A Revision of the Genus Ranunculus (Ranunculaceae) for the State of Utah

Home , Beckwithia (plant), Ranunculus, Ranunculus acris, Ranunculus andersonii, Ranunculus aquatilis, Ranunculus arvensis

Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive

Theses and Dissertations

1976-04-01

A revision of the genus Ranunculus (Ranunculaceae) for the state of Utah

Margaret Doherty Palmieri Brigham Young University - Provo

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BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Palmieri, Margaret Doherty, "A revision of the genus Ranunculus (Ranunculaceae) for the state of Utah" (1976). Theses and Dissertations. 7951. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7951

This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. A REViSION OF THE GENUSRANUNCULUS

(RANUNCULACEAE)FOR THE STATE

OF UT.AH

A Thesis

Presented to the

Department of Botany and Range Science

Brigham Young University

Ix!. Partial Fulfillment.

of the Requirements foi: the. De,gree

Master of Science

Margaret Doherty Palmieri

April 1976

This thesis, by Margaret Doherty Palmieri is accepted in its present form by the Department of Botany and Range Science of

Brigham Young University as satisfying the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Science.

Date

ii TABLEOF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES V

LIST OF MAPS• vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. viii

INTRODUCTION. 1

~ORPHOtOGY. 6

DISTRIBUTIONAND ECOLOGY. 9

TAXONOMY. 12

Ranunculus L. 12 Key to the Species. 13 R. acriformis A. Gray 18 R. acris L. 22 R. adoneus A. Gray. 25 R. alismaefolius Geyer. 29 R. aquatilis L. 35 var. capillaceus (Thuill.) DC 36 var. hispidulus E. Drew 37 R. arvensis L. . 40 R. cardiophyllus Hook. • 43 R. circinatus Sibth. 49 R. cymbalaria Pursh 53 R. eschscholtzii Schlect. . 60 .var. eschscholtzii. 60 •var. : trisectus (Eastw.) Benson. 64 R. flabellarisRaf. 64 R. flamm.ula L. 68 R. glaberrimus Hook. 75 var. glaberrimus. 75 var. ellipticus Greene. 76 R. gmelinii DC. 79 R. inamoenus Greene 83 R. jovis A. Nels. 89 R. junipernus Jones 93

iii R. longirostris Godr...... 97 R. macounii Britt •••• 100 R. oreogenes Greene .••••••. 107 R. orthorhynchus Hook ••••.•. 110 R. ranunculinus (Nutt.) Rydb. 114 R. repe~ L. • • • • • • • • 119 var. repens •••••••••••. 120 var. pleniflorus Fern •••• 121 R. sceleratus L. • • ••••• 126 R. testiculatus Crantz 130

BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 136

· iv LIST OF FIGURES

1. R. acriformis A. Gray ...... 21 2. R. acris L...... 24 3. R. adoneus A. Gray . . . . 28 4. R. alismaefolius Geyer ...... 32 5. R. aquatilis L. var. capillaceus (Thuill.) DC . . . 39 6. R. aquatilis L. var. hispidulus E. Drew ...... 39 7. R. arvensis L...... 42 8. R. cardiophyllus Hook...... 46 9. R. circinatus Sibth...... 52 10. R. cymbalaria Pursh . . . . . 57 11. R. eschscholtzii Schlect. var. eschscholtzii . . . . . 63 12. R. eschscholtzii Schlect. var. trisect us (Eastw.) L. Benson ...... 63 13. R. flabellaris Raf...... 67 14. R. flammula L...... 72 15. R. glaberrimus Hook. var. glaberrimus . . . . 78 16. R. glaberrimus Hook. var. ellipticus Greene . . . . 78 17. R. gmelirtii DC ...... 82 18. R. inamoenus Greene ...... 86 19. R. jovis A. Nels...... 92 20. R. ·j uniperinus Jones ...... 96

V 21. R. longirostris Godr...... 99 22. R. macounii Britt...... 104 23. R. oreogenes Greene . 109 2, •. R. orthorhxnchus Hook...... 113 25. R. ranunculinus (Nutt.) Rydb. . 116 26. R. repens L. var. repens . . . 123 27. R. repens L. var. pleniflorus Fern. . . . 123 28. R. sceleratus L...... 129 29. R. testiculatus Crantz ...... 133

vi LIST OF MAPS

1. Distribution of R. acriformis, R. acris, R. adoneus, and R. alismaefolius • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 34

2. Distribution of R. aquatilis var. capillaceus, var. hispidulus, R. arvensis, and R. cardiophyllus 48

3. Distribution of R. circinatus and R. cymbalaria. 59

4. Distribution of R. eschscholtzii var. eschscboltzii, var. trisectus, R. flabellaris, and R. flammula. • • 74

5. Distribution of R. glaberrimus var. glaberrimus, var. ellipticus, R. gmelinii, and R. inamoenus 88

6. Distribution of R. jovis, !_. juniperinus, R. longirostris, and R. macounii. • • • • . • • • • 106

7. Distribution of R. oreogene~, R. orthorhynchus, and R. ranunculinus •••••.•• 118

8. Distribution of R. repen~ var. repens and var. pleniflorus. • • • • • • • 125

9. Distribution of R. sceleratus and R. testiculatus • 135

vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Appreciation and thanks are extended to the many people who have made possible the completion of this work. I would especially like to thank Dr. Stanley Welsh for his encouragement and advise through the past two years; my husband, Dr. James Palmieri, for his professional help as well as his moral support; Kaye Thorne for her friendship and help; and the many graduate students who accompani.ed and helped me with the field-work involved. Many of the professors in the botany department and the zoology department deserve credit also for the technical knowledge they imparted to me, both in and out of the classroom.

viii INTRODUCTION

Although the North American species of Ranunculus were recently monographed (Benson, 19~8), che interpretation of Utah material is not always certain. Maps and illustrations were not provided to clarify written descriptions. Further, characters such as the shape of the nectary scale or the ratio of the receptacle length in fruit and flower, while providing a rPore natural system of classification, are not wholly adequate for field identification.

The genus Ranunculus as :i.t occurs in Utah is a heterogenous group. Seven of the nine sections and five of the nine subge-nera present in North America (Benson, 1. c.) are represented in the state. An c1-dequate picture of the phylogeny of the genus c::i.nnot be attempted as only 25 of the nearly 300 species worldwide occur in

Utah.

The purpose of the present work is to give a concise picture of the species that occur in Utah. A species key is presented along with pertinent synonomy and a description, illus- tratioo. and distribution map for each specific and intraspecific taxon.

1 2

Materials and Methods

Plants used in this study included mounted herbarium

specimens of the major university herbaria of Utah. Additional

material was collected by the author in 1974 and 1975.

The synonomy cited includes only basionyms, nomenclatural

synonyms, and names based on type material from Utah or adjacent

states. Additional synonyms are included if the names have been

used in recent floras or if there has been some confusion concern-

ing the proper name for the taxon. For more complete synonomy the

reader is referred to Benson's treatise (1948) and supplement

(1954).

Measurements of morphological structures less than 1 cm

long were made through a binocular dissecting microscope with an

ocular micrometer placed in one eye-piece. Measurements of larger

structures were made with a metric ruler. Measurements were

recorded to the nearest half-unit, except for measurements of the

achenes, achene beaks, and any structure less than 2 mm long.

These were recorded to the nearest 0.1 mm. Measurements of the

achenes include the length of the beak unless specifically stated

otherwise. Leaf blade lengths are measured from the apex to the basal edge> not to the point of petiole attachment in cordate or

saggitate leaves.

Collection data includes the total number of specimens

studied, followed in parentheses by the number of collections made by the author. Representative specimens are listed alphabetically by county. Collections made by the author are all cited under the 3 author's maiden name of Doherty. They are deposited in the Brigham

Young University Herbarium.

Standard abbreviations of herbaria from Index Herbariorum

(Holmgren & Keukin, 1974) are listed after the representative

collections and type specimens to indicate herbaria where the

collections are located. Abbreviations used are listed below.

BM British Museum (Natural History), London, Great Britain

BRY Herbarium, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah

CAS California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San

Francisco, California

DS Dudley Herbarium, Stanford University, Palo Alto,

California

G Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques, Geneve, Switzerland

GCNP Herbarium of the Grand Canyon National Park, Grand Canyon,

Arizona

GR Gray Herbarium, Harvard University, Cambridge,

Massachusetts

K .The Herbarium and Library, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew,

Great Britain

LINN The Linnean Society of London, London, Great Britain

MIN Herbarium of the University of Minnesota, Saint Paul,

Minnesota

MO Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri

NDG The Greene Herbarium, The University of Notre Dame, Notre

Dame, Indiana 4

NY New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City, New

York

P Museum National d'Histoire Naturell, Laboratoire de

I Phanerogamie Paris, France

PH Department of Botany, Academy of Natural Sciences,

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

POM Herbarium of Pomona College, Claremont, California

RM Rocky Mountain HerbariUJil, University of Wyoming, Laramie,

Wyoming

UA Herbarium of the University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona

UC Herbarium of the University of California, Berkely,

California

US United States National Herbarium, United States National

Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

UT Garrett Herbarium, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah

UTC Intermountain Herbarium, Utah State University, Logan, Utah

WTU Herbarium, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington

History

The genus Ranunculus was established by Linnaeus in 1753 when 37 species including R. acris, the type species, were described, primarily from temperate and arctic areas, until today nearly 300 species have been described world wide.

Three monographic studies (Gray, 1886; Davis, 1900; Benson,

1948) have contributed to an understanding of the genus in North 5

America. W. B. Drew (1936) also made a contribution to this body

of knowledge concerning the subgenus Batrachium.

The delimitation of the gen'-.1s has not always been clear.

Various authors have designated several species groups as separate

genera. The status of some of these groups is still disputed. The

genus Ceratocephalus was erected by Moench in 1794; R. testiculatus

Crantz was placed in that genus by Roth in 1827. Benson (1940)

reduced Ceratocephalus to subgeneric level although European authors still recognize it as a genus (Tutin et al., 1964).

DeCandolle's section Batrachium, white-flowered aquatic plants with transversely ridged achenes, was elevated to generic

status by S. F. Gray in 1821 and then reduced to a subgenus by Asa

Gray in 1886. In Flora SSSR Batrachium is still recognized at the

gene,:-ic level (Krechetovich, 1937).

B:- ranunculinus (Nutt.) Rydb. is the type species of

Cyrtorhyncha established by Nuttall (Torrey and Gray, 1838). R. cymbalaria Pursh wa~ also placed in that genus. Cyrtorhyncha was reduced to subgeneric level by Asa Gray in 1886.

R. juniperinus Jones was placed in the genus Beckwithia by

Heller in 1906. Beckwithia is not currently recognized at any level,~- juniperinus and similar species being placed in the subgenus Crymodes. The genus Halerpestes, including R. ~ymbalaria

Pursh was erected by Greene in 1900. ~. cymbalaria is currently placed in a section of the subgenus Cyrtorhyncha. MORPHOLOGY

All species of Ranunculus in Utah are herbaceous. The genus includes several annual species, but the majority are perennials. The fibrous roots may be thin, or thick and fleshy; in one species they are modified to form tuberous storage organs. The stems are submerged in aquatic species, decumbent or erect in terrestrial or palustrine species. Several species produce stolons and adventitious roots at the nodes.

Leaves

Leaves range from simple and entire to decompound with lobed or divided leaflets. In many species, the leaves are predominantly basal. Cauline and basal leaves may _be similar to each other, or two distinct leaf types may be present on one plant.

Cauline leaves are sessile or petiolate. Basal leaves are always petiolate, the base often dilated into a stipular leaf sheath.

Flowers

The flowers are solita~y or arranged in a cymose inflorescense. They are nearly always complete (petals sometimes lacking in one species) and perfect (sterile in one variety).

Floral parts are separate, actinomorphic, and spirally attached on a slightly to markedly raised receptacle. Sepals are deciduous during or shortly after anthesis.,-in most species; only in two

'6 7 species are they persistent in the fruiting stage. The petals of most species are yellow, often glossy; white and red petals also occur. At the base of each petal.is a nectary, usually protected by a scale or flap. Stamens are free from the base. In most species they are numerous, but sometimes as few as 4 are present.

When more than five petals are present, the additional petals are modified stamens. The carpels are separate and single-seeded, forming at maturity either achenes or utricles. In most species the styles are persistent, forming a straight or curved beak-like appendage at the apex of the mature fruit. The pericarp is usually smooth but may be variously decorated with ridges, nerves or dots.

Cytology

The basic chromosome number of Utah species of Ranunculus is eight. Somatic chromosome numbers of 16, 32, 48 and 64 have been reported, (Cook, 1962; Coonen, 1936; Kapoor and Love, 1970;

Moore, 1973; Ornduff, 1967, 1968). R. repens is usually reported as 2n = 32 or 2n = 16, however a series of 2n = 16, 18, 20, 24 and . . 28 was attributed to one author (Moore, 1973). R. acris is usually reported as 2n = 14 but all values from 12 to 18 and from 29 to 32 have been recorded (Coonen, 1936).

In Coonen's (1936) list of chromosome numbers for

Ranunculus, mostly of European plants, there were nearly one-third as many species with a basic number of seven as there were with a basic number of eight. This ratio is not maintained in Utah species, the only species with a basic chromosome number of 7 is an 8 introduction from Europe. A comparison of chromosome numbers of

Ranunculus throughout North Arrterica with those of Europe may indicate some interesting relationships in the evolutionary patterns of the genus. DISTRIBUTIONAND ECOLOGY

Habitat

Ranunculus occupies moist habitats throughout the state.

Several species are aquatic, palustrine or amphibious, these

inhabit not only the rivers, streams, ponds and lakes, but also

irrigation ditches common in many parts of the state, and even

stagnant and temporary pools. The terrestrial species also tend to occupy more mesic sites. Even!• juniperinus of the west desert

grows best in areas where the winter snow has recently melted.

Only R. testiculatus, an introduced annual, seems to thrive in

truly dry situations.

Seed Dispersal

The achenes of R. arvensis and R. testiculatus exhibit well-developed systems to accommodate transport attached to the fur of animals. The beaks of other species, especially those which are curved, may be a less specialized expression of the same dispersal mechanism.

Ingestion of the achenes cannot be discounted as a dispersal method. Transport of the seeds/fruits of aquatic plants by waterfowl is not uncommon. Several species observed by the author in pastures and feedlots have been grazed, only the basal leaves and lower stems remaining.

9 10

Economic Importance

Some species of Ranunculus contain protoanemonin, a toxic

property. Cases of buttercup poisoning have been reported, but

they are rare due to the acrid taste which makes the plants unpal-

atable to most grazing animals (Kingsbury, 1964). Utah species

known to produce the toxin include R. sceleratus, R. flammula, R.

acris, R. repens and R. cymbalaria. Concentration varies with

location and time of growth.

Distribution

Many species, probably due to their aquatic or palustrine nature, are widespread and their inclusion in the Utah flora is to be expected. Similarly R. arvensis, -~- acris, R. testiculatus and

R. repens have been introduced from Europe and have since spread

through large portions of North America.

R. ranunculinus and R. juniperinus most probably represent

relics of once more widespread phases of the genus. The two species are in separate subgenera. Each of these subgenera is

represented in North America by a series of species with disjunct distribution, (Benson, 1942c).

The most prevalent group of species in Utah are members of the subgenus Ranunculus, section Epirotes; i.e., R. adoneus, R. eschscholtzii, _?.:. cardiophyllus, !_. inamoenus, R. glaberrimus and

R. jovi~- These species individually are not widespread, but together with the remainder of the section form a continuum of species through the boreal flora and the Rocky Mountain forests. 11

Members of the section are not aggressive and have not reoccupied glaciated areas of the continent.

!• alismaefolius, !• orthorhynchus and R. acrifornds are represented in Utah by varieties derived from species dominant· in the Pacific Northwest. The species, R. oreogenes, is also closely related to R. alisntaefolius.

The major distribution of.buttercups in Utah is throughout the mountain systems. The aquatic and palustrine species are less restricted by elevational requirements, and some, such as R. sceleratus and R. cymbalaria, grow almost anywhere that water accumulates, even for a short period of time. TAXONOMY

Ranu..1.culus L.

Ranunculus L. Sp. Pl. 548. 1753.

Ceratocephalus Moench. Meth. 218. 1794.

Batrachium S. F. Gray, Nat~·Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 720; 1821;; ·

Cyrtorhyncha Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 26. 1838.

Bechwithia Jepson, Erythea 6: 96. 1898.

Halerpestes Greene, Pittonia 4: 207. 1900.

Plants terrestrial to aquatic, perennials or annuals, glabrous to hirsute; roots mostly less than 3 mm in diameter, in one species enlarged into tuberous storage organs; stems sometimes fistulous, erect to decumbent, floating or submerged in aquatic species, sometimes rooting at the nodes; basal leaves simple to compound, mostly ternately lobed or divided one or more times, petiolate; cauline leaves mostly alternate, petiolate or sessile; flowers perfect, regular, sepals 5, spreading to reflexed, mostly deciduous, rarely persistent after anthesis; petals mostly 5, sometimes 6-12~ numerous in one variety; yellow or white, rarely red, bearing a nectary gland and scale at the base; stamens numerous or as few as 4, pistils numerous, developing into a hemisphereoidal to cylindroid head of achenes, or utricles in one species, the achenes tapering to a persistent beak-like style,

12 13 pericarp smooth or decorated with various ridges, nerves or spines; receptacles enlarging in fruit, glabrous to hirsute.

Key to the Species

L Petals white; achenes transversely ridged; aquatic •.• 2

1. Petals yellow or red; achenes smooth or with spines or

longitudinal ridges, never transversely ridged;

terrestrial, palustrine or aquatic •••••..•••. 5

2. Leaves dimorphic, of submerged capillary leaves and float-

ing broadly lobed leaves !• aquatilis var. hispidulus

2. Leaves all -submerged-and capillary ••• - •••••••. 3

3. Leaves petiolate between the stipular leaf sheath and the

blade; petals mostly 1-,-2.5 nnn wide -•.•••••

• • • • R. aquatilis var. -capillaceus

3. Leaves sessile, the first division arising directly from

the stripular leaf sheath 4

4. Achene beaks 0.8-1.6 mm long at maturity; achenes 10-30

per flower; pedicels not recurved from the base in fruit •

• • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • R. longi~ostris

4. Achene beaks 0.2-0.6 mm long at maturity, (the styles

longer but deciduous); achenes (20) 30-50 per flower;

pedicles recurved from the base at maturity.

R. circinatus

5. Se_pals persistent in fruit; fruit 3-chambered or utricular;

petals red or yellow .••••••••••••••• 6

5. Sepals deciduous; fruits achenes; petals yellow • .• • • 7 14

6. Plants tomentose annuals; fruit 3-chambered, the iateral

chambers empty, the basal chamber containing the seed;

petals yellow •• R. testiculatus

6. Plants perennial, not tomentose; fruit utricular; petals

red. • • • . R. juniperinus

7. Basal leaves simple, margins entire or laterally dentate.

...... ,. . . . . ·- . ·8 7. Basal leaves compound, or simple but the. margins at least

crenate or lobed ••• 11

8. .Plants stoloniferous, rooting at .the nodes., the roots

slender, 0.2-1 mm in diameter; fruiting head 3-5 mm in

diameter; petals 3-5.5 mttt ldng; sepals reflected, 2-3.5 mm

long. • R. flammula

8. Plants not stoloniferous, not rooting at the nodes; roots

mostly 1-2.5 mm in diameter; fruiting head 6.5-11 mm in

diameter; petals mostly 6-14 nnn long, if shorter~ then

6-10 per flower; sepals spreading, mostly 4-8.5 nnn long.

...... 9

9. Cauline leaves parted. R. glaberrimus var. elipticus

9. Cauline leaves entire • • . 10

10. Fruiting heads subglobose 6.5-8.5 mm in diameter; achenes

and receptacles glabrous; petals oblanceolate, often more . . than 5. R. alismaefolius

10. Fruiting heads ovoid 9-10 nnn in diameter; achenes and

receptacles canescent; petals obovate, 5 •• R. oreogenes 15

11. Achene faces and margins covered with stout spines to 3 mm

long; annual. • .•.••• R. arvensis

11. Achenes smooth or longitudinally striate, not covered with

stout spines; perennial or annual ••••• . 12

12. Roots enlarged into tuberous storage organs 2-5 mm in

diameter; plants 2-11 cm tall, flowering in early spring-

time . . -. . . . . R. jovis

12. Roots not enlarged into tuberous storage organs, not more

than 2.5 nun in diameter; plant heighth variable •• . 13

13. Basal and cauline leaves (at least some of them)_ com~ound,

petiolules evident below the leaflet blades; leaves not

submerged and ·dissected into filiform capillary segments

• . . • 14

13. Basal and cauline leaves simple, some deeply divided but

petiolules .and blades not distinct, if compound the leaves

submerged and dissected into filiform capillary segments • ... -...... 18 14. Flowers double {petals numerous, more than 20); plants

sterile, stamens and pistils lacking •••

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • R. repens var. pleniflorus

14. Flowers not double (petals mostly 5, not more than 10);

plants fertile, stamens and pistils present • 15

15. Stems, pedicels, petioles, receptacles and sepals glabrous;

achenes longitudinally nerved; mountains of extreme

northern Utah •.••••••.••••• R. ranunculinus 16

15·. Stems, pedicels, ·petioles, receptacles or· sepals densely to

sparsely hirsute; achenes smooth; widespread •• 16

16. Petals 4-8 mm long; receptacles glabrous; sepals reflexed

...... ; ...... R. macounii 16. Petals mostly 8.5-14 mm long, if shorter then the sepals

spreading; receptacles hirsute; sepals reflexed or

spreading •••• • • 17

17. Sepals spreading; achene beaks- about 1 mm long; some plant$

rooting from the lower nodes • • • • • • • !• rep ens

17. Sepals reflexed; achene beaks 2.5..,4 mm long; not rooting

from the nodes R. orthorhynchus

18. Plants aquatic or palustrine; annual or perennial. 19

18. Plants terrestrial; perennial 22

19. Plants annual, erect, stems never rooting at the nodes;

achenes beakless or essentially so (beaks not more than

0.1 mmlong); pericarp with a circle of pinprick dots on each face •• · ••••••••••••• R. sceleratus

19. Plants perennial, reclining or submerged, usually rooting

at the nodes; achene beaks 0.2-2 mm long; pericarp faces

smooth or longitudinally striate • • • • • • 20

20. Leaves and scapes erect from reclining stolons; beaks

0.2-0.3 mm long; pericarp faces longitudinally striate,

margins not corky-thickened •• R. cymbalaria

20. Entire plant reclining or submerged; beaks 0.4-2 mm long;

pericarp faces smooth, corky thickened on or near the

margins ...... • • 21 17

21. Petals 4-7 Illlil long; beaks 0.4,-1 Illlil long; fruiting heads

3-5 mm in diameter. • .. R. gmelinii

21. Petals 7-10 mm-long; beaks 1.3-2 mm long; fruiting heads

7-11 mm in diameter •....•.• . !· flabellaris 22. Fruiting head globose, usually more than 9 mm in diameter;

basal leaves shallowly 3-lobed apically.

...... !· glaberrimus var. glaberrimus

22. Fruiting head subglobose or ovoid to cylindroid, not over

9 mm.in diameter; basal leaves variously lobed, cleft-or

parted, not as above •• 23

Petioles and lower stems spreading-hirsute 24 .. ·

Petioles and lower stems glabrous to pilose, not spreading-

hirsute ••••• • • • • 25

24. Sepal$ spreading; petals 8-14 mm long; northern Utah

• R. acris

24. Sepals reflexed, petals about 8 mm long; Garfield Co.,

known only from springs between the Sevier River and

Highway 89, ca. 8 miles north of Panguitch. R. acriformis

25. Achenes canescent; pedicels pubescent •• " 26

25. Achenes and pedicels glabrous ••••• • 28

26. Basal leaves 3-parted, the lateral segments again deeply

parted • • • •• R. eschscholtzii var. trisectus

26. Basal leaves crenate to lobed, sometimes the central lobe

more.distinct than the other lobes ••• 27

27. Ultimate segments of cauline leaves 3-10 mm broad or more;

petals present, mostly less than 7 mm long. R. inamoenus 18

27. Ultimate segments of cauline leaves 1-3 mm broad; petals

more than 8 mm long or lacking .•.•• !• cardiophyllus

28. Basal leaves several times divided, the ultimate segments

0-.-7-2(3) mm broad; achene beaks- 1.4-1.9 mm long •.•.• -•

• • R.. adoneus

28. Basal leaves variously lobed or parted, but neither as

deeply or ·as finely divided as the_ above; achene beaks ...

less than 1 mm long. 29

29. Basal leaves cleft to divided; petals more than 7 mm long;

plants mostly less than 2 dm tall (22 cm at most)

• • • • -. -. • • • • .- R. eschscholtzii var. eschscholtz-ii

29. Basal leaves, at least some of them, merely crenate;

petals mostly less than 7 nun long; plants mostly more. t.b.an

2 dm tall •• R. inamoenus

Ranunculus acriformis A. Gray

_ Rartunculus acriformis A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 21: 374. 1886.

Lectotype: E. L. Greene, Cheyenne, Wyoming, 3 July 1882

(GH), fide Benson (1948). = var. acriformis

Ranuneulus acrifonnis A. Gray var. aestivalis_ L. Benson, Am. Midl.

Nat. 40: 43, 250. 1948. Type: L. Benson 13420, 8.3 miles

north of Panguitch, Utah, 29 August 1948, (POM, isotypes

BRY, CAS, DS, GI-I, MO, NY, RM, UC, US, UTC). = var.

aestivalis . . • 1,1.ants terrestrial perennials, 3.5-6 dm tall, spreading--

hirsute, roots slightly fleshy 0.4-1.5 mm in diameter; stems 2-2.5 19

mm in diameter, at l~ast somewhat fistulous, erect, not roo~ing at

the nodes; basal. leaves simple, twice ternately divided, some

segments again lob~d or parted, the ultimate segments linear or

linear-la.nceolate, apically acute, 2-4 mm broad, t;he entire blades

reniform, 3-5 nnn broad, 1.5-5 mm long, the petioles 5-10 nun long;

cauline leaves similar to the basal, altern.ate, petiolate, the

bracts linear or of 3 linear divisions; pedicels about 5 cm long . - in flower, 5-10 cm long in fruit, sparsely hirsute; sepals 5,

yellowish-green, 4-5 mm long, dorsally pilose, reflexed, deciduous;

petals 5, yellow, about 8 mm long; achenes nearly glabrous, 3-3.2

mm long, 20-40 _in a hemisphereoidal h!2!a,d,. 5- 7 _unn tgll _and, 6".'"8mm. in

diameter, the beaks 0.3-0.8 mm long; receptacles glabrous,

(Figure 1).

Collections: 1 (O). Garfield Co.: Benson 13420 (BRY,

UT).

Springs near the Sevier River at 7,000 feet. Collected in

flower in late August and early Septe111ber (paratype, Jones 5990,

4 September 1894). Known only from·the type locality. (Map 1).

R. acriformis var. aestivalis is impressive as a relic.

It has been reported only from the type locality in southern Utah;

yet other varieties of R. acriformis grow no further south than

Wyoming and northern Colorado, more than 300 miles away. The last

known collection was in 1960, (Ripley, 1975). The plant was not

found during a search of the type locality in late August 1974.

Cattle were grazing in the area, and it is probable that the

variety is now extinct. '

.. 20

Figure 1. R. acriformis A. Gray 21 22

Ranunculus acris L.

Ranunculus acris L., Sp. Pl. 554. 1753. Type: "Habitat in Europae

pratis pascuis." Lectotype: in the Hortus Cliffortianus

collection of Linnaeus (BM), fide Benson (1954).

Plants terrestrial perennials, 2-5 dm tall, spreading- hirsute; roots 1-2.5 mm in diameter; stems 1.5-3 mm in diameter, slightly fistulous, erect, not rooting at the nodes; basal leaf blades simple, 3-parted to ~divided, the lateral segments deeply forked, all segments again lobed, basally deeply cordate, distally rounded, the ultimate lobes distally acute, 1.5-7 cm broad, 1-5.5 cm long, the petioles 3-15 cm long; cauline leaves similar to the basal, alternate, petiolate; bracts of l'"".3 lin.ear divisions, sessile; pedicels 2-3 cm long i~ flower, 2-4 cm long in fruit, densely appressed-hirsute; sep·a1s 5, green, petaloid at tips and margins, 4-5.5 mm long, dorsally densely hirsute, spreading, deciduous; petals 5, yellow, 8-10 mm long, obovate; achenes glabrous, 2. 6-3 mm long, about 50 in a globose to subglobose head, .

5.5-6 mm tall and 6-7.5 mm in diameter, the beaks 0.5-0.6 mm long; receptacles hirsutulous, (Figure 2).

Collections: 7 (0). Representative: Cache Co.: S. Fork of Little Bear River, Harrison & Garrett 10513 (BRY). Rich Co.

Randolf, Lambourne s. n. (UTC).

Moist meadows and along streams from 4,800 to 6,500 feet.

Collected in flower from June to September. Old World native, naturalized over much ef North-America; Aleutian Islands to

Labrador, Greenland and Iceland, southward to Northern California, 23

Figure 2. R. acris L. 24 25

Nevada, Utah, Kansas, Missouri, Tennessee and Georgia. In Utah known only in the extreme northeast section of the state. (Map 1).

A rather robust plant, R. acris can be distinguished from

R. repens~ R. macounii, and R. orthorhynchus by its divided but never compound leaves.

Ranunculus adoneus A. Gray

Ranunculus adoneus A. Gray,- P-roc. Acad. Phila. 15: 56. 1864.

Lectotypes: C. C. Parry 81, Rocky Mountains, Colorado, in

1861, and C. C. Parry in 1862, (GH, isotypes K, US, P, PH,

MO), fide Benson (1954) .. = var~ adoneus

Ra.nunculus orthorhynchusHook. var. alpinus S. Wats., Rept. U. S.

_ Geol. Expl. 40th Par. 5: 9. 1871. R. adoneus Gray var.

alpinus (S. Wat::s.) L. Benson, Bull,. Torrey Club 68: 655.

1941. R. eschscholtz ii Schlect var. alpinus ( S Wats. f

C. L. Hitchcock, Vase. Plants Pacific NW2: 383. 1964.

Type: Watson, 40th parallel, Wasatch Mountains, Utah,

July 1869, (GH, isotypes NY_·,US). = var._ alpinus

Ranunculus stenolobus Rydb., Bull. Torrey Club 29: 159. 1902.

Type: C. C. Curtis, Headwaters of Cliff Creek, Wyoming,

in 1900, (NY, isotype POM). = var. alpinus

Plants terrestrial perennials, 5-32 cm tall, glabrous; roots 0.5-1.5 mm in diameter; stems 0.5-1 (3) mm in diameter, somewhat fistulous, erect, not rooting at the nodes; basal leaf blades simple, several times divided, .the ultimate segments 0. 7-2

(3) mm broad, basally obtuse to acute, 1-5 cm broad, 1-4 cm long, 26

the petioles 3-9 cm long; cauline leaves similar to the basal

leaves, sessile to short petiolate, alternate; pedicels 0.9-9.5 cm

long in flower, 3.5-10.5 cm long in fruit, glabrous; sepals 5,

green, dorsally lavender-tinged, 3.5-10 nnn long, dorsally pilose

or occasionally glabrous, spreading, deciduous; petals usually 5,

occasionally up to 12, yellow, (5) 10-15mm long, obdeltoid-oblong;

achenes glabrous, 2.5-4 mm long, 40"'.'"70in an ovoid head, S.;..10 mm·

long and 3.5-9 mm in diameter, the beaks 1.4-1.9 mm long, straight

or occasionally curved; receptacle glabrous, (Figure 3).

Collections: 76 (1). Representative: Cache Co.: Mt.

Magog, Tillett 298 (UTC). Daggett Co.: Leidy Peak, Waite 257

(BRY). Juab Co.: Deep Creek Mtns., Cottam 8241 (UT). Salt Lake

Co.: Little Cottonwood, <:ottam and Biddulph 3554 (BRY). San Pete

Co.: Skyline Drive, Doherty 140 (BRY). Utah Co.: Mt. Timpanogos,

Allred 246 (BRY).

Moist areas near melting snow in open meadows or spruce-fir

forests from 8,000 to 12,000 ft. Collected in flower from June to

.·August. Southeast Idaho, Wyoming.and Utah, rare in Nevada and

Colorado. In Utah on high mountains from the Idaho border as far

south as San Pete County, (Map 1).

R. adoneus var. alpinus can be d~stinguished by its large,

showy yellow petals and the narrow leaf segments. Var. adoneus

with broader leaf segments and recurved achene beaks is found

predominantly in Colorado. Hitchcock et al. (1964) includes both

varieties under R. eschscholtzii, but at least within the Utah 27

Figure 3. R. adoneus A. Gray 28 29 material R. eschscholtzii and R. adoneus are distinct and show no intergradation.

Ranuncultis alismaefolius Geyer

Ranunculus alismaefolius Geyer ex Benth., Pl. Hartw. 295. 1848.

Type: Geyer 306, Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, (K, isotypes BM,

DS, G, GH). = var. alismaefolius

Ranunculus alismaefolius Geyer var. montanus S. Wats., Rept. U.- S.

Geol. Expl. 40th Par. 5: 7. 1871. Lectotype: Watson, head

of the Provo River, Uinta Mountains, Utah, in 1868, (GH,

isotype NY), fide Benson ·(1942a). = var. montanus Ranunculus calthaeflorus Greene, Erythea 3: 45. 1895. R.

alismaefolius Geyer var. calthaeflorus (Greene) Davis,

Minn. Bot. Studies 2: 495. 1900. Lectotype: C. s. Sheldon

281, near Georgetown, Colorado, 17 August 1884 (NDG), fide

Benson (1942). = var. montanus

Ranunculus unguiculatus Greene, Pittonia 4: 142. 1900. Type:

C. F. Baker 333, Pagosa Peak, Colorado, 28 August 1899,

(NDG, isotypes POM, RM, GH, MO, US, G, BM, K). = var.

montanus

Plants terrestrial perennials, 7-46 cm tall, glabrous; roots 0.5-2.5 mm in diameter; stems 1.5-4.5 (6) mm in diameter, fistulous, erect, not rooting at the nodes; basal leaf blades simple, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, entire or dentate, 0.5-3.2 cm broad, 2.5-10 cm long, the petioles 3-17 cm long; cauline leaves sessile to short-petiolate, opposite or alternate, similar to the 30 basal leaves, the lowermost to 13 cm long and decreasing upward; pedicels 3-11 cm long in flower, 2.5-13.5 cm long in fruit, glabrous to pubescent; sepals 5, yellowish-green, sometimes dorsally lavender-tinged, 4.5-7.5 mm long, dorsally glabrous, spreading, deciduous; petals 5-10, yellow, 4-14 cm long, oblanceolate; achenes glabrous~ i.6-3.2 mm long, 15-45 in a subglobose head, 4-7 mm tall and 6.5-8.5 mm in diameter, the beaks

0. 4-1. 2 mm long; receptacles glabrou~, (Figure 4) •

Collections: 49 (6). Representative: Cache Co.: Summit of Cowley Canyon, Davidse and Davidse 366 (UTC). Davis Co.:

Chicken Creek Watershed, Clark 1333 (BRY). Emery Co.: Huntington

Canyon, Cottam 7462 (UT). Grand Co.: Warner Ranger Station,

Flowers s. n. (BRY, UT). Iron Co.: Cedar Breaks, Cottam 4244

(BRY, UT). Salt Lake Co.: Cloud Rim, Big Cottonwood Canyon,

Cottam et al. 16859 (BRY, UT). San Pete Co.: Gooseberry Creek at jct. with Highway 31, Doherty 114 (BRY). San Juan Co.: La Sal

Mtns., Cronquist 9211 (UTC). Sevier Co.: Fishlake National

Forest, Um Valley, Anderson 7292 (BRY). Summit Co.: six miles east of Kamas, Doherty 48 (BRY). Utah Co.: Mt. Timpanogos, Allred

848 (BRY). Wasatch Co.: Strawberry Valley, Matthews 50 (BRY).

Wet places in meadows, spruce-fir forests or aspen com- munities from 6,000 to 11,000 feet. Collected in flower from May through August. Western Colorado, Utah, northern Nevada, southeast

Idaho and southwest Wyoming. In Utah primarily in the Uinta and

Wasatch Mountains, also scattered locations in southern Utah,

(Map 1). 31

Figure 4. R. alismaefolius Geyer 32

,1 33

Map 1. Distribution of R. acriformis &, R. acris o, R. adoneus ••

and R. alismaefolius 6.. 34 35

The material in Utah is referable to the var. montanus.

Var. montanus is closely related to two other taxa which occur in

the state. It can be distinguished from _B:. oreogen~by its

glabrous achenes and receptacle, and from_!. glabberimus var.

ellipticus by its narrower (less than 9 mm) fruiting head and the entire cauline leaves.

Ranunculus aquatilis L.

Plants aquatic perennials, up to 7.5 dro long, glabrous;

roots slender, 0.2-0.4 mm in diameter; stems 1-2.5 mm in diameter,

submerged, rooting at the nodes; leaves all cauline, alternate,

submerged leaves highly dissected into filiform segments, once- or

twice- trichotcmous, then dichotonous, the blades 1-3 cm long, petioles up to 18 mm long, only rarely lacking, floating leaves

simple, deeply 3-parted, the lateral segments twice-forked, the

central segment 2- to 3-lobed, reniform, 1-2.5 cm broad, 1-1.5 cm

long, the petioles 1-3 cm long; pedicels 1-3.5 cm long in flower,

in fruit 1.5-6 cm long and recurved but usually not from the base,

glabrous; sepals 5, green or occasionally purple, 3-4 mm long; dorsally glabrous, spreading or reflexed, deciduous; petals 5, white, 3. 5-7. 5 mm long, 1. 5-2. 5 (3. 8) mm broad; achenes glabrous or hirsutulous, 1.6-2 mm long, 15-30 in a globose to subglobose head,

4-7.5 mm tall and 4-6 mm in diameter, the beaks 0.2-0.4 mm long or

lacking, pericarp roughly transversely ridged; receptacles hirsute,

(Figure 5). 36

var. capillaceus (Thuill.) DC

Ranunculus aquatilis L. var. capillaceus (Thuill.) DC, Prodr. 1:

26. 1824. Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix. in Vill., Hist.

Pl. Dauph. ]: 335. 1786. B:_. capillaceus Thuill., Fl. Par.

ed. 1. 1: 278. 1799. R• .P.antothrix Brat. var. capillaceus

(Thuill.) DC, Syst. 1: 235. 1818. Batrachiwn trichophyllum

(Chaix.) F. Schultz, Arch. Fl. France et All. 1: 107. 1848.

B. trichophyllum (Chaix.) van den Bossche, Prodr. Fl. Bat.

7. 1850. _g_.aquatilis L. var. trichophyllus (Chaix.) A.

Gray, Man. Bot. ed. 5. 40. 1867. R. hydrocharis Spenn.

"form" trichophyllus (Chaix.) Hiem, Journ. Bot. Brit. &

For. 9: 101. 1871. !• aquatile (L.) Winnn. var.

trichophyllum Frye & Riggs, N. W. Fl. 169. 1912. B.

aquatile capillaceum Garrett, Spring Fl. Wasatch Reg. ed.

3. 35. 1917. Type: Heller 1162, Hist. Stirp. Indig. Helv.

2: 69. 1768, "Frequentissimus in rivulis quietis •.•

Switzerland," (herb. ?).

Leaves all submerged, filiform dissected.

Collections: 8 (1). Representative: Davis Co.: Garrett

6636 (UT). Duchesne Co.: Mirror Lake area, Despain 93 (BRY).

Utah Co.: Salamander Lake, Larsen 7171 (BRY). Weber Co.: Hunts- ville, Doherty 159 (BRY).

Ponds, streams, and rivers from 4,900 to 9,000 feet.

Collected in flower from July through August. Old World; Aleutian

Islands, Alaska to Nova Scotia; south to California, Utah, New 37

Mexico, Kentucky and West Virginia; Mexico and South America. In

Utah primarily at higher elevations in the north, (Map 2).

R. aquatilis is closely related to _g_.circinatus and R.

longirostris. It can usually be differentiated by the petiolate

leaves, but intermediate forms are common.

The white flowered aquatic Ranunculi have been placed in a

separate genus Batrachium by many authors.- Flora of the U.S.S.R.

still employs this system.

var. hispidulus E. Drew

Ranunculus aquatilis L. var. hispidulus E. Drew, Bull. Torrey Club

16: 150. 1889. R. trichophyllu~ Chaix. var. hispidulus W.

Drew, Rhodora 38: 29. 1936. Lectotype: Chestnut & Drew

52, in ponds at Jarnigan's, Mad River, California, 21 July

1888, (UC, isotype NDG).

Ranunculus aquatilis L. f. heterophyllus A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad.

21: 363. 1886, in part, not R. aquatilis L. var.

heterophyllus DC., (herb. ?).

Ranunculus grayanus Freyn, Deuts. Bot. Monatss. 8: 179. 1890.

Batrachium grayanum Rydb., FL. Rocky Mts. & Adj. Plains

294. 1917. Type: Seehohe, Lytton, British Columbia, July

1887, (herb. '?).

Leaves dimorphic, floating leaves laminate, submerged

leaves filliform dissected •

.. 38

R. aquatilis L.

Figure 5. var. capillaceus (Thuill.) DC

Figure 6. var. hispidulus R. Drew 39

I 40

Collections: 5 (0). Representative: Beaver Co.: Delano

Peak, Maguire 17364 (UTC). Cache Co.: Dry Lake, Maguire 15369

(UTC). San Juan Co.: Elk Ridge, Welsh & Toft 11775 (BRY).

Ponds and lakes from 5,500 to 9,000 feet. Collected in

flower in June. Alaska to California, occasional eastward in

Montana, Idaho, Utah and Wyoming. Rare and widely scattered in

Utah, (Map 2).

R. aquatilis var. hispidulus is the only white-flowered

Ranunculus with dimorphic leaves. ..B:· flabellaris and !• SAielinii are rarely dimorphic, but easily differentiated by their yellow flowers.

Ranunculus arvensis L.

Ranunculus a:tvensis ~-, Sp. Pl. 555. 1753. Type: "Habitat in

Europae australioris agris," (herb. ?).

Plants terrestrial annuals, 7.5-21. cm tall, hirsute; roots

stout, about 1 mm in diameter; stems 1-1.5 mmin diameter, not

fistulous, erect, not rooting at the nodes; basal leaf blades simple, cuneate to obovate, apically toothed or deeply 3-parted with the sections oblanceolate to cuneate, basally acute, distally shallowly lobed, truncate or rounded, the petioles 1.5-3.5 cm long; cauline leaves alternate, n'i.1merous, deeply divided or compound of

2-5 oblanceolate segments, the lower leaves petiolate, bracts

sessile; pedicels 1-3.5 (5) cm long in flower, 1.5-4 cm long in

fruit, hirsute; sepals 5, green to yellow, 3-5.5 nnn long, dorsally hirsute, spreading, eventually deciduous; petals 5, yellow, 4-6.5 41

Figure 7. R. arvensis L. l41 43

mm long, obovate; achenes 6.5-8.5 mm long, 8 or less in a whorl,

the whorl 9-16 mm in diameter, the beaks stout, 1.8-3 mm long, the

face and margin of the pericarp with spines to 3 mm long;

receptacles pubescent at the top, (Figure 6).

Collections: 5 (0). Representative: Cache Co.: West of

Smithfield, Maguire 13677 (UTC)•. Salt Lake Co.: Parley's Canyon,

Garrett 2128 (UT). Utah Co.: Provo, Harrison 10567 (BRY). Weber

Co.: West of Eden Chapel, Garrettand Milner 9482 (UT).

A weed of cultivated fields and waste places from 4,500 to

5,500 feet. Collected in flower in June. Introduced from Europe

and naturali.zed in the United States; Washington, Oregon,

California, Idaho, Utah,_ and along the Atlantic coast. In Utah

along the foothills of the Wasatch Mountains, (Hap 2).

The long spines on the achenes make R. arvensis a distinc-

tive species.

Ranunculus cardiophyllus Hook.

Ranunculus cardiophyllus Hook., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 14 pl. 5. f. B.

1829. R. affinis R. Br. var. cardiophyllus (Hook.)

A. Gray, Proc. Acad. Phila. 15: 56. 1864. R. affinis R.

Br. var. validus A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 21: 371. 1886.

R. pedatifidus J. E. Smith var. cardiophyllus (Hook.)

Britt., Bull. Torrey Club 18: 265. 1891. Type: "Rab. from

Canada to lat. 55°. 11 Lectotype: Drummond, no location or

date given, (K), fide Benson, (1954) .

• 44

Ranunculus cardiophyllus Hook. var. p:i:netorum Greene, Pittonia 4:

144. 1900. B:• pedatifidus J. E. Smith var_. pinetorum

(Greene) Davis, Minn. Bot. Studies 2: 483. 1900. Type:

Baker 327, Graham's Park, Colorado, (NDG, isotypes POM, NY,

RM, UC, GH, MO, US).

Plants terrestrial perennials, 13-29 cm tall, visibly pubescent throughout; root 1-2 mm in diameter; stems 1.5-2.5 mm in diameter, fistulous, erect, not-rooting-at the nodes;· basal leaf blades simple, the margins crenate to lobed, the center lobe sometimes free one-half the length of the blade, basally truncate to cordate; petioles 2.5-3.5 cm long; caaline leaves sessile, 3-7- parted, each segment 1-3 nun broad; pedicels 2.5-10 cm long in flower, 3-6.5 cm long in fruit, pubescent; sepals 5, green, dorsally lavender-tinged, 4-5.5 mm long, dorsally densely tomentose, spreading, deciduous; petals 5 or none, yellow, 8.5-10 mm long, obdeltoid; achenes canescent, 1.6-3 mm long, 80-100 in a subcylindroid head, 6-10 mm tall and 4.5-7.5 mm in diameter, the beaks 0. 6-1 mm long; receptacle densely hirsute, _(Figure 7).

Collections: 4 (0). Garfield Co.: two miles north of

Posey Lake, Maguire 20382 (UTC), Davis Flat, Aquarius Top Haycock

1183 (UTC). Iron Co.: Gierisch 154 (UTC). Piute Co.: N. E.

Delano Peak, Tushar Range, Maguire 19728 (UTC).

Open parks from 9,800 to 11,800 feet. Collected in flower in June. Northern Rocky Mountains in Saskatchewan, British

Columbia and Northwest Territories, rare in Washington, Wyoming, 45

Figure 8. R. cardiophyllus Hook.

Map 2. Distribution of R. aquatilis var. capillaceus •, var.

hispidulus 0, R. arvensis •, and R. cardiophyllus v. 48 49

South Dakota, Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico. Known only

from the Plateau Region of south-central Utah, (Map 2).

Two specimens, Maguire 19728 from Delano Peak, Piute Co.

and Haycock 1183 from Aquarius Top, Garfield Co., are atypical as

they lack petals. Benson (1948)cited these specimens and similar

plants from northern Arizona as!• pedatifidus. The basal leaves

of the Haycock specimen clearly resemble those of!· cardiophyllus.

The leaves of the Maguire specimen look less like R. cardiophyllus,

but only approach those of !· ·pedatifidus. The achenes of both

specimens are densely canescent throughout, a characteristic found

in R. cardiophyllus but not. in!· p~datifidus. The range of R.

cardiophyllus extends into Utah and Arizona while that of R.

pedatifidus does not. The apetalous form, both in morphology and

range, seems to be more closely allied with R. cardiophyllus.

!• ·cardiophyllus is at best rare in the state. It is

represented in Utah herbaria by only 4 specimens, the most recent

collected in 1940. It is possibly extinct within the state.

Ranunculus circinatus Sibth.

:Ranurtculus circinatus Sibth., Fl. Oxon. 175. 1794. -Type: Old

World. = var. circinatus

Ranunculus amphibius James, Long Exped. Rocky Mts. 1: 498. 1823.

Type: "Platte River west of the mouth of Portera's Creek,"

{NY). = var. subrigidus

Rantlnculus subrigidus W. Drew, Rhodora 38: 39. pl. 406. f. 1, 4,

10. 1936. R. circinatus Sibth. var. subrigidus (W. Drew) 50

Benson, Am. Midl. Nat. 40: 240. 1948. Type: Williams,

Collins & Fernald, York River, Quebec, 29 July 1905, (GH).

= var. subrigidus

Plants aquatic perennials, up to 5 dm long, glabrous; roots slender, 0.1-0.5 mm in diameter; stems 1-2 IIII!l in diameter, submerged, rooting at the nodes; leaves all cauline, alternate, the blades 1.5-2 cm long, submerged and highly dissected into filiform segments, the divisions once- or twice-trichotomous and then dichotomous, petioles rarely formed, the first division arising from the stipular leaf sheathes; pedicels 1.5-3.5 cm long in flower, in fruit 3-4.5 cm long and recurved from the base; sepals

5, green or sometimes purple, 3-4 mm long, dorsally glabrous, spreading or reflexed, deciduous; petals 5, white, 5.5-7 rmn long

(2) 3.5-5 (7) nun wide; achenes glabrous or hirsutulous, 1-1.6 mm long exclusive of beaks, (20) 30-50 in a globose head 3-7 mm in diameter; styles deciduous, the beaks 0.2-0.6 mm long or lacking at maturity, pericarp roughly transversely ridged; receptacles hirsute, (Figure 8).

Collections: 16 (2). Representative: Cache Co.: Logan,

Flowers 2033 (UT). Garfield Co.: Tom Best Springs, Doherty 178

(BRY). Rich Co. : Blacksmith Fork, Walsh 541 (UT). Salt Lake Co.:

Salt Lake Valley, Howards. n. (UT). Sevier Co.: Otter Creek east of Koosharem, Morriss. n. (BRY). Summit Co.: Black's Fork,

Uinta Mountains, Welsh et al. 9168 (BRY). Utah Co.: Lincoln

Beach, Bessey s. n. (BRY). Washington Co.: Santa Clara Creek 51

Figure 9. R. circinatus Sibth. 51

,;-~ ' . _./ 'J 1A I I

I 53

Narrows, Cottam 14178· (UT)~- Wayne Co.: backwaters along Fremont

River, Vickery 589 (BRY).

Ponds, lakes, rivers and streams from 3,500 to 9,000 feet.

Collected in flower from June through .July. British Columbia to

Quebec; south of Mexico in the west; Minnesota to Massachusetts in the east; widespread throughout Utah, (Map 3).

R. circinatus is closely related to both R. aquatilis and

R. longirostris. · R. aquatilis is distinguished by its petiolate leaves, but differentiation between R. circinatus and_!!. longirostris is difficult unless mature fruits are available.

Intermediates occur in both directions.·

Ranunculus cymbalaria Pursh

Ranunculus cymbalaria Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 392. 1814. R. nanus

Fisch. in DC, Prod. 1: 33, 1824, as syn. R. cymbalariae

var. americanus DC., Prod. 1: 33. 1824, as syn. R.

saxiftagaefolius Stephen. ex Steudl., Nof. ed. 2. 435.

1841, as syn. Oxygraphis cymbalatia (Pursh) Prantl, Eng.

Bot. Jahab. 9: 263. 1888. Cyrtorhyncha cymbalaria (Pursh)

Britt., Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5: 161. 1894. Halerpestes

cymbalaria (Pursh) Greene, Pitt. 4: 208. 1900. Type:

"Near the saltworks of Onondaga, New York," June, July, (PH).

Ranunculus tridentatus var. major H.B. K. in DC., Syst. Veg. 1:

253. 1818. R. cymbalaria Pursh var. saximontanus Fern., 54

Rhodora 16: 162. 1914, nom. nov. not!:· cymbalaria var. major

Hook. in 1855. Type: Bonpland 4053, Carpio, Mexico, (P -

H.B. K. Herbarium).

Plants palustrine perennials, 3-25 cm tall, glabrous to sparsely hirsute; roots 0.5-1.5 (2) mm in diameter; stems 0.5-1.5 nnn in diameter, not fistulous, the scapes erect from spreading stqlons, rooting at the nodes; basal leaf blades simple 0.5-3 cm broad, 0.5-3.5 cm long, proximally cordate or truncate, distally rounded, mostly longer than broad, the margins crenate to lobed; petioles 1.5-12 cm long; bracts simple, linear; pedicels 1-4 cm long in flower, 2.5-5.5 cm long in fruit, or the scapes bractless, pubescent or glabrous; sepals 5, greenish-yellow, 2.5-7.5 nun long, dorsally glabrous, spreading, deciduous; petals 5, or 6-9, yellow,

3.5-7 nun long, narrowly obovate; achenes glabrous, 1.1-1.5 rmn long,

100-300 in a cylindroid head, 3.5-12 mm tall and 4.5-7.5 mm in diameter, the beaks 0.2-0.3 mm long; pericarps longitudinally striate; receptacles hairy, (Figure 9).

Collections: 149 (27). Representative: Box Elder Co.: Raft

River Mtns., Erdman 1520 (BRY). Cache Co.: Logan Canyon, Doherty

171 (BRY). Carbon Co.: Price, Flowers 661 (UT). Davis Co.:

Bountiful, Bleak 65 (UT). Duchesne Co.: Moon Lake, Cottam 9032

(UT). Emery Co.: Huntington Canyon, Doherty 142 (BRY). Garfield

Co.: Death Ridge, Doherty 180 (BRY). Grand Co.: Moab, Harrison

5951 (BRY). Iron Co.: road from Sidney to Parowan, Maguire 17623

(UTC). Juab Co.: Diamond Gulch, Nebeker 298 (BRY). Kane Co.:

Buckskin Gulch, Welsh 5320 (BRY). Millard Co.: DMAD(Delta) 55

Reservoir, Worthen 288 (UT). Piute Co.: Greenwich, Higgins 4740 ·

(BRY). Rich Co.: Bear Lake, D"oherty 165 (BRY). Sevier Co.:

Deer Creek, Marysvale Canyon, Flowers 15 (UT). Salt Lake Co.:

Red Butte Canyon, Arnow 1993 (UT). San Juan Co.: Montezuma

Canyon, Doherty 191 (BRY). San Pete Co.: Ephraim Canyon, Crane

s. n. (UTC). Summitt Co.: Silver Springs Jct., Doherty 149 (BRY).

Toolele Co.: Big Hollow, Stansbury Mtns., Doherty 98 (BRY).

Uintah Co.: Split Mtn. Gorge, Welsh 396 (BRY). Utah Co.:

American Fork Canyon, Diehl s. n. (BRY). Wasatch Co.: ½ mile east

of Soldier_ Summit, Doherty 11•5. (BRY). Washington Co. : Beaverdam

Mtns., Higgins 811 (BRY). Wayne Co.: Robbers Roost farm, Capital

Reef National Monument, Vickery 578 (UT). Weber Co.: Millie

Springs, Doherty 160 (BRY).

Stagnant or shallow running water, stream.banks, floodplains

and moist meadows from 2,800 to 9,000 feet. Collected in flower

· from April through September. Widespread in North America and

South America. Collected from all Utah counties ·except Morgan and

Beaver, abundant, (Map 3).

Two varieties have connnonly been segregated in R.

cymbalaria. Distinction is based solely on quantitative

characters, and in Benson's (1948) description of the varieties an

overlap is indicated for nearly every characteristic. Var.

cymbalaria is more common in the eastern United States while var.

saximontanus is predominant in the west, yet each variety also

occurs withiri the dominant range of the other.· Varietal status is

not warranted; rather they should be regarded as geographical 56

Figure 10. R. cymbalaria Pursh 57

------58

Map 3. Distribution of R. circinatus A and R. cymbalaria o. 59

() I>- 1'/ I•, :• .J

0 0 •008

0 0

o•0 0 0 0 0 0 00

0 0 60 phases of a single taxon, the western phase being generally more robust than the eastern phase.

Ranunculus eschscholtzii Schlect.

Plants terrestrial perennials, 4.5-22 cm tall, glabrous or occasionally pilose; roots 0.4-1.2 mm in diameter; stems 1.5-3.5 mm in diameter, fistulous, erect, not rooting at the nodes; basal leaf blades simple, 3-cleft or divided, the middle segment entire or shallowly 3-lobed, the lateral segments crenate or further lobed, basally truncate to cordate or obtuse, 0.9-3.5 cm broad,

0.7-2.5 cm long; cauline leaves similar to the basal leaves, sessile or short petiolate, alternate; pedicels 0.5-3.5 cm long in flower, 4-9 cm long in fruit, glabrous or sparsely pilose; sepals

5, green, dorsally laver!.'ler-tinged, 4-6 mm long, dorsally sparsely pilose, reflexed, deciduous; petals 5, yellow, 7-10 mm long, obovate; achenes glabrous or rarely canescent, 100-120 in a cylindroid to subcylindroid head, (6) 7.5-12 mm tall and 6-7.5 mm in diameter, the beaks 0.7-1.0 mm long, receptacle glabrous or pilose, (Figure 10).

var. eschscholtzii

Ranunculus eschscholtzii Schlect., Animad. Ranunc. 2: 16. pl. 1.

1820. R. nivalis L. var. eschscholtzii (Schlect.) S. Wats.

in King, Rept. U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Par. 5: 8. 1871. R.

nivalis L. var. eschscholtzii (Schlect.) Lawson, Rev. Can.

Ranunc. 84. 1884. Neotype: "Ins. St. Georgi, Esch. ,fl

(K-Hooker Herbarium), fide Benson (1954). 61

Ranunculus ocreatus Greene, Pittonia 4: 15. 1899. Type: Baker,

Earle & Tracy 912, Mt. Hesperus, Colorado, 2 July 1898,

(NDG, isotypes POM, NY, US, MIN).

Ranunculus helleri Rydb., Bull. Torrey Club 29: 158. 1902. R.

eschscholtzii Schlect. var. helleri (Rydb.) L. Benson,

Amer. Jour. Bot. 23: 169. 1936. Type: Sandberg, MacDougal

& Heller 842, near Lake Pend d'Oreille, Idaho, in 1892,

(isotypes UC, CAS, GH).

Stems glabrous; ultimate segments of basal leaves broad, the lateral segments (2) 3-5 mm broad; achenes and receptacles glabrous.

Collections: 15 (1). Representative: Duchesne Co.:

Mirror Lake Campground, Morris 1003 (UTC). Salt Lake Co.: Alta,

Cottam et al. 15856 (UTC). San Juan Co.: West Mt. Peal, LaSal

Mtns., Rydberg & Garrett 8786 (UTC). Summit Co., Trial Lake,

Doherty 108 (BRY).

Alpine meadows and spruce-fir forests from 9,000 to 11,500 feet. Collected in flower from June through July. Komandorskie

Islands, U.S.S.R.; Alaska, southern Yukon and southward to

California; east to Oregon, Nevada, Utah and Colorado; rare in

Arizona and New Mexico. In Utah along the Wasatch and Uinta

Mountains, also collected once from the LaSal Mountains in south- eastern Utah, (Map 4).

R. eschscholtzii is most closely related to R. adoneus but can be easily_differentiated by its shorter, narrower petals and the broadly dissected leaf segments. It can be distinguished from 62

R. eschscholtzii Schlect.

Figure 11. var. eschscholtzii

Figure 12. var. trisectus (Eastw.) L. Benson 63

• 64

_g_.inamoenus by its low stature and its cleft or divided basal

leaves, the basal leaves of R. inamoenus being merely crenate to

lobed.

var. trisectus (Eastw.) L. Benson

Ranunculus eschs'choltzii Schlect. var. trise~ (Eastw.) L.

Benson, Amer. Jour. Botany 23: 170. 1936. Ranunculus

trisectus Eastw. apud Rob., Proc. Amer. Acad. 45: 394.

1910. Type: C. Cusick 3200, Alpine Wallowa Mountains,

Oregon, (GH, isotypes US, POM, WTU,RM, UC, DS, MO).

Stems pilose; ultimate segments of basal leaves narrow, the lateral segments not more than 3.5 mm broad; achenes canescent; receptacle pilose.

Collections: 1 (0). Daggett Co.: Leidy Peak, Waite 308

(BRY).

Open dry slopes above Krumholz, 10,500-12,200 feet.

Collected in flower in late July. Primarily a plant of eastern

Oregon, occasional in Idaho, Wyoming and Utah. In Utah known only from the eastern Uinta Mountains, (Map 4).

Var. trisectus is known in Utah from only one collection.

Its sporadic distribution beyond eastern Oregon suggests that

additional populations within the state would be rare.

Ranunculus flabellaris Raf.

Ranuncul\J.S flabellaris Raf. apud Bigel., Amer. Mo. Mag. 2: 344.

}larch 1818, nom. nov. _g_.fluviatilis Bigel., Fl. Bost. ed.

1. 139, 1814, not Willd. in 1799. Type: Bigelow, in 65

1812-3, near Boston, Massechusettes. Neotype: "125

Ranunculus fluv. I will send a better specimen hereafter,"

(PH), fide Benson (1954).

Ranunculus delphinifolius Torr. in A. Eat. Man. Bot. ed. 2. 395.

1818. May or later, fide Fern. Rhodora 38: 171-3 1936.

Type: none listed.

Plants aquatic or occasionally palustrine peren~ials; 3.5-

7.5 dm tall or more, glabrous; roots about:-0.2 mm in diameter; stems 1.5-7.5 mm in diameter, fistulous, usually growing submerged, rooting at the nodes, vertical ridges evident; leaves ternately compound, the divisions subsequently divided 3-4 more times into

2-3 segments each time, the ultimate segments 0.3-2 nun b!road, the f blades 1-6 cm long, the petioles 5-12.5 cm long; in palustrine specimens the leaves simple, 3-parted to -divided and again lobed, petioles to 20 cm long; pedicels 1-5 cm long in flower, 3.5-8 cm long in fruit, glabrous; sepals 5, greenish-yellow, 6-7.5 cm long, dorsally glabrous, spreading, deciduous; petals 5, yellow, 7-10 mm long, obovate to orbiculate or obdeltoid; achenes glabrous, about

4 mm long, 60-160 in a subglobose head, 6.5-10 mm tall a,pd 7-11 mm ! in diameter, the beaks 1. 3-2 nnn long; receptacle hairy, 1(Figure

11).

Collections: 6 (0). Representative: Cache Co.: Road to

Mendon, Holmgren & Holmgren 14139 (UTC). Salt Lake Co.: Salt Lake

City, Garrett 2699 (UT). Summit Co.: S. 24. T. 3 N., R. 14. E.,

Peterson 41 (UTC). 66

Figure 13. R. flabellaris Raf. 67 68

Marshes and ponds from 4,300 to 8,800 feet. Collected in flower from April through July. British Columbia and Alb~rta to northern California, northern Nevada, and northern Utah; kast to

Ontario, Quebec, Maine, Pennsylvania and New Jersey; southward along the Mississippi to Louisiana and along the Atlantic to

Virginia. In Utah known only as far south as Salt Lake City,

(Map 4).

The yellow petals of R. flabellaris distinguish this species from most other aquatic or amphibious species wit_h dissected, filiform leaves. R. gmelinii is the only othet yellow- flowered amphibious species, but its leaves are usually fJoating and laminate. In rare cases when the leaves are filiform:it can be distinguished from R. flabellaris by the shorter petals and achene beaks.

Ranunculus flammula L.

Ranunculus flammula L., Sp. Pl. 548. 1753. Type: "Habit•t in

Europae pascuis udis." Lectotype: Sheet number 1 in the Linnaean Herbarium, fide Benson (1954), (LINN). * var.

flammula

Ranunculus reptans L., Sp. Pl. 549. 1753. R. flammula L. var.

reptans (L.) Reichenback, Icon. Bot. pl. 10, f. 4945. 1824.

R. flammula L. subsp. reptans (L.) E. Mey. Pl. Lab. 96.

1839. R. flammula L. var. reptans (L.) Ruoy and Foucaud,

Fl. France 1: 83. 1893. Type: "Habitat in Suecia. 11 69

Lectotype: Sheet number 2 in the Linnaean Herbarium,

I (LINN), fide Benson (1954). = var. flammula

Ranunculus filiformis Mich., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 320. 1803. R.

reptans L. var. filiformis (Mich.) DC, Syst. 1: 248. 1818.

R. flammula L., var. filiformis (Michx.) Hook., Fl. Bor.

Amer. 1: 11. 1829. Type: "Hab. ad ripas S. Laurentii et

sinum Hudsonia, 11 (P). = var. filiformis

Ranunculus filiformis Michx. var. ovalis Bigel., Fl. Bost. ed. 2.

239. 1824, not!· ovalis Raf. in 1814. !· reptans L. var.

ovalis (Bigel.) Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1: 16. 1838. R.

flammula L. var. ovalis (Bigel.) Benson, Bull. Torrey Club

69: 305. 1942. Type: "Sent from Danvers by Mr. Nichols,"

not present at GH, fide Benson (1948). = var. filiformis

Plants palustrine perennials, 0.5-2.5 dm long or more, pubescent; roots 0.2-1 mm in diameter; stems 0.5~2 mm in diameter, sometimes fistulous below, reclining, stoloniferous, rooting at the nodes; leaves simple, elliptic to ovate or occasionally obovate or linear, apically acute or truncate and glandular, entire, 0.1-0.75 cm broad, 0.5-6 (7.5) cm long, short petiolate or sometimes sessile; pedicels 0.3-2.5 (4) cm long in flower, 0.4-2.6 cm long in fruit, appressed hairy; sepals 5, yellowish-green, 2-3.5 nun long, dorsally appressed-hairy, reflexed, deciduous; petals 5, yellow,

3-5.5 mm long, obovate; achenes 1.5-1.9 mm long, 10-25 in a hemisphereoidal head 2-3.5 mm tall and 3-5 mm in diameter, the beaks

0.2-0.5 mm long; receptacles glabrous, (Figure 12). 70

Collections: 18 (0). Representative: Duchesne Co.:

Grandaddy Lakes, Flowers 259 (UT). Garfield Co.: Cyclone Lake,

Aquarius Plateau, Holmgren et al. 2449 (UTC, BRY). Iron Co.:

Sidney Valley, Dixie National Forest, Maguire 17619 (UTC). Kane

Co.: Navajo Lake, Maguire 19520 (UTC). Salt Lake Co.: Wasatch

Mountains, O. Howard, (BRY, UT, UTC). Surrnnit Co.: Blacks Fork,

Welsh et al. 9170 (BRY). Utah Co.: Lost Lake, Mt. Timpanogos,

Cottam 3851 (UT).

Pond margins, marshes and moist meadows from 7,600 to

10,700 feet. Collected in flower from June to August. Europe;

Alaska and eastward to Labrador, Greenland, and Iceland; southward as far as northern California, Arizona and New Mexico in the west; in the east to the northern tier of states, including Minnesota,

Pennsylvania, New England and New Jersey. Widely scattered throughout Utah, Most common in the Uintah Mountains, (Map 4).

North American R. flammula has been segregated into three varieties. Var. flammula has longer petals, shorter, truncate achenes, and is found primarily in Europe. Var. ovalis and var. filiformis are segregated primarily on leaf shape. Cook and

Johnson (1968) showed that leaf shape varies with local growing conditions. Intermediates are common, and leaves of both

"varieties" can be found on the same plant. Var. ovalis has been synonomized with var. filiformis. Padmore (1957) studied the

European subspecies and varieties of R. flammula, but the species needs to be studied over its entire range of distribution. 71

Figure 14. R. flammula L. 72

' 73

Map 4. Distribution of R. eschscholtzii var. eschscholtzii A, var.

trisectus T, R. flabellaris o, and R. flannnula •• 74 75

Ranunculus glaberrimus Hook.

Plants terrestrial perennials, 6-17 cm tall, glabrous;

roots thick and fleshy, 1.5-2.5 mm in diameter; stems 1-2 mm in

diameter, not fistulous, erect, not rooting at the nodes; basal

leaf blades simple, entire or apically 3-lobed, orbiculate to ovate or elliptic to oblanceolate, 0.5-2 cm broad, 1-5.2 cm long, the petioles 2-7 cm long; cauline leaves sessile, alternate, dissected

into (2) 3 linear segments, or more nearly resembling the basal leaves; pedicels 1-7.5 cm long in flower, 3-8.5 cm long in fruit, glabrous; sepals 5, green, dorsally lavender-tinged, 4.5-7 mm long, dorsally sparsely pubescent, spreading, deciduous; petals 5; yellow, 6.5-11 mm long, obovate; achenes canescent, 1.3-3.5 mm long, 60-180 in a glabose head 8-11.5 mm in diameter, the beaks

0.5-0.7 mm long; receptacles glabrous, (Figure 13).

var. glaberrimus

Ranunculus glaberrimus Hooker, Fl. Bo.r. Amer. 1: 12. pl. 5. f. A.

1829. Type: Douglas, Kettle Falls on the Columbia, Wash-

ington, in 1826, (K-Hooker Herbarium, isotypes K-Bentham

Herbarium, BM).

Basal leaf blades orbiculate to ovate, 1-2.5 cm long, at least some of them apically 3-lobed.

Collections: 4 (0). Representative: Beaver Co.: Pine

Spring Canyon, Wah-Wah Range, Stahmann and Hutchings 22 (BRY).

Boxelder Co.: Blue Creek, Williams 2 (UTC). Cache Co.: Logan

Canyon, Burke 3378 (UTC). 76

Moist areas in meadows or along willow thickets from 4,800

to 5,000 feet. Collected in flower from April to May. Pacific

Coast from British Columbia to California; east~ard to Montana,

Idaho, Utah, and sporadically in South Dakota. In Utah in Beaver,

Boxelder and Cache Counties, (Map 5).

The typical variety is not corrnnon in the state. Further west var. glabberimus grows to as low as 1,000 feet elevation, and

is limited in Utah primarily by elevation.

var. ellipticus Greene

Ranunculus glaberrimus var. ellipticus (Greene) Greene, Fl. Fran.

1: 298. 1892. Ranunculus ellipticus Greene, Pittonia 2:

110. 1890. Lectotype: C. F. Sonne, on road to Donner

Lake, California, 16 May 1886, (NDG), fide Benson (1941b).

Basal leaf blades oblanceolate to elliptic, (1.5) 2-5.5 cm long, always entire.

Collections: 23 (1). Representative: Boxelder Co.:

Clear Creek Canyon, Raft River Mtns., Preece 582 (UTC). Cache Co.:

Logan Canyon, City Power Plant, Smith 2092 (UTC). Carbon Co.:

Scofield Reservoir, Doherty 64 (BRY). Daggett Co.: Carter Creek,

Bennett 36 (UT). Juab Co.: Deep Creek Mtns .. , Reveal and Thomas

990 (BRY). Salt Lake Co.: City Creek Canyon, Selander 1483 (UT).

San Juan Co.: Elk Ridge, Harrison 5894 (BRY). Sevier Co.: Pavant

Ranger Station, Plummer 173 (UT). Summit.Co.: Snyderville,

Selander 1464 (UT). Uintah Co.: Diamond Mtn., Welsh and Moore

1960 (BRY). 77

B:· glaberrimus Hook. Figure 15. var. glaberrimus

Figure 16. var. ellipticus Greene 78

co 79

Moist areas in Pinyan-Juniper woodlands, or growing with

Artemesia from 4,800 to 10,000 feet. Collected in flower from

March through June. British Columbia and southward to California; eastward to Montana, Utah, Colorado and New Mexico; occasional in the Great Plains, North Dakota, South Dakota and Nebraska. Wide- spread throughout Utah except in the southwest, (Map 5).

The two varieties overlap habitat at lower elevations, but var. ellipticus can and usually does grow at higher elevations.

Var. ellipticus is closely related to _g_.alismaefolius and R. oreogenes; distinguishing characteristics can be found in the discussion of R. alismaefolius.

Ranunculus gmelinii DC

Ranunculus gmelinii DC, Syst. 1: 303. 1818. R. purshii Richards

var. gmelinii D. Don in G. Don, Gen. Syst. Gard. 1: 33.

1831. Type: "Hab. in omni Sibiria (Gm.)," (herb. ?).

Ranunculus purshii Richards., Bot. App. Frankl. 1st Jour. ed. 1. p.

751. 1823. R. gr.1elinii var. purshii Hara, Rhodora 41: 386.

1939. R. gmelinii var. terrestris (Ledeb.) Benson·f.

purshii Fassett, Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci. 38: 203. 1946. R.

gmelinii subsp. purshii (Richards.) Hult. Flora of Alaska

471. 1968. Type: Richardson, "(W. B.) ••• (W) denotes

the wooded country from lat. 54° to 64° north. (B)

denotes the barren ground from Point Lake to the Arctic

Sea." 80

Plants palustrine or aquatic perennials, 2.5-5 dm long, glabrous or pubescent; roots fleshy, 0.5-1 mm in diameter; stems

1.5-3 nun in diameter, fistulous, prostrate or floating, rooting at the nodes; leaf blades simple, deeply 3-parted or -divided, the primary lateral segments 2-3 times forked, the terminal segment

3-5 lobed (sometimes lobed a third time), the ultimate segments filiform to 0.5 mm broad, the entire blades basally cordate, distally rounded, 1-5.S cm broad,1~4.5 cm long, the longer leaves usually highly dissected, petioles 0.5-10 cm long; pedicels 1-3.5 cm long in flower, 1-6 cm long in fruit, glabrous or sparsely appressed pubescent; sepals 5, yellowish-green, about~ mm long, dorsally glabrous, spreading, deciduous; petals 5, yellow, 3-6 nnn long, broadly obovate to orbiculate; achenes 1-2 nnn long, 55-100 in an ovoid head, 3-5 mm tall and 3-4.5 mm in diameter, the beaks

0.4-1 mm long, the margins thickened along the inconspicuous keels; receptacles hairy, (Figure 14).

Collections: 8 (O). Representative: Morgan Co.: ca. 4 miles W of Morgan, Garrett 6308 (UT). Rich Co.: Woodruff, Nielsen

231 (UT). Sevier Co.: Fish Lake, Maguire 19880 (UTC). Summit

Co.: Bridger Lake, Peterson 91 (UTC). Weber Co.: Weber Canyon,

Flowers 1565 (UT).

Marshes or shallow water from 5,600 to 9,600 feet.

Collected in flower from June to August. Circumpolar; Russia,

Siberia, northern Mongolia; Alaska and British Columbia to New- foundland and Nova Scotia; south along the Rockies to Oregon,

Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Nevada, Utah and Colorado; rare eastward 81

Figure 17. R. gmelinii DC 81 '

...

I r 83 in North Dakota, Iowa, Michigan and Maine. In Utah in the northern

Wasatch Mountains, and one collection from Sevier County, (Map 5).

R. gmelinii is often segregated into three varieties based on pubescence and the size of the petals and leaves. Studies by

Scott (1974) indicate that there is no reliable way to segregate varieties on a morphological basis. Diploids and tetraploids exist; although the diploids are in general smaller and more hirsute, this is true of some tetraploids as well. The species is quite variable, but segregation of varieties is not warranted.

Ranunculus inamoenus Greene

Ranunculus inamoenus Greene, Pittonia 3: 91. 1896. Lectotype:

Greene, Dale Creek, Wyoming, 30 June 1896, (NDG), fide

Benson (1941b).

Ranunculus affinis R. Br. var. micropetalous Greene, Pittonia 2:

110. 1890. R. micropetalous (Greene) Rydb., Bull Torrey

Club 29: 158. 1902. Lectotype: Greene, Mt. San Fransisco,

Arizona, in 1899, (NDG, isotype K), fide Benson (1941).

Ranunculus alpeophilus A. Nels., Bull. Torrey Club 26: 350. 1899.

R. inamoenus Greene var. alpeophilus (A. Nels.) L. Benson,

Bull. Torrey Club 68: 651. 1941. Lectotype: A. Nelson

4211, Battle Creek Mountains, Wyoming, (RM), fide Benson

(1941b).

Ranunculus utahensis Rydb., Bull. Torrey Club 29: 158. 1902. Type:

M. E. Jones 1130, Alta, Wasatch Mountains, Utah, in 1897,

(NY, isotypes POM, UTC). 84

Plants terrestrial perennials, (5) 11-44 cm tall, hirsute

to glabrous; roots 0.5-1.5 mm in diameter; stems 1.5-3 nun in diameter, fistulous, erect, not rooting at the nodes; basal leaf blades simple, crenate or 3-lbbed, occasionally 3-parted, basally

truncate to obtuse or somewhat acute, 1-4.5 cm broad, 1-5.5 cm

long, the petioles 1.5-15 cm long; cauline leaves sessile, or the

lower ones sometimes short petiolate, deeply lobed or divided into

3-5 oblanceolate segments, these sometimes further lobed, the

ultimate segments usually 3-10 mm broad, occasionally much broader

and resembling the basal leaves; pedicels 0.5-2 cm long in flower,

1-7.5 cm long in fruit, pubescent or glabrous; sepals 5, green,

dorsally lavender-tinged, 3.5-7 mm long, dorsally pilose, spread-

ing, deciduous; petals 5, yellow, 4-7 (9) mm long, obovate; achenes

canescent to glabrous, 1.6-2.5 mm long, 60-200 in a cylindroid

head, 7.5-17 mm tall and 5.5-8.5 mm in diameter, the beaks 0.2-0.8

nun long, straight or curved; receptacle hirsute or glabrous,

(Figure 15).

Collections: 102 (7). Representative: Beaver Co.:

Delano Peak, Maguire 19692 (UTC). Box Elder Co.: Curelom Cirque

(Ball Lake), Mehringer 16 (UT). Cache Co.: vicinity of Tony Grove

Lake, Maguire 21553 (UTC). Carbon Co.: Scofield Reservoir,

Doherty 63 (BRY). Daggett Co.: Summit Springs Ranger Station,

Williams 570 (UTC). Duchesne Co.: Moon Lake, Harrison and Larsen

7712 (BRY). Emery Co.: Huntington Canyon, Harrison (BRY).

Garfield Co.: 2 miles north of Posey Lake, Maguire 19205 (UTC).

Grand Co.: Warner Ranger Station, La Sal Mtns., Flowers s. n. 85

Figure 18. R. inamoenus Greene 86

( 87

Map 5. Distribution of R. glaberrimus var. glaberrimus A, var.

ellipticus A,~- gmelinii o, and R. inamoenus •· 88 89

(UT). Iron Co.: Navajo Lake, Cottam 4255 (BRY). Kane Co.:

Kanab, Cottam 4332 (BRY, UT). Millard Co.: Robbins Valley, Coles

39 (BRY). Salt Lake Co.: Big Cottonwood Canyon, Garrett 3051

(UT). San Juan Co.: Abaja Mtns., Rydberg and Garrett 9823 (UT).

San Pete Co.: Flat Canyon Campground, Doherty 130 (BRY). Sevier

Co.: Mount Terrell Guard Station, Roses. n. (UT). Summit Co.:

Dollar Lake, Gilbert Peak, Maguire et al. 1452a (UTC). Utah Co.:

Aspen Grove, Mt. Timpanogos, Doherty 61 (BRY). Wasatch Co.:

Strawberry Valley, Mathews 33 (BRY). Washington Co.: Pine Valley,

Cottam 6796 (UT). Weber Co.: Mt. Ben Lomond, Clark 2328 (BRY).

Meadows and coniferous forests from 4,500 to 11,500 feet.

Collected in flower from April to early August. British Columbia

and Alberta, south along the Rockies to Nevada, Arizona and New

Mexico. Found throughout Utah except for the West Desert area,

(Map 5).

R. inamoenus has often been divided into two taxa based on

the lobation of the basal leaves and the degree of pubescense of

pedicels and achenes. These characters not only vary randomly, but

plants having and lacking a particular character occur

sympatrically.

Ranunculus jovis A. Nels.

Ranunculus jovis A. Nels. Bull. Torrey Club 27: 261. 1900. Type:

originally cited as E. Nelson & L. Gooding 5817, Yellow-

stone Parke, July 13 1899, but according to Benson (1948) 90

label information indicates it was collected by A. &

E. Nelson, (RM, isotype NY).

Ranunculus digitatus Hook. Kew. Jour. 3: 124. pl. 4. 1851, not

Gilib. in 1781, not Willd. ex. Lebed. in 1842. Type:

Burke, Rocky Mountains, near Fort Hall, (isotype NY).

Plants perennial, terrestrial, glabrous, 2-11 cm tall;

roots thickened into tuberous storage organs 0.6-4 cm long, 2-5 mm

in diameter; stems 1-3 (4) nnn in diameter, not fistulous, erect, not rooting at the nodes; basal leaf blades simple, divided into

(2) 3-5 oblanceolate segments 0.8-4 cm long, petioles 1-8 cm long;

cauline leaves sessile, entire, or more commonly divided and

similar to the basal leaves; pedicels 0.5-3.5 cm long in flower,

1-6 cm long in fruit, glabrous; sepals 5, green, dorsally lavender-

tinged, 2-7.5 nun long, dorsally glabrous, reflexed, deciduous;

petals 5, yellow, 4-15 mm long, 2-3 times the length of the sepals,

oblanceolate to narrowly obovate; achenes glabrous or sparsely

canescent, 1-2.3 mm long, 50-70 in a globose subcylindroid head,

4-6.5 mm tall, 4.5-6 mm in diameter, the beaks 0.2-1.0 mm long;

receptacle glabrous, (Figure 16).

Collections: 44 (2). Representative: Box Elder Co.:

south of Sardine Canyon, Maguire and Maguire 3383 (UTC). Cache

Co.: Tony Grove Lake, Maguire 20436 (UTC): Green Canyon, Burke

3381 (UTC). Salt Lake Co.: Big Cottonwood Canyon, Garrett 2902,

(UT); Red Butte Canyon, Arnow 1400 (UT, BRY). Summit Co.: Cobble-

stone Campground, Doherty 53 (BRY); Gorgoza, Norton s. n. (UT).

Utah Co.: American Fork CAnyon, Winburn s. n. (UT); Hobble Creek 91

Figure 19. R. jovis A. Nels. 92 93

Canyon, Harrison 7225 (BRY). Weber Co.: North of Liberty, Clark

1127 (BRY). Wasatch Co.: Strawberry Valley, Mathews 49 (BRY).

Moist grounds from melting snow, primarily in the oak-brush zone from 5,000 to 9,000 feet. Collected in flower from February to July. Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming; south to northern

Utah and west to eastern Idaho; occasional in Nevada; in Utah abundant along the Wasatch Mountains and scattered in the Uintah

Mountains, (Map 6).

R. jovis can be distinguished from other low-growing

Ranunculi by its tuberous root system.

Ranunculus juniperinus Jones

Ranunculus juniperinus Jones, Proc. Calif. Acad. II. 5: 616. 1896.

Beckwithia juniperina (Jones) Heller, Muhlenbergia 1: 144.

1906. Lectotype: M. E. Jones 5011, at Copper Mine, 18

miles west of St. George, Beaverdam Mountains, Utah,

4 April, (POM, isotypes BM, UC, MO, K), fide Benson

(1942b). Cotype: M. E. Jones 5139, at head of the west

branch of Santa Clara Valley, Beaverdam Mountains, Utah,

30 April, (POM, US).

Ranunculus andersonii A. Gray var. tenellus S. Wats. in King, Rept.

Geol. Surv. 40th Par. 5: 7. 1871, not R. tenellus Nutt. in

1838. Type: S. Watson, Pilot Rock Point, Salt Lake, Utah,

17 June 1869, (GH, isotype US).

Plants terrestrial perennials, 0.5-3 dm tall, glabrous; roots 0.4-1 mm in diameter; stems scapose, 1.5-4 cm in diameter, usually not fistulous, erect, not rooting at the nodes; basal leaf 94 blades compound, 1.5-5.5 cm wide, 1-5 cm long, triternately 2-3

times divided, the ultimate segments 0.5-2 (4) mm broad, linear, acute, petioles 4-12 cm long; cauline leaves usually lacking, when present resembling the basal leaves or reduced to 1-several linear

segments; sepals 5, reddish, 6-15 mm long, dorsally glabrous,

spreading, persistant in fruit; petals 5, red 12-17 cm long,

orbicular; utricles 2-6.5 nnn long, 35-60 in a hemisphereoidal head,

9-10 mm tall and 9-12 mm in diameter, the beaks 0.2-1.0 mm long;

receptacles glabrous, (Figure 17).

Collections: 33 (1). Representative: Juab Co.: Fish

Springs, Christensen s. n. (BRY). Kane Co.: Cockscomb, above

Cottonwood Wash Spring, Atwood 3583 (BRY). Millard Co.: Confusion

Range, Gentry 2017 (UTC). Tooele Co.: Dugway Range, Christensen

6 (BRY). Washington Co.: Beaverdam Mountains, Doherty 251 (BRY).

Foothills in the Artemisia and Pinyan-Juniper zones, 3,600

to 7,800 feet. Collected in flower from April through May.

Eastern Nevada, western Utah and northwestern Arizona. In Utah

among the mountain ranges of the west desert, (Map 6).

R. juniperinus can readily be distinguished from other Utah

Ranunculi by its red flowers and utricular fruits. Together with

R. andersonii Gray and R. glacialis L. it has been placed in the

genus Beckwithia by some authors. !• andersonii, growing to the north and west of the range

of R. juniperinus has larger fruit. According to Benson (1948)

the scapes of R. andersonii are "practically always with no.bracts

and with one flower" while those of R. juniperinus are "With 95

Figure 20. R. juniperinus Jones 96 97 usually 1 bract and one or two flowers." Presence of the bract in the small fruited Utah material is variable, even within populations. If this characteristic proves equally variable in the large fruited material of California and Nevada, variatal status would be more appropriate.

Ranunculus longirostris Godr.

Ranunculus longirostris Godr., Mem. Roy. Soc. Nancy 39. f. 9. 1839.

Batrachium longirostre (Godr.) F. Schultz, Arch. Fl. France

et All. 1: 71. 1842. R. hydrocharis Spenn. f. longirostris

Hiern, Jour. Bot. Brit. & For. 9: 100. 1871. R. aquatilis

L. var. longirostris (Godr.) Lawson, Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.

2: 45. 1884. Type: N. Riehl, St. Louis, Missouri, June

1838, (P, isotypes K, NY).

Plants aquatic perennials, to 4 dm long, glabrous; roots slender, about 0.2 mm in diameter; stems 1-2 mm in diameter, submerged, rooting at the nodes; leaves all cauline, alternate, the blades 1-2.5 (3.5) cm long, submerged and highly dissected into filiform segments, the divisions once- or twice-trichotomous and then dichotomous, petioles lacking, the first division arising from the stipular leaf sheath; pedicels 2-3.5 cm long in flower, in fruit 3-6 cm long and recurved but usually not from the base; sepals 5, green, 3-5 mm long, dorsally glabrous, spreading, deciduous; petals 5, white, 5-7.5 mm long, 3-5 mm wide; achenes· glabrous or hirsutulous, 1-2.3 mm long exclusive of beaks, 10-30 in a globose head, 3-5 mm in diameter, the beaks 0.8-1.6 mm long, 98

Figure 21. R. longirostris Godr. 99 100 pericarp roughly transversely ridged; receptacles hirsute, (Figure 18).

Collections: 21 (6). Representative: Cache Co.: Logan

River, Doherty 167 (BRY}. Davis Co.: edge of swamp near highway,

Garrett & Milner 9457 (UT). Grand Co.: vicinity of Weaver

Reservoir, Holmgren et al 2360 (BRY). Salt Lake Co.: Red Butte

Canyon, Arnow 2373 (BRY). Summitt Co.: Kimball's Junctions,

Doherty 151 (BRY). Utah Co.: Provo River, Doherty 233 (BRY).

Wasatch Co.: Charleston, Doherty 249 (BRY). Rich Co.: Bear Lake,

Doherty 166 (BRY).

Ponds, lakes, rivers and streams, more commonly in still waters, from 4,500 to 5,900 feet. Collected in flower from June through August. Saskatchewan to Quebec; in the east south to

Arkansas, Alabama and Delaware; in the west through Montana, Idaho, northeast Nevada, Utah, Colorado and New Mexico. Widespread throughout northern Utah, (Map 6).

R. longirostris is closely related to R. circinatus. Until the fruit is mature only the number of carpels will help in differentiating the taxa. With mature fruit the long beaks of

R. longirostris and the basally recurved pedicels of!· circinatus

further distinguish the two entities. Intermediates are not uncommon.

Ranunculus macounii Britt.

Ranunculus macounii Britt., Trans, N.Y. Acad. Sci. 12: 3. 1892,

nom. nov. Ranunculus hispidus Hook., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 19. 101

1829, not Michx. in 1803. R. oreganus sbsp. macounii

Piper, Contr. U. S. Nat. Her. 11: 276. 1906. Lectotype:

Scouler, Columbia River, (K, two sheets), fide Benson

(1954).

Ranunculus rivularis Rydb., Bull. Torrey Club 39: 319. 1912. Type:

S. Watson, Huntington Valley, Nevada, (NY).

Plants terrestrial perennials, 2-8.5 dm tall, spreading- hirsute; roots 0.5-3 mm in diameter; stems 3-12 mm in diameter, fistulous, erect, occasionally rooting at lower nodes; basal leaf blades simple and deeply 3-divided, or more commonly compound of 3 petiolulate leaflets, leaflets alternate or opposite, the lateral petiolules 0.1-1.5 cm long, the central petiolule 0.5-2.3 cm long, each leaflet deeply 3-divid-ed, sometimes even bipinnate, then again

1 to 3 times parted or lobed, the ultimate segments acute apically, the entire leaflet deltoid in outline, 2.5-21.5 cm broad, 2-14 cm long, the petioles 6.5-18 (31.5) cm long, at least some leaves on each plant compound; cauline leaves similar to the basal, alternate or opposite, petiolate or sessile, the bracts linear or reduced but resembling the leaves; pedicels (0.5) 1-4 cm long in flower (0.7)

1.5-11.5 cm long in fruit, spreading-hirsute; sepals 5, often purple-tinged dorsally, 3.5-8.5 cm long, reflexed, hirsute beneath, deciduous; petals 5, yellow, 4-8 cm long, obovate; achenes glabrous, 3-4.2 nnn long, 20-60 (110) in a subglobose head, 7-14 min tall and 7.5-15 mm in diameter, the beaks 0.8-1.5 mm long, the faces sculptured with numerous pinprick dots; receptacles glabrous,

(Figure 19). 102

Collections: 37 (4). Representative: Box Elder Co.:

Clear Creek, Cottam 3,000 (BRY). Cache Co.: Logan, Smith 1667

(UTC). Davis Co.: Farmington, Andersen s. n. (UTC). Duchesne

Co.: N. Duchesne River, Maguire 12534 (UTC). Kane Co.: Harris

Flat Ranger Station, Gierisch 473 (UTC). Morgan Co.: Weber River,

Flowers 1566 (UT). Piute Co.: Greenwich, Higgins 4710 (BRY).

Rich Co.: Laketown, Doherty 161 (BRY). Salt Lake Co.: Red Butte

Canyon, Arnow (UT, BRY). San Juan Co.: LaSal Ranger Station,

Maguire & Redd 1806 (UTC). Sevier Co.: ·Fishlake, Maguire 16232 &

19881 (UTC). Summit Co.: Silver Springs Jct., Doherty 148 (BRY).

Utah Co.: Provo, Doherty 148 (BRY). Wasatch Co.: Cascade

Springs, Barton s. n. (BRY). Washington Co.: Pine Valley

Mountains, Atwood & Higgins 5552 (BRY). Weber Co.: Hooper,

Flowers 1564 (UT).

Along streams or moist areas in meadows or woodlands from

4,500 to 9,000 feet. Collected in flower from May through July.

Alaska and British Columbia south to California, mostly east of the

Cascades; east to Labrador, Newfoundland, Michigan, North Dakota,

Arizona and New Mexico. In Utah at lower elevations of the Wasatch

Mountains, Uinta Mountains and scattered ranges in southern Utah,

(Map 6).

R. macounii can be distinguished from R. repens and!• orthorhynchus, similar in both stature and habitat, by the small flowers of R. macounii. The species reportedly will root at the lower nodes under favorable conditions, but rooting has not-been observed in any of the Utah material examined. 103

Figure 22. R. macounii Britt. 104 105

Map 6. Distribution of_!. jovis •, !· juniperinus e, R. longirostris v, and R. macounii o. 106 107

Ranunculus oreogenes Greene

Ranunculus oreogenes Greene, Pl. Baker. 3: 2. 1901. Type: C. F.

Baker 50, Cerro Summit above Cimarron. Colorado, 7 June,

(NDG, isotype MIN).

Ranunculus collomae L. Benson, Bull. Torrey Club 69: 299. 1942.

Type: Mrs. R. E. Collom 999, near Bugglen Hill, South Rim

of the Grand Canyon, Coconino County, Arizona, 10 April

1941, (UA, isotypes POM, GCNP, PH).

Plants terrestrial perennials, 6-7 cm tall, glabrous; roots thickened, 1.5-2.5 mm in diameter; stem 1-2 mm in diameter, somewhat fistulous, erect, not rooting at the nodes; basal leaf blades simple, linear to elliptical, entire, 0.2-1.1 cm broad, 1.5-3.5 cm long, the petioles 2.5-3.2 cm long; cauline leaves alternate, sessile, similar to the basal leaves; pedicles 2.5-5 cm long in flower, 4-6 cm long in fruit; sepals 5, yellow-green, dorsally lavender-tinged, about 5 mm long, dorsally pilose, spreading, deciduous; petals 5, yellow, 7-12 nnn long, obovate; achenes canescent 3-3.2 mm long, 50-100 in an ovoid head 10-12 mm tall and

9-10 mm in diameter, the beaks about 1 mm long, curved; receptacles pubescent, (Figure 20).

Collections: 3 (0). Representative: San Juan Co.: Elk

Ridge, Harrison 5894 (UTC); Navajo Mtn., Atwood 4186 (BRY).

Open ground, associated with yellow pine or spruce-fir woodlands. Collected in flower in May. Colorado, northern

Arizona, northwestern New Mexico, and Kane and San Juan counties in

Utah, (Map 7). 108

Figure 23. R. oreogenes Greene 109 110

The species is limited geographically, and is not abundant anywhere in its range. R. alismaefolius var. montanus and R. glaberrimus var. ellipticus can be differentiated from R. oreogenes using the characteristics discussed under the first species.

Ranunculus orthorhynchus Hook.

Ranunculus orthorthynchus Hook., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 21. pl. 9. 1892.

Type: Douglas, "not infrequent on the low points of land

near rivers, in North-West America," (herb. ?). = var.

orthorhynchus

Ranunculus orthorhynchus Hook. var. platyphyllus A. Gray, Proc.

Amer. Acad. 21: 377. 1886. R. platyphyllus (Gray) A.

Nels., Bot. Gaz. 42: 52. 1906. R. platyphyllus (Gray)

Piper, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 11: 276. 1906. Lectotype:

Watson 28, Wasatch Mountains, Utah, (GR, isotype NY), fide

Benson (1941a). = var. platyphyllus

Plants terrestrial perennials, 2.5-8 dm tall, spreading- hirsute; the roots 1-3 nun in diameter; the stems 2.5-7 nnn in diameter, fistulous, erect, not rooting at the nodes; basal leaves mostly compound of 3 leaflets, the lateral leaflets divided into two segments which are again lobed and toothed, the central leaflet divided into 3 segments which are again parted and lobed, sometimes the divisions of the central leaflet complete and forming 5 leaflets, sometimes the primary divisions incomplete forming deeply divided simple leaves, always some compound leaves on each plant, the entire blades 4-11 cm broad, 4-13 cm long, the petioles 6-31 cm 111 long; cauline leaves similar to the basal, alternate, petiolate, the bracts reduced 3-parted leaves; pedicels 2-12 cm long in flower, 4-15.5 cm long in fruit, spreading-hirsute; sepals 5, greenish-yellow, usually dorsally purple-streaked, 6.5-12.5 nun long, hirsute beneath, reflexed, deciduous; petals 5, yellow, 8.5-

14 nun long, obovate; achenes 5-7.5 mm long, 25-65 in a globose head, 8.5-17.5 mm tall and 10-19 mm in diameter, the beaks 2.5-4 mm long; receptacle hirsute, (Figure 21).

Collections: 19 (3). Representative: Cache Co.: Tony

Grove Lake, Maguire 20380 (UTC). Daggett Co.: Beaver Creek,

Collotzii 30 (BRY). Emery Co.: west of Fairfield, Doherty 122

(BRY). Salt Lake Co.: Silver Lake, Harrison 9454 (BRY). San Pete

Co.: MIA Camp Shalom, Doherty 124 (BRY). Wasatch Co.: Strawberry

Valley, Matthews 120 (BRY). Weber Co.: Eden, Cardon s. n. (UTC).

Moist areas in woodlands or meadows, particularly along watercourses,· from 6,000 to 10,000 feet. Collected in flower from

April through August. Wyoming, Utah, Neyada, northwestern

California, western Montana, Oregon and British Columbia •. The species occurs in the Wasatch and Uinta Mountains and South along the Wasatch Plateau system of Utah, (Map 7).

In fruit R. orthorhynchus is quickly identified by the extremely long achene beaks. In flower it is equally impressive with its large, bright yellow flowers, it can be distinguished from

the similar R. repens by the reflexed sepals and the absence of nodal rooting. Utah material belongs to var. platyphyllus. 112

Figure 24. R. orthorhynchus Hook. 113 114

Ranunculus ranunculinus (Nut.) Rydb.

Ranunculus ranunculinus (Nutt.) Rydb., Bot. Surv. Nebr. 3: 23.

1894. Cyrtorhyncha ranunculina Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray, Fl.

N. Am. 1: 26. 1838. R. nuttallii A. Gray, Proc. Acad.

Phila. 15: 56. 1864, nom. nov. Type: Nuttall, "By the

sides of gravelly brooks in the eastern Range of the

Rockies on the banks of the Sweet Water of the Platte, but

not farther to the westward," Wyoming, (BM, isotypes GH, K, NY).

Cyrtorhyncha neglecta Greene, Pittonia 4: 146. 1900. R. neglectus

(Greene) L. C. Wheeler, Rhodora 39: 51. 1937. Lectotype:

Bethel, Morrison, Colorado, 27 May 1899, (NDG), fide Benson

(1942b).

Cyrtorhyncha rupestris Greene, Pl. Baker. 3: 3. 1901. Type: Baker

198, Black Canyon of the Gunnison, Colorado, 20 June 1901,

(NDG)".

Plants terrestrial perennials, 1.5-2.5 dm tall, glabrous;

roots 0.6-1 mm in diameter, stems 0.8-1.5 mm in diameter, not

fistulous, erect, not rooting at the nodes; basal leaf blades com-

pound, the three primary leaflets deeply ternately divided or twice

compound, twice more parted or lobed, the ultimate segments 1-4 mm

broad, the leaves 4-6 cm broad, 3-5.5 cm long, the petioles 7-11 cm

long; cauline leaves similar to the basal leaves or reduced,

petiolate below, sessile above; pedicels 1-3 cm long in flower, 2-7

cm long in fruit, glabrous; sepals 5, yellow or tinged with green,

2-4 mm long, dorsally glabrous, spreading, deciduous; petals 5, 115

Figure 25. R. ranunculinus (Nutt.) Rydb. ll6 117

Map 7. Distribution of R. oreogenes V, R. orthorhynchus A, and

R. ranunculinus •· 118 119 yellow, 3-6 mm long, narrowly obovate; achenes 2.4-2.8 mm long,

10-30 in a capitate cluster about 5 mm tall and 5-7 mm in diameter,

the beaks 0.6-1.2 nnn long, pericarp 3-5 nerved on each face; recep-

tacle glabrous, (Figure 22).

Collections: 2 (0). Representative: Cache Co.: Bear

River Range, Cottonwood Canyon, Snell 41 (BRY).

Mountainsides, bases of cliffs from 8,000 to 8,500 feet.

Collected in flower in May. Southeast Wyoming, northern Utah,

south along the Rockies in Colorado to northern New Mexico. In

Utah only in the extreme north near the Idaho border, (Map 7).

R. ranunculinus is restricted in range and extremely rare

in the state of Utah. !• ranunculinus is the type species of the

genus Cyrtorhyncha, the primary difference being the thin-nerved

pericarp. Cyrtorhyncha was reduced to subgeneric status in 1886, a

more appropriate position since there are no other characteristics

to separate it from the main body of Ranunculus.

Ranunculus repens L.

Plants terrestrial perennials, 1.5-7.5 dm tall, densely to

sparsely hirsute; roots fibrous, 0.1-2 mm in diameter; stems

0.8-4.5 (7.5) mm in diameter, not fistulous, somewhat erect or

decumbent, usually rooting at the lower nodes; basal leaf blades

compound, 2-10.5 mm broad, (1) 2.5-11 mm long, leaflets 3-5,

pinnate, 2-3-parted and again cleft or toothed, sometimes the

lateral leaflets twice-compound, the petioles 3-28 cm long; cauline

leaves similar, alternate, petiolate, the bracts of 1-3 nearly 120 linear segments, sessile; pedicels 1-9 cm long in flower, 2.5-14.5 cm long in fruit, densely to sparsely hirsute; sepals 5, greenish- yellow, often streaked with purple, 5-8.5 (11) mm long, dorsally hirsute; spreading, deciduous; petals 5, rarely 6-9, or numerous, yellow 3.5-15 mm long; obovate to obdeltoid; achenes 2.4-4 mm long,

20-40 in a subglobose head, 6.5-9.5 mm tall and 7-10 mm in diameter, the beaks 0.5-1.0 mm long, the margins prominent; receptacles hirsute, (Figure 23).

var. repens

Ranunculus repens L., Sp. Pl. 554. 1753. Type: "Habitat in

Europae cultis." Lectotype: Sheet number 52 in the

Linnaean Herbarium, (LINN), fide Benson (1954).

Center leaflet of basal leaves basally acute to obtuse; petals usually S, rarely 6-9, 7-15 mm long; achenes as described for the species.

Collections: 30 (5). Representative: Cache Co.: Logan,

Maguire 2316 (UTC). Davis Co.: south of Lagoon, Bleak 88 (UT).

Garfield Co.: Cow Puncher Creek, Aquarius Plateau, Maguire 19619

(UTC). Salt Lake Co.: between Highland Drive and Murray, Laces. n. (UT). Utah Co.: Provo, Doherty 91 (BRY).

River and ditch banks, moist areas in fields and meadows about 4,500 feet. Collected in flower from May through July.

Native of the Old World; Alaska to Labrador, south to California and Utah in the west, Missouri and North Carolina in the east, also 121

Central America and the West Indies. Scattered in Utah, probably more widespread than collections indicate, Cfap 8).

R. repens is a common weed in lawns. Nowing stunts the

growth, but the prostrate habit insures against eradication.

var. pleniflorus Fern. Ranunculus repens L. var. pleniflorus Fern., Rhodora 19: 138. 1917.

Type: J. V. Haberer 1530, Oneida, Herkimer County, New

York, (GH).

Center leaflet of basal leaves rounded to subcordate,

obtuse on some leaves; petals numerous, more than 10, 3.5-6.5 mm

long; achenes usually lacking, represented by.small petaloid

structures near the apex of the receptacles.

Collections: 8 (0). Representative: Salt Lake Co.: Salt

Lake City, Howard in 1897 (UT). Sevier Co.: Salina, no collector

cited (BRY, UT). Uintah Co.: North of Vernal, Collotzi 92 (UTC).

Utah Co.: Provo, Larsen 7057 (BRY).

Cultivated, or escaped and growing in moist areas, particu-

larly along irrigation ditches, about 4,500 feet. Collected in

flower from May through June. Occasional in New England, New York,

Maryland, North Carolina, Washington, Oregon, Idaho and Utah.

Occasional and s.poradic in Utah, (Hap 8).

R. repens var. pleniflorus is an horticultural variety of

obscure origins. All material seen has been sterile, though its

wide distribution outside of cultivation suggests that this may not

always he true. 122

R. repens L.

Figure 26. var. repens

Figure 27. var. pleniflorus Fern. 123 124

Map 8. Distribution of R. repens var. repens a and var.

pleniflorus o. 125 126

Ranunculus sceleratus L.

Ranunculus sceleratus L., Sp. Pl. 551. 1753. Type: "Habitat ad

Europae fossas & paludes," (BM-Cliffort Herbarium). = var. sceleratus

Ranunculus sceleratus var. multifidus Nutt, in Torr. and Gray, Fl.

N. Am. 1: 19. 1838, not R. multifidus Forsk, in 1775 or

Pursh in 1814. Ranunculus eremogenes Greene, Erythea 4:

121. 1896, nom. nov. R. sceleratus var. eremogenes

Garrett, Spring Fl. Wasatch Reg. 25. 1911. R. sceleratus

subsp. multifidus Hult., Fl. Alaska & Yukon, Lunds Univ.

Arssk. II 40 (1): 768. 1944. Type: Nuttall, Ponds of the

Platte, (isotype GH). = var. multifidus

Ranunculus eremogenes var. degener Greene, Pittonia 4: 144. 1900.

Lectotype: C. F. Baker in 1899, Pagosa Springs, Colorado,

(NDG), fide Benson (1942a). = var. multifidus

Plants palustrine annuals, occasionally aquatic, 7-46 cm tall, glabrous to nearly glabrous; roots- fleshy, about 1 mm in diameter; stems 2-13 mm in diameter, fistulous, erect, not rooting at the nodes; basal leaf blades simple, basally cordate, truncate or obtuse, 3-parted to divided, the primary divisions again lobed or parted, the tips obtuse to rounded, the sinuses obtuse or acute,

0.5-4.5 cm broad, 0.5-3.5 cm long, the petioles (1.5) 4-18 (30) cm long; cauline leaves similar, alternate, petiolate, the bracts sessile, entire to 3-parted; petioles 0.3-1.5 cm long in flower,

0.6-4.5 cm long in fruit, hirsute; sepals 5, greenish-yellow, 2-5.5 mm long, dorsally hirsute, spreading, deciduous,; petals 5, yellow, 127

(1.8) 3-5.5 mm long, oblong-obovate; achenes glabrous, 0.8-1.3 mm long, (35) 90-260 in a cylindrical to subglobose head, (2.6) 4.5-11 nnn tall, 2.5-8 nnn in diameter, the beaks less than 0.2 nnn long, the pericarp with a circle of pinprick depressions on each face; receptacles sparsely hirsute, (Figure 24).

Collections: 30 (2). Representative: Box Elder Co.:

West of Perry, Maguire 3386 (UTC). Cache Co.: Pelican Pond,

Thieret 43 (UTC). Daggett Co.: Sheep Creek, Williams 431 (UTC).

Davis Co.: Farmington Bay, Maguire 13968 (UTC). Garfield Co.:

Posey Lake, Beck & Tanners. n. (BRY). Grand Co.: Moab, Harrison

5952 (BRY). Iron Co.: Cedar Canyon, Cottam 3965 (BRY, UT). Kane

Co.: North of Kanab, Cottam 4315 (BRY, UT). Rich Co.: Bear Lake,

Doherty 164 (BRY). Salt Lake Co.: Red Butte Canyon, Arnow 2188

(BRY, UTC). San Juan Co.: Montezuma Canyon, Doherty 195 (BRY).

San Pete Co.: Ephraim, Olsen s. n. (UTC). Sevier Co.: Fishlake,

Maguire 16227. (UTC). Utah Co.: Lehi Pond, Bessey s. n. (BRY).

Washington Co.: Willows Springs, Gierish 808 (UTC). Wayne Co.:

Torrey, Tanner & Becks. n. (BRY). Weber Co.: Sullivan's Pond,

Ogden, Salimeno 5 (BRY).

Marches, wet meadows, margins of ponds and streams from

4,300 to 10,300 feet. Collected in flower from May through July.

Alaska and Yukon, south to northern California, east to Nebraska,

Manitoba, Minnesota and Iowa, also Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona,

Utah and Nevada. Widespread in Utah, (Map 9). 128

Figure 28. R. sceleratus L. 129 130

Our material is assignable to var. multifidus. Of the

several species of Ranunculus known to contain protoanemonin, R.

sceleratus has the highest content of that toxic substance.

Ranunculus testiculatus Crantz

. Ranunculus testiculatus Crantz, Stirp. Aust. ed. 1. fasc. 2. 97.

1763. Type: "Juxta agronum margines ad Belvedere.

Simmering," (herb. ?) •

Plants terrestrial annuals, 1.5-9.5 cm tall, tomentose;

roots about 0.2 mm in diameter, from a well developed hypocotyl;

stems scapose, 0.5-1.5 mm in diameter, not fistulous, erect or

reclining, not rooting at the nodes; leaves all basal, simple, 0.3-

3 cm broad, 0.3-1.5 cm long, deeply 3-divided, the lateral segments

again forked, the ultimate segments nearly linear, petioles 0.5-3

cm long, the blades attenuate into broad wings along the petioles;

sepals 5, green, 2.5-8.5 mm long, dorsally tomentose, spreading,

persistant in fruit; petals 5, yellow, 3.5-8 nnn long, oblancealate;

achenes tomentose, 3-chambered, the two lateral chambers empty, the

basal one containing the seed, (5) 10-80 in a cylindroid head, 7-23

mm tall and 6.5-14.5 mm in diameter, the beaks 2.5-6 mm long;

receptacles tomentose, (Figure 25).

Collections: 78 (2). Representative: Boxelder Co.: Raft

River Mtns., One Mile Creek, Erdman 1504 (BRY). Cache Co.: mouth

of Green Canyon, Bear River Range, Andersen 100 (UTC). Duchesne

Co.: Duchesne, Pedersen 3 (BRY). Juab Co.: Diamond Gulch,

Nebeker 143 (BRY). Millard Co.: Black Rock Desert, Holmgren 535 131

(BRY). Morgan Co.: East Canyon Reservoir, Clark (BRY, UTC). Rich

Co.: Neponset Reservoir, Arneson s. n. (UTC). Salt Lake Co.: near mouth of Mill Creek Canyon Garrett 6100 (UT). San Juan Co.:

Monticello, Harrison 11898 (BRY). Sanpete Co.: Palisade State

Park, Cosgriff 7 (BRY). Sevier Co.: mouth of Salina Canyon, Welsh

10943 (BRY). Summit Co.: Kamas, Eastmond 224 (BRY). Tooele Co.:

Benmore, Buchanan 1 (UT). Utah Co.: Grove Creek Canyon, Allred 7

(BRY). Weber Co.: Bennett Creek near Huntsville, Clark 1201 (BRY,

UTC). Wasatch Co.: Cascade Springs, Sanderson X3 (BRY). Washing- ton Co.: Zion National Park, Atwood 4422 (BRY).

Cultivated fields, waste places and disturbed sites, also with sagebrush, 4,200 to 10,000 feet. Collected in flower from

February through May. Native of the Old World, introduced and spreading throughout the intermountain west; eastern Washington and

Oregon, Idaho, Nevada, Utah, Colorado and northern Arizona. In

Utah occuring essentially throughout the state, (Map 9).

R. testiculatus is an introduced weedy species. Garrett's collection no. 6100 near the ~outh of Mill Creek Canyon in 1932 is believed to be the first collection of the plant in the United

States (Standley, 1936). It has since spread nearly throughout the state, as well as much of the intermountain region. 132

Figure 29. R. testiculatus Crantz 133 134

Map 9. Distribution of R. sceleratus .A and R. testiculatusO. 135

0 0

0 0 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Benson, L. 1936. Pacific States Ranunculi--II. Amer. Jour Bot. 23:169-176.

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(RANUCULACEAE)FOR THE STATE

OF UTAH

Margaret Doherty Palmieri

Department of Botany and Range Science

M. S. Degree, April 1976

ABSTRACT

This study is a taxonomic revision of the genus _Ranunculus for Utah. Twenty-five species and 4 varieties are recognized, and are separated by means of a comprehensive key. A list of pertinent synonyms and types, a morphological description, habitat preference and a discussion are presented for each species and variety. Dis- tribution maps and photographs are included.

The basis of this study has been morphological comparison of herbarium specimens and collections and observations by the author throughout Utah.

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