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INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE PESQUISAS DA AMAZÔNIA – INPA UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO AMAZONAS – UFAM Pós-Graduação Em Biologia Tropical E Recursos Naturais

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INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE PESQUISAS DA AMAZÔNIA – INPA UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO AMAZONAS – UFAM Pós-Graduação Em Biologia Tropical E Recursos Naturais INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE PESQUISAS DA AMAZÔNIA – INPA UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO AMAZONAS – UFAM Pós-Graduação em Biologia Tropical e Recursos Naturais Sistemática e Ecologia de Heteropsis Kunth (Araceae Juss.) com Destaque Especial nas Espécies Ocorrentes na Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke, Manaus-Amazonas, Brasil. MARIA DE LOURDES DA COSTA SOARES MORAIS Manaus, AM 2008 Livros Grátis http://www.livrosgratis.com.br Milhares de livros grátis para download. ii INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE PESQUISAS DA AMAZÔNIA – INPA UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO AMAZONAS – UFAM Pós-Graduação em Biologia Tropical e Recursos Naturais Sistemática e Ecologia de Heteropsis Kunth (Araceae Juss.) com Destaque Especial nas Espécies Ocorrentes na Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke, Manaus-Amazonas, Brasil. MARIA DE LOURDES DA COSTA SOARES MORAIS Orientadora: Dr. Rogério Gribel Co-orientador: Dr. Simon Joseph Mayo Tese apresentada ao Programa Integrado de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Tropical e Recursos Naturais do convênio INPA/UFAM, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Doutor em CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS, área de concentração em BOTÂNICA. Manaus, AM 2008 iii M8287 Morais, Maria de Lourdes da Costa Soares Sistemática e ecologia de Heteropsis Kunth (Araceae Juss.) com destaque especial nas espécies ocorrentes na Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke, Manaus - Amazonas, Brasil / Maria de Lourdes da Costa Soares Morais .--- Manaus : [s.n.], 2008. 206 p. : il. Tese (doutorado)-- INPA/UFAM, Manaus, 2008 Orientador: Gribel, Rogério Co-Orientador : Mayo, Simon Joseph Área de concentração : Botânica 1. Araceae. 2. Sistemática. 3. Ecologia. 4. Heteropsis. I. Título. CDD 19. ed. 584.64 Sinopse: Investigou-se aspectos morfológicos, micromorfológicos e ecológicos como subsídios para a revisão de Heteropsis, tais como: morfometria foliar, anatomia das raízes alimentadoras, historia natural e observações ecológicas em populações naturais na Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke, Manaus-AM. Palavras chave: 1- Sistemática. 2- Ecologia. 3. Heteropsis. 4- Araceae iv A Deus, pela certeza de sua presença em todos os momentos de minha vida; Aos meus pais, Bernardo e Sebastiana, pelo eterno ensinamento, carinho e que sempre torceram pela minha felicidade e sucesso; Ao meu esposo Ribamar e minha filha Liz, pela compreensão durante minha ausência e principalmente pelo amor e apoio. DEDICO v AGRADECIMENTOS Ao Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia/INPA, em especial a Coordenação de Pesquisas em Botânica, por me conceder o afastamento, essencial para meu crescimento profissional. À Fundação Botânica Margarette Mee/Margaret Mee Fellowships Programme e ao Royal Botanic Gardens (KEW), pelo financiamento e apoio logístico concedido, indispensável para minha visita aos herbários europeus. A fundação O Boticário de Proteção à Natureza, pelo patrocínio de parte desse trabalho. Às Instituições que me concederam apóio logísticos para execução do trabalho de campo, em especial ao Centro de Pesquisa do cacau – CEPEC, ao Museu de Biologia Melo Leitão – MBML e ao Instituto Estadual de Pesquisas Agropecuária – IEPA. Ao meu orientador, Dr. Rogério Gribel, pela orientação, em especial nas discussões sobre o comportamento ecológico dos Heteropsis, pelo apoio, principalmente pela amizade e incentivo. Ao Dr. Simon Mayo, taxonomista do Royal Botanic Gardens-Kew, pelo excepcional apoio em Londres, valiosos ensinamentos em taxonomia e morfometria, pelo apoio logístico na Europa e principalmente pelo incentivo e confiança em mim depositada. Aos curadores dos herbários visitados e àqueles que me concederam empréstimos e doações em especial ao Curador do herbário/INPA, Carlos Henrique Franciscon, Thomas Croat, do Missouri Botanical Garden e André de Amorim do Herbário CEPEC, pela sua hospitalidade ímpar na minha visita a Ilhéus, enfim a todos vocês meu muito obrigado! Aos colaboradores desse trabalho: Carolina V. de Castilho, Claudete C. do Nascimento, Jorge Mattos, Jorge F. da Silva e Lázaro B. da Silva. Às minhas amigas da Coordenação de pesquisas em Botânica do INPA, Ieda Leão do Amaral e Francisca Dionísia de Mattos, pela amizade, incentivo e conselhos a mim dispensados. Principalmente pelos belíssimos “Mapas de Distribuição” confeccionados pela Francisca. À coordenadora da Coordenação de Pesquisas em Botânica/INPA, em nome da Dra. Maria das Graças Gonçalves Vieira, pela amizade e concessão de equipamentos indispensáveis para o desenvolvimento do trabalho. vi Às secretárias da Pós-graduação em Botânica, Helcineide R. de Almeida e Giselle C. Marques pela atenção e amizade. Ao Dr. William E. Magnusson, pela facilidade e apoio nas coletas de campo. À Dra. Suely de Souza Costa, Dra. Flávia Regina Capelloto Costa e Dra. Carolina Castilho, pela paciência e atenção nas análises estatísticas. A todos do Staff de Kew, em especial à Anna Haigh, Jovita Yesiljurt e Amélia Baracat, pela amizade e companheirismo. À Dra. Albertina P. Lima, pela concessão dos dados de inclinação na Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke. À Lúcia Mayo, os filhos Maria Joana e Paulo, pela sua hospitalidade, pela excepcional companhia e principalmente em poder compartilhar agradáveis momentos familiar, como degustar uma feijoada baiana em Londres. Ao meu amigo e irmão Badis Bensid, pela sua hospitalidade ímpar na minha visita a Paris e pela alegria de compartilhar agradáveis momentos com sua família. Aos técnicos de campo (escaladores de árvore), que sem as suas habilidades, não seria possível coletar algumas maravilhas apresentadas nesse trabalho: Sr. Jairo M. Lopes (INPA), Lucas da S. Mergulhão (INPA), Sebastião S. de Souza (INPA) e Everaldo da C. Pereira (INPA), José Lima (CEPEC) e Elias Bausen (MBML). Ao Felipe França, ilustrador botânico, pelo excelente trabalho aqui apresentado e acima de tudo pela paciência e compreensão nas correções por mim sugeridas. Ao Moisés Augusto T. Pinto, pela valiosa ajuda na preparação das pranchas no programa CorelDRAW. Às minhas amigas Arlene Almeida, Hillandia e Hillanda Brandão, Aparecida Dallarosa, Ângela e Simone Castro, pelo companheirismo, amizade e acima de tudo pela paciência com a amiga estressada. Àqueles com quem convivi nesses anos de Pós-graduação e com quem troquei informações de alguma forma. Aos meus familiares: irmãs, irmãos, cunhadas, cunhados e sobrinhos pelo grande apoio nas horas mais difíceis. A minha irmã Fátima Soares, pelo apoio e carinho a minha filha na minha ausência, que não foram poucas. A todos que diretamente ou indiretamente contribuíram para o sucesso desta pesquisa, meu MUITO OBRIGADO. vii RESUMO No presente trabalho é apresentado uma revisão sinóptica do gênero Heteropsis Kunth. Esse gênero possui distribuição nos neotrópicos sendo mais diversificado na América do Sul Tropical. No Brasil, é concentrado à Amazônia, com uma disjunção geográfica entre a bacia Amazônica e a floresta Atlântica Brasileira. Atualmente, são reconhecidas 19 espécies, que são atípicas dentre todas as outras da família Araceae, por estas possuírem pecíolo e bainha aderidos aos internós, com exceção de duas espécies, H. melinonii e H. steyermarkii. O gênero está incluído na subfamília Monsteroideae, na tribo Heteropsideae. As espécies possuem hábito hemiepifítico, folhas dísticas, pecíolo inteiramente adnado ao internódio, lâmina foliar oblonga a lanceolada, com nervura lateral primária e interprimárias paralelapinada, formando uma nervura submarginal coletora, elevada ordem de nervura reticulada, espata em formato de barco, geralmente decídua após antese e flores bissexuadas. Aspectos morfológicos, micromorfológicos e ecológicos foram investigados como subsídios para essa revisão, tais como: morfometria foliar, anatomia das raízes alimentadoras, história natural e observações ecológicas em populações naturais na Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke. É fornecida uma chave de identificação, ilustrações, distribuição geográfica e comentários sobre a taxonomia de 19 espécies aceitas. Dentre essas, quatro são novas para a ciência, são propostas uma nova combinação, duas lectotipificações e uma neotipificação. viii ABSTRACT This study presents a synoptical revision of the Heteropsis Kunth. This is a neotropical genus with most of its diversity in South America; currently nineteen species are recognized. It is atypical in the family Araceae because of the congenital adnation of the petiole to the subtended internode in all species except H. melinonii e H. steyermarkii. In Brazil, it is restricted to Amazonia with a geographic disjunction between the Amazon Basin and the Brazilian Atlantic forest. The genus is included in subfamily Monsteroideae, in tribe Heteropsideae. The species have a hemi-epiphytic habit, distichous leaves, petiole adnate to the internode, oblong to lanceolate leaf blade with parallel-pinnate primary lateral and interprimary veins, these forming a submarginal collective vein, and the higher order venation is reticulate. The spathe is boat-shaped and normally deciduous after anthesis; the flowers are bisexual. This revision involved various aspects of the biology, including morphology, micromorphology and ecology, in particular leaf morphometrics, anatomy of the feeder roots and observations of the ecology and natural history of wild populations in the Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke, Manaus, Brazil. A key to the identification of the nineteen species recognized is provided, with descriptions, illustrations, geographical distribution and taxonomic commentary. Four of the species are new to science, and two lectotypifications and a neotypification are proposed. ix ESTRUTURA DA TESE Parte dos nossos conhecimentos
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