Universal Declaration Human Rights

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Universal Declaration Human Rights UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS EDUCATIONAL NOTEBOOK AUTORA – Claudia Dalzoto Oliveira CO-AUTORA – Profa Ms. Ruth Marciniuk GUARAPUAVA – PR 1 SUMÁRIO Abertura.....................................................................................................01 Sumário......................................................................................................02 Introdução..................................................................................................02 Apresentação..............................................................................................06 Estratégias de leitura.................................................................................07 Identificação de ícones...............................................................................08 Capítulo 1 – História da constituição da Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos................................................................................................................09 Capítulo 2 – Preâmbulo........................................................................................15 Capítulo 3 – Os direitos fundamentais: liberdade, igualdade e vida (artigos I a III)..........................................................................................................................18 Capítulo 4 - Os direitos civis e políticos (artigos IV a XV)...................................24 Capítulo 5 - Os direitos econômicos, sociais e culturais (artigos XVI a XXVII)...34 Capítulo 6 - Os mecanismos de manutenção dos direitos (artigos XXVIII a XXX).......................................................................................................................43 Conclusão...................................................................................................48 Indicações multimídia................................................................................55 Referências.................................................................................................58 INTRODUÇÃO O material aqui disponibilizado em forma de Caderno Pedagógico, é o resultado de várias pesquisas e leituras realizadas ao longo do projeto desenvolvido para a análise, discussão e implementação de novas metodologias na área de Língua Estrangeira Moderna – Língua Inglesa. Direcionado aos alunos do Ensino Médio, cuja capacidade de julgamento crítico da realidade já se encontra em fase de consolidação, este Caderno Pedagógico surge com a intenção de ser um auxiliar pedagógico efetivo, e não limitado à aprendizagem de estruturas gramaticais e particularidades estruturais da Língua Inglesa, como tantos outros, mas sim como material de reflexão e aprimoramento de conhecimentos adquiridos pelo aluno ao longo de sua trajetória escolar. Baseado nas mais atuais Concepções de Aprendizagem de Segunda Língua, nos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais, nas Diretrizes Curriculares do Estado do Paraná, na LDB e artigos disponíveis sobre o assunto, este trabalho é a comprovação da capacidade do professor da Escola Pública de produzir um material pedagógico de qualidade e comprometido com a realidade do contexto educacional paranaense. 2 As propostas de trabalho apresentadas a seguir estão fundamentadas em pressupostos teóricos defendidos por diversos autores especializados na área de ensino/aprendizagem de Segunda Língua e seguem, igualmente, as recomendações metodológicas mais atualizadas para o desenvolvimento deste processo. Iniciamos, portanto, apresentando as idéias, conceitos e teorias que nortearam nosso trabalho até aqui, bem como as motivações institucionais que delinearam sua conclusão. 1. Concepções de Aquisição e Aprendizagem de uma Língua Estrangeira A aquisição lingüística é algo que todos, indistintamente, podem realizar, uma vez que todos os seres humanos são dotados de um mecanismo biológico que lhes permite adquirir, produzir e compreender uma dada língua (Chomsky, 1981). Já a aprendizagem de outra língua fora da comunidade de fala, a qual normalmente ocorre em sala de aula, é um processo no qual o aprendiz necessita de orientação e instrução para que possa usá-la de maneira eficaz. Embora seja possível teorizar sobre a existência de alguns padrões gerais de aprendizagem, cada pessoa tem características individuais que tornam impossível descrever todas as possibilidades contidas nesses padrões. Há variações biológicas, de inteligência, aptidão, atitude, idade, estilos cognitivos, motivação, personalidade, de fatores afetivos e de níveis de autonomia. Além disso, há as variações do contexto onde ocorre a aprendizagem ─ quantidade/qualidade de input, distância social, tipo e intensidade de feedback, cultura, estereótipos, etc. (Ellis, 1990; Brown, 1993; Ehrman, 1996), sendo que todos esses fatores interferem, em maior ou menor grau, no processo de aprendizagem. A partir destes pressupostos, pode-se afirmar que a aprendizagem de uma língua, como qualquer outra aprendizagem, não é um processo linear e, portanto, não pode ser tão previsível quanto tem sido sugerido em alguns modelos de aquisição. Almeida Filho (1993:11), por exemplo, afirma que “língua estrangeira é um conceito complexo”, no que é secundado por Lightbown e Spada (1999:57), que se referem à motivação como um fenômeno complexo. 2. Diretrizes Metodológicas para o Ensino/Aprendizagem de Língua Estrangeira no Ensino Médio Considerando-se a preocupação geral do sistema educacional em re-elaborar parâmetros que agreguem cada vez mais valores à educação em todos os seus níveis, é preciso deixar registrado, aqui, o direcionamento motivador da 3 metodologia selecionada para permear este trabalho, adotando-se como postura pedagógica o artigo 22 da Lei de Diretrizes e Bases para a Educação, a qual afirma que “A educação básica tem por finalidade desenvolver o educando, assegurar-lhe a formação indispensável para o exercício da cidadania e fornecer- lhe meios para progredir no trabalho e em estudos posteriores”. 2.1.As recomendações dos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais Nas propostas educacionais atuais, a visão da cidadania como algo homogêneo vem se modificando em favor de um conceito mais amplo e heterogêneo que entende que “ser cidadão” envolve a compreensão sobre que posição/lugar uma pessoa (o aluno, o cidadão) ocupa na sociedade. O valor educacional da aprendizagem de uma Língua Estrangeira, nessa perspectiva, vai muito além de meramente capacitar o aluno a usá-la para fins comunicativos, mas igualmente promover a compreensão e a reflexão sobre o lugar que ele ocupa na sociedade, se está incluído ou excluído do processo social e cultural em que se encontra como forma de gerar oportunidades para o desenvolvimento da cidadania. Mais do que reforçar apenas os valores sociais do momento, entendemos que um dos objetivos deste Caderno Pedagógico é criar possibilidades para que o cidadão dialogue com outras culturas sem que haja a necessidade de abrir mão de seus valores. Ao eleger a leitura como canal de aprendizagem, pretendemos usufruir de suas várias possibilidades pedagógicas: explorar informações por meio visual, por meio da informática, por meio de textos multiculturais e críticos, estimulando prática da leitura como representação textual, assumindo posição epistemológica no que concerne a valores, ideologias, discursos e visão de mundo. Entendendo-se, ainda, que cada língua e cultura usam a escrita em diferentes contextos para fins diferentes, assume-se aqui que a escrita não pode ser vista de forma abstrata, desvinculada do seu contexto de uso e de seus usuários, mas sim como uma prática sociocultural. Para a prática escrita vigora o sentido do ato de escrever, a produção de uma escrita significativa. Em vários contextos, as atividades escritas podem ser vinculadas às atividades de leitura, o texto de leitura servindo como estímulo à produção escrita. A gramatical pode-se partir de um trecho de linguagem contextualizado. Quanto à comunicação oral o ponto de partida para o ensino é o contexto em uso. Propomos o desenvolvimento da leitura, da comunicação oral e da escrita como práticas culturais contextualizadas. 4 Nos PCNs encontramos sugestões de temas que suscitam descobertas e reflexões críticas do contexto global atual como: Cidadania, diversidade, igualdade, justiça social, dependência/ interdependência, conflitos, valores, diferenças regionais/ nacionais que motivaram a produção deste Caderno Pedagógico. 2.2 As recomendações das Diretrizes Curriculares Estaduais Os DCEs propõem que a aula de Língua Estrangeira seja um espaço para que o aluno reconheça e compreenda a diversidade lingüística e cultural, de modo que se engaje discursivamente e perceba possibilidades de construção de significados em relação ao mundo em que vive. Espera-se que o aluno compreenda que os significados são sociais e historicamente construídos e, portanto, passíveis de transformação na prática social. A proposta adotada nestas Diretrizes se baseia na corrente sociológica e nas teorias do Círculo de Bakhtin, bem como nos estudos de Orlandi (2005) e Foucault (1996). Nos pontos em que as acepções de tais teóricos convergem, concebe-se a língua como discurso, como espaço de produção de sentidos, marcado por relações contextuais de poder e não como estrutura que intermedia o contato de um sujeito com o mundo para transmitir sentidos. No ensino de Língua Estrangeira, a língua, objeto de estudo desta disciplina, contempla as relações com a cultura, a ideologia, o sujeito e a identidade. A partir do conteúdo estruturante Discurso como prática social, serão abordadas questões lingüísticas,
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