Észak-Afrika és a barbár háborúk az észak-amerikai történetírásban ....................... 26 3.6. A kora újkori Földközi-tenger és Észak-Afrika a hazai szakirodalomban ................. 30 MÁSODIK RÉSZ: A MAGREB A NEMZETKÖZI POLITIKÁBAN, KÜLÖNÖS TEKINTETTEL A TUNISZI KORMÁNYZÓSÁGRA, 16–19. SZÁZAD IV. A MAGREB TÖRTÉNETE AZ ARAB HÓDÍTÁSTÓL AZ OSZMÁN URALOMIG, KÜLÖNÖS TEKINTETTEL A TUNISZI KORMÁNYZÓSÁGRA .............................................................................. 34 4.1. Ifrikíja birodalmai és államai, 7–15. század ........................................................................ 35 4.1.1. Muszlim birodalmak és államok a Földközi-tenger térségében a 7–13. században .... 35 4.1.2. Tunézia a Hafszida-dinasztia uralma alatt, 1229–1534 .................................................. 37 4.2. Habsburg–Oszmán rivalizálás Észak-Afrikában, 16. század ......................................... 41 4.2.1. A Spanyol Királyság és Észak-Afrika, 1492–1516 ........................................................... 41 4.2.2. Arudzs és Hizir Barbarossa: Az Algíri szandzsák létrejötte, 1504–1529 ...................... 44 4.2.3. Tunézia helye a Habsburg–Oszmán rivalizálás történetében, 1534–1574 ................... 47 4.3. Az Oszmán Birodalom „nyugati odzsakjai”........................................................................ 52 4.3.1. Autonómia
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