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SOME REFLECTIONS ON BTRDS IN SANSI(RTT LTTERATI.]RE rrLAK *"##ffi[Tffi?fi""t*r. pu*' For the degrw of VTDYAVACHASPATT (Ph. D.) (SANSr(RrT) By SURUCHI PAIYDE Under the guidane of Dr. Shrikant S. Bahulkar -UN*t"^1"-'-\, \}}: 26 I | >lefroT c-l'o-i.rr:"g'a SHRI BALMTJI(UIYD LOHTYA CENTRE OF SANSKRTT AND INIDLOGICAL STT'DIES TILAK MAHARASHTRA VIDYAPEETII, PT]NE APRTT. 'I{I'' DECLARATION I declare that this thesis "soME REFLECTI2NS oN BrRDs rN SANSKR IT LITERATURE" is a result of my own research. The interpretations put forward are based on my own reading and understanding. The references, books and articles I have made use of are acknowledged at, the respective places in the text ot under notes. A A--' d,,<rtq v\\ 3 (Siurdicni Pande) ,%?ata^,1-€!4- 6. S. Bahukart Research Guide !rt.-:, JX__a*_.Lt_- (Shripad Bhat) Head, SHRI BALMUKUND LOHIYA CENTRE OF SANSKRIT AND ASIAN STUDIES TILAK MAHARASHTRA VIDYAPEETH, PUNE MARCH 2OO7 FORM. A CERTIFIED THAT the work incorporated in the thesis .SOME REFLECTIONS ON BIRDS IN SANSKRIT LITERATURE' submitted by Suruchi Pande was carried out by the candidate under my supervision. Such material as has been obtained from other sources has been duly acknowledged in the thesis. **4'.^<$-'L- S. S. Bahulkar (Guide) a l\) Acknowledgement I am deeply grateful to Dr. Shrikant Bahulkar, under whose guidance I have completed the present work. This task was p,ossible due to his tolerance, affection, never failing encouragement and valuable help. I should acknowledge my husband Dr. Satish Pande for introducing me to the wonderfrrl worldofbirds. Heinspired meto find references tobirds in Sanskritliterature and in Indian culture. He enabled me to reveal the ancient wisdom and gems of information regarding avian life and thereby to spread the message of conservation of nature in a friendly manner. He has also provided photographs of birds for this thesis. I am indebted to my parents- Shri. P. N. Joshi and Mrs. Sudha Joshi and my daughter Nivedita Pande for being coolrcrative in my academic pursuits. I thank Resp. Sv6mi Suvijfieyinandajl (Ramakrishna Math, Pune) and Resp. Svdmi Varislhanandaji (Ramalcishna Mission Home of Service, Varanasi) for their help in collect'ng reference material and encouraging me to strive for academic excellence. I thank Shri Yashwantrao Lele (Sanskrit Sanskriti Samshodhika, Jnanaprabodhini, Pune) and Dr. Usha Khire (Pnofessor and Secretary, Jnanaprabodhini Samshodhan Sanstha, Pune) for giving support in various academic assignments. Thanks are due to Dr. Prasad Joshi, Dictionary Dept., Deccan College, pune for providing some photographs. I am thankful to Shri vidyadhar Bahulkar and Mrs. Vinita Bahulkar for neatly typing the thesis. I am extremely grateful to the following people for valuable help in compiling references and encouraging my research work Dr. Reuven Yosef (International Birdwarching Center in Eilat, Israel); Dr. Pramod G. Lalye (pune); Mrs. kela Arjunwadkar @une); Dr. Shripad Bhat (sanskrit Departuenf Tilak Matrarashtra vidyapeeth, pune); Dr. Mrs. Narini Joshi (PrakritDepartment, BhandarkarOriental Research Institute, pune); Shri.parashuram Paranjape (vaidika Samshodhan Mandal, hrne); Miss Shilpa sumant (pune); Mrs. Shubhada Kelkar (Sangli); Mrs. ujiavala pavar (pune); patve Mrs. Shraddha @une); Shri. A. K. Pande (Rrne) and Mrs. Kunda pande (pune). ReJerence material was obtained from the following Hbraries: Bhandarkar oriental Research Institute, Pune; Deccan College post Graduate and Research Centre, Pune; Sanskrit Sanskriti Samshodhika, Jnanaprabodhini, pune; vaidika pune; Samshodhan Mandal, sir parashurambhau college, pune; Tilak Maharashtra Virlvaneeth Brna. Qo--,,*^-^-r^ c.^-^r--ir rr--! v c-entral Institute Higher Tibetan studies, Sarnath, varanasi. All these years of research work were an enriching experience for me. It is so enchanting to walk on the invisible trail left by the footsteps of winged angels - in literature, culture and philosophy! Suruchi Pande CONTENTS Page no. Acknowledgement iv Introduction I Abbreviations lt Some Reflections on Birds in Sanskrit Literature 1) CahavEka 12 2) Mayhn 2l 3) Syena 3l 4) UIfrka 4 5) Kdka 56 6) Kukkula 7l 7) Gsdhn 78 8) Guuda 87 9) Kapta 95 10) Suka 101 11) Kokila tu7 12) KrauficaandSErasa tt4 13) Harhn r25 t4) Cntaka 137 15) SomeMiscellaneousBir* r42 Concluding Remarks 156 Bibliography A) Primary Sources : Texts and Translations 158 B) ModernWorks 165 n INTRODUCTION From ancient times birds have aroused fascination in humans due to their ability to fly' The power of their wings created a feeling of awe. Birds and their eggs served as food' Birds werc kept as pets, werc trained as messengen and they were involved in magico-rcIigious ceremonies, including sacrificial rituals. But beyond this aspect from the point of view of utility, people had affection as welr as fearfrrl reverence, as they felt that birds had a sense of mysterious poweN. Birds were looked upon as otherworldly beings! Humans werc atffacted towards the beautifirl forrn of the birds, theirmagnificent colours and a variety of calls- A wonderfrrl world of birds fiued theirmind with aesthetic delight and reverence. Birds like the eagle, the swan or the peacock were associated with divine forces or deities. They werc attributed the divine qualities that were imaginary or exaggerated or even sometimes based on misundersanding. No country is exception to this. we find bird lorcs, folklores in every part of the world. some birds like the owls were considered as birds of ill omen or some birds Iike the woodpecker or the Indian Rollerwere believedto be oracularand auspicior$ ones. Birds were depicted in the Indian religious texts like the vedas, epics like the Rdm dyanaandt!rc Maheffidnta and also in sacred texts of other religions, the Holy Bible the Kttran,the Ayesfa and so on. The RdmEya4a was composed by the sage vahiki. He saw a pair of sweet_ voiced haufica birds, engrossed in the loving gestures of their courtship. A hunter stnrck down one of the birds by his arrow. The male fell dead and the female lamented piteously. The sage was horrified and deeply moved to see ;r;;. , curse on the hunter' He found that "tt"*o the curse he ut0ered came out spontaneously"" from his mouth in the fonn of a verse; that it was a crcative composition endowed with overwhelrning feeling of sorrow. He was then inspircd and composed the Rdmdyan4a. In the words of Leonard Nathan, "- - -The sage is astounded. He has invented something newoutof veryoldmarcrials: compassion,rageandgrief --veknlki,thefatherof all poets is also the first known birdwatcher, and itis his sror<a tpoetryl. Thus was Rirniyana bom as aresult of valmlki's outrage, makingpoetry out oihurnanpassions.,, (Nathan, 2O0f:p.294). Human figures with bird wings or bird headed man appearin both Eastern and western culture. For exampre, in Egyptian ..papyrus,, oere is a falcon as sun_god. These birds symbolized spirituality. Thus we find artistic motifs in all cultures. Birds are not only important forus because they give us delight and liveliness ro our environment, they are helpful to us in maintaining the health and cleanliness of our environment. Growing population, industrialization, urbanization, hunting, trapping and use of pesticides have bad effects on avian rife. fu a way, humans are speeding up a rat' of extinction of species. It is therefore important to-encourage a campaign to save birds' ourenvironment and promote a ever-lasting consewation we can contribwe to this noble work through various disciplines and one of such disciplines is .ethno- ornithology'' It is a study of birds along with their socio-cultural study. It is irnportant to spread the message of conservation to the masses in simple words and in a friendly manner' Here the ethno-ornithological people approach helps us. are attracted when a scientific infonnation is provided with a touch of culture, useful and meaningfirl traditions, heritage, ancient wisdom that enabled our ancestors preserve natural resounces' trees, animals, birds with utterdevotion and veneration in the most informal and uncomplicated way. The study of culture and of ancienthuman values should arm to crreate love and respect for the animate and inanimate world and should honour the freedom of all. It is always important to remember these words: "Set the bird's wings with gold and it will never again soar in the sk5r." (Tagore 1979:p.aD. References to Birds in various Cultures All over the world we find mythological stories, fofttales and religious concepts related to birds. Greek mythology and Egyptian myftology have dominated the ancient European culture. Here I have tried to compile images of some of the birds, occurring inancientEnrepeanr Bgtrqtian, celtic, Nordic, German, Austnalian, swedish, Austrian, Italian, Bosnian, African, Chinese and Asian legends.l rx)w In the Greek mythology dove goes with venus and Aphrodite. venus is symbolized by the dove that draws her flower-studded chariot through the air. It is believed that Venus was the dove itself once upon a time. Aphrodite is the goddess of spring and lovemaking. She is drawn in a chariot to which doves are harnessed. Dove usually reprcsents love. Spring is the season when the male dove shines in his finest feather and looks ardent in his courtship. The bird is by its nature and habits is supposed to be the symbol of love. Gentle disposition of the dove may have hel@ the earliest Christians to make use of the dove as a symbol of peace and goodwill to men. Mournfulness in the cry of the dove has made it a symbol of mourning. WOODPECKER In the European legends, the woodpecker is the bird of Mars because of his blood-red hood and eyes are like planet mars. Analogies between drum, woodpecker and thunder god are found. According to the sounding of this nature's dmm, weather forecasts andthe chances ofchase and warwe,repredicted. The woodpeckerwas thorght to be the knower of hidden treasures and was believed to have a mysterious affinity with fire, the rain and the thunder god.
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