Pt.1511, Fig. 2 16 CFR Ch. II (1–1–12 Edition)

FIGURE 2 TO PART 1511—SMALL PARTS GAGE

PART 1512—REQUIREMENTS FOR 1512.10 Requirements for tires. 1512.11 Requirements for wheels. 1512.12 Requirements for wheel hubs. 1512.13 Requirements for front fork. Subpart A—Regulations 1512.14 Requirements for fork and frame as- Sec. sembly. 1512.1 Scope. 1512.15 Requirements for seat. 1512.2 Definitions. 1512.16 Requirements for reflectors. 1512.3 Requirements in general. 1512.17 Other requirements. 1512.4 Mechanical requirements. 1512.18 Tests and test procedures. 1512.5 Requirements for braking system. 1512.19 Instructions and labeling. 1512.6 Requirements for steering system. 1512.20 Separability. 1512.7 Requirements for pedals. 1512.8 Requirements for drive chain. 1512.9 Requirements for protective guards.

624 Consumer Product Safety Commission § 1512.4

Subpart B—Policies and Interpretations ured with the seat adjusted to its high- [Reserved] est position. Recumbent bicycles are not included in this definition. FIGURE 1 TO PART 1512— FRONT FORK (c) Seat height means the dimension CANTILEVER BENDING TEST RIG from the point on the seat surface FIGURES 2 AND 3 TO PART 1512—HANDLEBAR intersected by the seat post center line STEM LOADING AND ENTRANCE 8 OBSERVA- (or the center of the seating area if no TION ANGLES FIGURE 5 TO PART 1512—TYPICAL HANDBRAKE seat post exists) and the ground plane, ACTUATOR SHOWING GRIP DIMENSION as measured with the wheels aligned FIGURES 6 AND 7 TO PART 1512—TOE CLEAR- and in a plane normal to the ground ANCE AND CHAIN GUARD REQUIREMENTS plane. FIGURE 8 TO PART 1512—REFLECTORIZED BICY- (d) Track bicycle means a bicycle de- CLE WHEEL RIM ABRASION TEST DEVICE signed and intended for sale as a com- TABLE 1 TO PART 1512—MINIMUM CANDLE- petitive machine having no POWER PER INCIDENT FOOT-CANDLE FOR 1 brake levers or calipers, single crank- CLEAR REFLECTOR to-wheel ratio, and no free-wheeling TABLE 2 TO PART 1512—MINIMUM CANDLE- POWER PER INCIDENT FOOT-CANDLE FOR feature between the rear wheel and the CLEAR REFLECTOR 1 crank. TABLE 3 TO PART 1512—MINIMUM ACCEPTABLE (e) One-of-a-kind bicycle means a bicy- VALUES FOR THE QUANTITY A DEFINED IN cle that is uniquely constructed to the THE RETROREFLECTIVE TIRE AND RIM TEST order of an individual consumer other PROCEDURE than by assembly of stock or produc- TABLE 4 TO PART 1512—RELATIVE ENERGY tion parts. DISTRIBUTION OF SOURCES (f) Normal riding position means that AUTHORITY: Secs. 2(f)(1)(D), (q)(1)(A), (s), the rider is seated on the bicycle with 3(e)(1), 74 Stat. 372, 374, 375, as amended, 80 both feet on the pedals and both hands Stat. 1304–05, 83 Stat. 187–89 (15 U.S.C. 1261, on the handlegrips (and in a position 1262); Pub. L. 107–319, 116 Stat. 2776. that allows operation of handbrake le- SOURCE: 43 FR 60034, Dec. 22, 1978, unless vers if so equipped); the seat and han- otherwise noted. dlebars may be adjusted to positions judged by the rider to be comfortable. Subpart A—Regulations (g) means a bicycle in which the rider sits in a reclined po- § 1512.1 Scope. sition with the feet extended forward This part sets forth the requirements to the pedals. for a bicycle as defined in § 1512.2(a) [43 FR 60034, Dec. 22, 1978, as amended at 68 (except a bicycle that is a ‘‘track bicy- FR 7073, Feb. 12, 2003; 76 FR 27888, May 13, cle’’ or a ‘‘one-of-a-kind bicycle’’ as de- 2011] fined in § 1512.2 (d) and (e)) which is not a banned article under § 1500.18(a)(12) of § 1512.3 Requirements in general. this chapter. Any bicycle subject to the regula- tions in this part shall meet the re- § 1512.2 Definitions. quirements of this part in the condi- For the purposes of this part: tion to which it is offered for sale to (a) Bicycle means: consumers; any bicycle offered for sale (1) A two-wheeled vehicle having a to consumers in disassembled or par- rear drive wheel that is solely human- tially assembled condition shall meet powered; these requirements after assembly ac- (2) A two- or three-wheeled vehicle cording to the manufacturer’s instruc- with fully operable pedals and an elec- tions. For the purpose of compliance tric motor of less than 750 watts (1 with this part, where the metric and h.p.), whose maximum speed on a paved English units are not equal due to the level surface, when powered solely by conversion process the less stringent such a motor while ridden by an oper- requirement will prevail. ator who weighs 170 pounds, is less than 20 mph. § 1512.4 Mechanical requirements. (b) Sidewalk bicycle means a bicycle (a) Assembly. Bicycles shall be manu- with a seat height of no more than 635 factured such that mechanical skills mm (25.0 in); the seat height is meas- required of the consumer for assembly

625 § 1512.5 16 CFR Ch. II (1–1–12 Edition) shall not exceed those possessed by an tube on a female bicycle model shall be adult of normal intelligence and abil- the seat mast and the down tube or ity. tubes that are nearest the rider in the (b) Sharp edges. There shall be no un- normal riding position. Control cables finished sheared metal edges or other no greater than 6.4 mm (1⁄4 in) in di- sharp parts on assembled bicycles that ameter and cable clamps made from are, or may be, exposed to hands or material not thicker than 4.8 mm (3⁄16 legs; sheared metal edges that are not in) may be attached to the top tube. rolled shall be finished so as to remove (h) [Reserved] any feathering of edges, or any burrs or (i) Control cable ends. Ends of all ac- spurs caused during the shearing proc- cessible control cables shall be pro- ess. vided with protective caps or otherwise (c) Integrity. There shall be no visible treated to prevent unraveling. Protec- fracture of the frame or of any steer- tive caps shall be tested in accordance ing, wheel, pedal, crank, or brake sys- with the protective cap and end-mount- tem component resulting from testing ed devices test, § 1512.18(c), and shall in accordance with: The handbrake withstand a pull of 8.9 N (2.0 lbf). loading and performance test, (j) Control cable abrasion. Control ca- § 1512.18(d); the foot brake force and bles shall not abrade over fixed parts performance test, § 1512.18(e); and the and shall enter and exit cable sheaths road test, § 1512.18(p) (or the sidewalk in a direction in line with the sheath bicycle proof test, § 1512.18(q)). entrance and exit so as to prevent ab- (d) Attachment hardware. All screws, rading. bolts, or nuts used to attach or secure components shall not fracture, loosen, [43 FR 60034, Dec. 22, 1978, as amended at 76 FR 27888, May 13, 2011 or otherwise fail their intended func- tion during the tests required in this § 1512.5 Requirements for braking sys- part. All threaded hardware shall be of tem. sufficient quality to allow adjustments (a) Braking system. Bicycles shall be and maintenance. Recommended qual- equipped with front- and rear-wheel ity thread form is specified in Hand- brakes or rear-wheel brakes only. book H28, ‘‘Screw Thread Standards for 1 (b) Handbrakes. Handbrakes shall be Federal Service,’’ issued by the Na- tested at least ten times by applying a tional Bureau of Standards, Depart- force sufficient to cause the handlever ment of Commerce; recommended me- to contact the handlebar, or a max- chanical properties are specified in ISO imum of 445 N (100 lbf), in accordance Recommendation R898, ‘‘Mechanical with the loading test, § 1512.18(d)(2), and Properties of Fasteners,’’ and in ISO shall be rocked back and forth with the Recommendations 68, 262, and 263, weight of a 68.1 kg (150 lb) rider on the ‘‘General Purpose Screw Threads.’’ 2 seat with the same handbrake force ap- (e)–(f) [Reserved] plied in accordance with the rocking (g) Excluded area. There shall be no protrusions located within the area test, § 1512.18(d)(2)(iii); there shall be no visible fractures, failures, movement of bounded by (1) a line 89 mm (31⁄2 in) to the rear of and parallel to the handle- clamps, or misalignment of brake com- bar stem; (2) a line tangent to the front ponents. tip of the seat and intersecting the seat (1) Stopping distance. A bicycle mast at the top rear stay; (3) the top equipped with only handbrakes shall be surface of the top tube; and (4) a line tested for stopping distance by a rider connecting the front of the seat (when of at least 68.1 kg (150 lb) weight in ac- adjusted to its highest position) to the cordance with the performance test, junction where the handlebar is at- § 1512.18(d)(2) (v) and (vi), and shall have tached to the handlebar stem. The top a stopping distance of no greater than 4.57 m (15 ft) from the actual test speed as determined by the equivalent 1 Copies may be obtained from: Super- ground speed specified in intendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. § 1512.18(d)(2)(vi). 2 Copies may be obtained from: American (2) Hand lever access. Hand lever National Standards Institute, 1430 Broadway, mechanisms shall be located on the New York, New York 10018. handlebars in a position that is readily

626 Consumer Product Safety Commission § 1512.5 accessible to the rider when in a nor- (9) Hand lever extensions. Bicycles mal riding position. equipped with hand lever extensions (3) Grip dimension. The grip dimension shall be tested with the extension le- (maximum outside dimension between vers in place and the hand lever exten- the brake hand lever and the handle- sions shall also be considered to be bars in the plane containing the hand levers. centerlines of the handgrip and the (c) Footbrakes. All footbrakes shall be hand brake lever) shall not exceed 89 tested in accordance with the force mm (31⁄2 in) at any point between the test, § 1512.18(e)(2), and the measured pivot point of the lever and lever mid- braking force shall not be less than 178 point; the grip dimension for sidewalk N (40 lbf) for an applied pedal force of bicycles shall not exceed 76 mm (3 in). 310 N (70 lbf). The grip dimension may increase to- (1) Stopping distance. Bicycles ward the open end of the lever but shall equipped with footbrakes (except side- not increase by more than 12.7 mm (1⁄2 walk bicycles) shall be tested in ac- in) except for the last 12.7 mm (1⁄2 in) of cordance with the performance test, the lever. (See figure 5 of this part § 1512.18(e)(3), by a rider of at least 68.1 1512.) kg (150 lb) weight and shall have a (4) Attachment. Brake assemblies stopping distance of no greater than shall be securely attached to the frame 4.57 m (15 ft) from an actual test speed by means of fasteners with locking de- of at least 16 km/h (10 mph). If the bicy- vices such as a lock washer, locknut, or cle has a footbrake only and the equiv- equivalent and shall not loosen during alent groundspeed of the bicycle is in the rocking test, § 1512.18(d)- (2)(iii). excess of 24 km/h (15 mph) (in its high- The cable anchor bolt shall not cut any est gear ratio at a pedal crank rate of of the cable strands. 60 revolutions per minute), 3 the stop- (5) Operating force. A force of less ping distance shall be 4.57 m (15 ft) than 44.5 N (10 lbf) shall cause the from an actual test speed of 24 km/h (15 brake pads to contact the braking sur- mph) or greater. face of the wheel when applied to the (2) Operating force. Footbrakes shall handlever at a point 25 mm (1.0 in) be actuated by a force applied to the from the open end of the handlever. pedal in a direction opposite to that of (6) Pad and pad holders. Caliper brake the drive force, except where brakes pad shall be replaceable and adjustable are separate from the drive pedals and to engage the braking surface without the applied force is in the same direc- contacting the tire or spokes and the tion as the drive force. (3) The differential pad holders shall be securely attached Crank differential. between the drive and brake positions to the caliper assembly. The brake pad of the crank shall be not more than 60° material shall be retained in its holder with the crank held against each posi- without movement when the bicycle is tion under a torque of no less than 13.6 loaded with a rider of at least 68.1 kg N-m (10 ft-lb). (150 lb) weight and is rocked forward (4) Independent operation. The brake and backward as specified in the rock- mechanism shall function independ- ing test, § 1512.18(d)(2)(iii). ently of any drive-gear positions or ad- (7) [Reserved] justments. (8) Hand lever location. The rear brake (d) Footbrakes and handbrakes in com- shall be actuated by a control located bination. Bicycles equipped with foot- on the right handlebar and the front brakes and handbrakes shall meet all brake shall be actuated by a control lo- the requirements for footbrakes in cated on the left handlebar. The left- § 1512.5(c), including the tests specified. hand/right-hand locations may be re- In addition, if the equivalent ground versed in accordance with an individual speed of the bicycle is 24 km/h (15 mph) customer order. If a single hand lever or greater (in its highest gear ratio at is used to actuate both front and rear brakes, it shall meet all applicable re- 3 This is proportional to a gear develop- quirements for hand levers and shall be ment greater than 6.67 m (21.9 ft) in the bicy- located on either the right or left han- cle’s highest gear ratio. Gear development is dlebar in accordance with the cus- the distance the bicycle travels in meters, in tomer’s preference. one crank revolution.

627 § 1512.6 16 CFR Ch. II (1–1–12 Edition) a pedal crank rate of 60 revolutions per (c) Handlebar. Handlebars shall allow minute), 3 the actual test speed speci- comfortable and safe control of the bi- fied in § 1512.18(e)(3) shall be increased cycle. Handlebar ends shall be symmet- to 24 km/h (15 mph) and both braking rically located with respect to the lon- systems may be actuated to achieve gitudinal axis of the bicycle and no the required stopping distance of 4.57 m more than 406 mm (16 in) above the (15 ft). seat surface when the seat is in its low- (e) Sidewalk bicycles. (1) Sidewalk bi- est position and the handlebar ends are cycles shall not have handbrakes only. in their highest position. This require- (2) Sidewalk bicycles with a seat ment does not apply to recumbent bi- height of 560 mm (22 in) or greater cycles. (with seat height adjusted to its lowest (d) Handlebar ends. The ends of the position) shall be equipped with a foot- handlebars shall be capped or otherwise covered. Handgrips, end plugs, control brake meeting all the footbrake re- shifters, or other end-mounted devices quirements of § 1512.5(c), including the shall be secure against a removal force specified tests except that the braking of no less than 66.8 N (15 lbf) in accord- force transmitted to the rear wheel ance with the protective cap and end- shall be in accordance with the side- mounted devices test, § 1512.18(c). walk bicycle footbrake force tests, (e) Handlebar and clamps. The handle- § 1512.18(f). bar and clamps shall be tested in ac- (3) Sidewalk bicycles with a seat cordance with the handlebar test, height less than 560 mm (22 in) (with § 1512.18(h). Directions for assembly of seat height adjusted to its lowest posi- the bicycle required in the instruction tion) and not equipped with a brake manual by § 1512.19(a)(2) shall include shall not have a feature. an explicit warning about the danger of Such sidewalk bicycles equipped with a damaging the stem-to-fork assembly footbrake shall be tested for brake and the risk of injury to the rider that force in accordance with the sidewalk can result from overtightening the bicycle footbrake force test, § 1512.18(f). stem bolt or other clamping device. Such sidewalk bicycles not equipped The directions for assembly shall also with brakes shall be identified with a contain a simple, clear, and precise permanent label clearly visible from a statement of the procedure to be fol- distance of 3.1 m (10 ft) in daylight con- lowed to avoid damaging the stem-to- ditions and promotional display mate- fork assembly when tightening the rial and shipping cartons shall promi- stem bolt or other clamping device. nently display the words ‘‘No Brakes.’’ [43 FR 60034, Dec. 22, 1978, as amended at 76 FR 27888, May 13, 2011 § 1512.6 Requirements for steering sys- tem. § 1512.7 Requirements for pedals. (a) Handlebar stem insertion mark. (a) Construction. Pedals shall have Quill-type handlebar stems shall con- right-hand/left-hand symmetry. The tain a permanent ring or mark which tread surface shall be present on both clearly indicates the minimum inser- top and bottom surfaces of the pedal tion depth of the handlebar stem into except that if the pedal has a definite the fork assembly. The insertion mark preferred position, the tread surface shall not affect the structural integrity need only be on the surface presented of the stem and shall not be less than to the rider’s foot. 21⁄2 times the stem diameter from the (b) Toe clips. Pedals intended to be lowest point of the stem. The stem used only with toe clips shall have toe strength shall be maintained for at clips securely attached to them and least a length of one shaft diameter need not have tread surfaces. Pedals below the mark. designed for optional use of toe clips (b) Handlebar stem strength. The han- shall have tread surfaces. dlebar stem shall be tested for strength (c) Pedal reflectors. Pedals for bicycles in accordance with the handlebar stem other than sidewalk bicycles shall have test, § 1512.18(g), and shall withstand a reflectors in accordance with force of 2000 N (450 lbf) for bicycles and § 1512.16(e). Pedals for sidewalk bicycles 1000 N (225 lbf) for sidewalk bicycles. are not required to have reflectors.

628 Consumer Product Safety Commission § 1512.12

§ 1512.8 Requirements for drive chain. molded wired-on tires are exempt from this section. The drive chain shall operate over the without catching or § 1512.11 Requirements for wheels. binding. The tensile stength of the (a) Spokes. There shall be no missing drive chain shall be no less than 8010 N spokes. (1,800 lbf) or 6230 N (1,400 lbf) for side- (b) Alignment. The wheel assembly walk bicycles. shall be aligned such that no less than 1 § 1512.9 Requirements for protective 1.6 mm ( ⁄16 in.) clearance exists be- guards. tween the tire and fork or any frame member when the wheel is rotated to (a) Chain guard. Bicycles having a any position. single front and a single rear (c) Rims. Rims shall retain the spokes sprocket shall have a chain guard that and tire when side-loaded with 2000 N shall cover the top strand of the chain (450 lbf) and tested in accordance with and at least 90° of the perimeter where the rim test, § 1512.18(j). Sidewalk bicy- the drive chain contacts the drive cles need not meet this requirement. sprocket as shown in figure 7. The chain guard shall extend rearward to a § 1512.12 Requirements for wheel point at least 8 cm (3.2 in.) forward of hubs. the centerline of the rear axle. The All bicycles (other than sidewalk bi- minimum width of the top area of the cycles) shall meet the following re- chain guard shall be twice the width of quirements: the chain in that portion forward of (a) Locking devices. Wheels shall be the rear wheel rim. The rear part of the secured to the with a top area may be tapered. The minimum positive lock device. Locking devices width at the rear of the guard shall be on threaded axles shall be tightened to one-half the chain width. Such chain the manufacturer’s specifications. guard shall prevent a rod of 9.4 mm (3⁄8 (1) Rear wheels. There shall be no rel- in.) diameter and 76 mm (3.0 in.) length ative motion between the axle and the from entrapment between the upper frame when a force of 1,780 N (400 lbf) is junction of the chain and the sprocket applied symmetrically to the axle for a when introduced from the chain side of period of 30 seconds in the direction of the bicycle in any direction within 45° wheel removal. from a line normal to the sprocket. (2) Front wheels. Locking devices, ex- (b) guard. shall cept quick-release devices, shall with- be guarded to prevent the drive chain stand application of a torque in the di- from interfering with or stopping the rection of removal of 17 N-m (12.5 ft-lb). rotation of the wheel through improper (b) Quick-release devices. Lever-oper- adjustments or damage. ated, quick-release devices shall be ad- justable to allow setting the lever posi- § 1512.10 Requirements for tires. tion for tightness. Quick-release levers The manufacturer’s recommended in- shall be clearly visible to the rider and flation pressure shall be molded into or shall indicate whether the levers are in onto the sidewall of the tire in let- a locked or unlocked position. Quick- tering no less than 3.2 mm (1⁄8 in.) in release clamp action shall emboss the height. The statement of recommended frame or fork when locked, except on inflation pressure shall be in the fiber reinforced plastics. English language utilizing Arabic nu- (c) Front hubs. Front hubs not merals. (The following language is sug- equipped with lever-operated quick-re- gested to indicate recommended infla- lease devices shall have a positive re- tion pressure: ‘‘Inflate to ll PSI.’’) tention feature that shall be tested in After inflation to 110 percent of the accordance with the front hub reten- recommended inflation pressure, the tion test, § 1512.18(j)(3), to assure that tire shall remain intact on the rim, in- when the locking devices are released cluding while being tested under a load the wheel will not separate from the of 2,000 N (450 lbf) in accordance with fork. the rim test, § 1512.18(j). Tubular sew-up [43 FR 60034, Dec. 22, 1978, as amended at 76 tires, nonpneumatic tires, and non- FR 27888, May 13, 2011

629 § 1512.13 16 CFR Ch. II (1–1–12 Edition)

§ 1512.13 Requirements for front fork. with the seat adjustment clamps and The front fork shall be tested for load test, § 1512.18(l). strength by application of at least 39.5 [43 FR 60034, Dec. 22, 1978, as amended at 76 J (350 in-lb) of energy in accordance FR 27888, May 13, 2011] with the fork test, § 1512.18(k)(1), with- out visible evidence of fracture. Side- § 1512.16 Requirements for reflectors. walk bicycles need not meet this re- Bicycles shall be equipped with re- quirement. flective devices to permit recognition and identification under illumination § 1512.14 Requirements for fork and from motor vehicle headlamps. The use frame assembly. of reflector combinations off the center The fork and frame assembly shall be plane of the bicycle (defined in tested for strength by application of a § 1512.18(m)(2)) is acceptable if each re- load of 890 N (200 lbf) or at least 39.5 J flector meets the requirements of this (350 in-lb) of energy, whichever results section and of § 1512.18 (m) and (n) and in the greater force, in accordance with the combination of reflectors has a the frame test, § 1512.18(k)(2), without clear field of view of ±10° vertically and visible evidence of fracture or frame ±50° horizontally. Sidewalk bicycles are deformation that significantly limits not required to have reflectors. the steering angle over which the (a) Front, rear, and pedal reflectors. wheel can be turned. Sidewalk bicycles There shall be an essentially colorless are exempt from this section. front-facing reflector, essentially colorless or amber pedal reflectors, and § 1512.15 Requirements for seat. a red rear-facing reflector. (a) Seat limitations. No part of the (b) Side reflectors. There shall be seat, seat supports, or accessories at- retroreflective tire sidewalls or, alter- tached to the seat shall be more than natively, reflectors mounted on the 125 mm (5.0 in) above the top of the spokes of each wheel, or, for non-cal- seat surface at the point where the seat iper rim brake bicycles, retroreflective surface is intersected by the seat post wheel rims. The center of spoke- axis. This requirement does not apply mounted reflectors shall be within 76 to recumbent bicycles. mm (3.0 in.) of the inside of the rim. (b) Seat post. The seat post shall con- Side reflective devices shall be visible tain a permanent mark or ring that on each side of the wheel. clearly indicates the minimum inser- (c) Front reflector. The reflector or tion depth (maximum seat-height ad- mount shall not contact the ground justment); the mark shall not affect plane when the bicycle is resting on the structural integrity of the seat that plane in any orientation. The op- post. This mark shall be located no less tical axis of the reflector shall be di- than two seat-post diameters from the rected forward within 5° of the hori- lowest point on the post shaft, and the zontal-vertical alignment of the bicy- post strength shall be maintained for cle when the wheels are tracking in a at least a length of one shaft diameter straight line, as defined in below the mark. This requirement does § 1512.18(m)(2). The reflectors and/or not apply to bicycles with integrated mounts shall incorporate a distinct, seat masts, however, a permanent preferred assembly method that shall mark or other means to clearly indi- insure that the reflector meets the op- cate that the seat or seat posts is safe- tical requirements of this paragraph (c) ly installed shall be provided. when the reflector is attached to the (c) Adjustment clamps. The seat ad- bicycle. The front reflector shall be justment clamps shall be capable of se- tested in accordance with the reflector curing the seat in any position to mount and alignment test, § 1512.18(m). which it can be adjusted and pre- (d) Rear reflector. The reflector or venting movement of the seat in any mount shall not contact the ground direction under normal conditions of plane when the bicycle is resting on use. Following the road test, § 1512.18(p) that plane in any orientation. The re- (or the sidewalk bicycle proof test, flector shall be mounted such that it is § 1512.18(q), as applicable), the seat to the rear of the seat mast with the clamps shall be tested in accordance top of the reflector at least 76 mm (3.0

630 Consumer Product Safety Commission § 1512.17 in) below the point on the seat surface not be peeled or scraped away without that is intersected by the line of the removal of tire material. seat post. The optical axis of the reflec- (3) The retroreflective material shall tor shall be directed rearward within 5° be as resistant to abrasion as is the ad- of the horizontal-vertical alignment of jacent sidewall material so that when the bicycle when the wheels are trav- retroreflective material is removed eling in a straight line, as defined in from the inflated tire by abrasion with § 1512.18(m)(2). The reflectors and/or a wet, steel bristle brush, tire material mounts shall incorporate a distinct, will be removed along with the preferred assembly method that shall retroreflective material. insure that the reflector meets the op- (4) The retroreflective material shall tical requirements of this paragraph (d) be tested for performance in accord- when the reflector is attached to the ance with the retroreflective tire test, bicycle. The rear reflector shall be § 1512.18(o), to assure the reflectance tested in accordance with the reflector properties over the angles given in mount and alignment test, § 1512.18(m). table 3. When a portion of the (e) Pedal reflectors. Each pedal shall retroreflective material is selected have reflectors located on the front and (and the remainder is masked as speci- rear surfaces of the pedal. The reflector fied in § 1512.18(o)(2)(i)), the selected elements may be either integral with portion shall not contact the ground the construction of the pedal or me- plane when the assembled bicycle is chanically attached, but shall be suffi- resting on that plane in any orienta- ciently recessed from the edge of the tion. pedal, or of the reflector housing, to (i) Retroreflective rims. When prevent contact of the reflector ele- retroreflective rims are used in lieu of ment with a flat surface placed in con- spoke-mounted reflectors or tact with the edge of the pedal. retroreflective tire sidewalls, the re- (f) Side reflectors. Reflectors affixed to flecting material shall meet the fol- the wheel spokes shall be mounted ei- lowing requirements: ther flat on the spokes or within the (1) The retroreflective material shall spoke cage such that the angle between form a continuous circle on the rim. the optical axis and the normal to the (2) If the retroreflective material is plane of the wheel shall not exceed the applied to the rim in the form of a self- angle of the spokes with the plane of adhesive tape, the following require- the wheel. The reflectors shall not ment must be met: Use a sharp knife, interfere with any wheel adjustments. razor blade, or similar instrument to The side-mounted reflector devices carefully release an end of the tape ma- shall be essentially colorless or amber terial sufficient to be grasped between on the front wheel and essentially the thumb and finger. Grasp the freed colorless or red on the rear wheel. tape end and gradually pull in a direc- ° (g) Reflector tests. The pedal, front- tion 90 to the plane of the rim. The mount, rear-mount, and side-mount re- tape material must break before addi- flectors shall be tested in accordance tional separation (peeling) from the with the reflector test, § 1512.18(n), to rim is observed. assure the reflectance values over the (3) After the retroreflective material angles given in tables 1 and 2. is abraded in accordance with the abra- (h) Retroreflective tire sidewalls. When sion test for retroreflective rims at retroreflective tire sidewalls are used § 1512.18(r), the rim must then be tested in lieu of spoke-mounted reflectors, the for performance in accordance with the reflecting material shall meet the fol- retroreflective tire and rim test at lowing requirements: § 1512.18(o), to assure the reflectance (1) The retroreflective material shall properties over the angles given in form a continuous circle on the side- table 3. wall. [43 FR 60034, Dec. 22, 1978, as amended at 45 (2) The retroreflective material shall FR 82627, 82628, Dec. 16, 1980] adhere to the tire such that after the tire has been subjected to a tempera- § 1512.17 Other requirements. ture of 50° ±3 °C (122° ±5.4 °F) for 30 min- (a) Road test. Bicycles, other than utes, the retroreflective material can- sidewalk bicycles, shall be ridden at

631 § 1512.18 16 CFR Ch. II (1–1–12 Edition) least 6.4 km (4.0 mi.) by a rider weigh- (d) Handbrake loading and performance ing at least 68.1kg (150 lb.) and travel test: (Ref. § 1512.5(b)). five times over a 30.5 m (100 ft.) cleated (1) Apparatus. A spring scale or other course in accordance with the road suitable device for measuring the spec- test, § 1512.18(p), and shall exhibit sta- ified forces on the handbrake levers ble handling, turning, and steering and a dry, clean, level, paved surface of characteristics without difficulty of adequate length. operation. There shall be no system or (2) Procedure. The loading test, component failure of the structure, § 1512.18(d)(2)(i), and the rocking test, brakes, or tires, and there shall be no § 1512.18(d)(2)(iii), shall be performed be- loosening or misalignment of the seat, fore the performance test, handlebars, controls, or reflectors dur- § 1512.18(d)(2)(v), is performed and no ing or resulting from this test. adjustments shall be made between (b) Sidewalk bicycle proof test. Side- these tests. walk bicycles shall be dropped a dis- (i) Loading test procedure. The hand levers shall be actuated with a force tance of at least 300 mm (1.0 ft.) three applied at a point no more than 25 mm times onto a paved surface with (1.0 in) from the open end of the lever. weights attached in accordance with If the hand lever contacts the handle- the sidewalk bicycle proof test, bar (bottoms) before a force of 445 N § 1512.18(q). There shall be no fracture (100 lbf) is reached, the loading may be of wheels, frame, seat, handlebars, or stopped at that point, otherwise the fork during or resulting from this test. loading shall be increased to at least (c) Ground clearance. With the pedal 445 N (100 lbf). 4 Application of the load- horizontal and the pedal crank in its ing force shall be repeated for a total of lowest position and any training 10 times and all brake components wheels removed, it shall be possible to shall be inspected. tilt the bicycle at least 25° from the (ii) Loading test criteria. There shall vertical without the pedal or any other be no visible fractures, failures, mis- part (other than tires) contacting the alignments, and clearances not in com- ground plane. pliance with applicable parts of § 1512.5. (d) Toe clearance. Bicycles not (iii) Rocking test procedure. A weight equipped with positive foot-retaining of at least 68.1 kg (150 lb) shall be devices (such as toe clips) shall have at placed on the seat; the force required least 89 mm (31⁄2 in) clearance between for the hand levers to contact the han- the pedal and the front tire or fender dlebars or 445 N (100 lbf), as determined (when turned to any position). The in § 1512.18(d)(2), shall be applied to the clearance shall be measured forward hand levers; 4 and the bicycle shall be and parallel to the longitudinal axis of rocked forward and backward over a the bicycle from the center of either dry, clean, level, paved surface at least pedal to the arc swept by the tire or six times and for a distance of at least fender, whichever results in the least 76 mm (3 in) in each direction. clearance. (See figure 6 of this part (iv) Rocking test criteria. There shall 1512.) be no loosening of the brake pads, pad holders, or cable and hand-lever secur- § 1512.18 Tests and test procedures. ing devices or any other functional (a) Sharp edge test. [Reserved] brake component. (v) Performance test procedure. The fol- (b) [Reserved] lowing test conditions, unless other- (c) Protective cap and end-mounted de- wise specified in this part 1512, shall be vices test. (Ref. § 1512.4(i), § 1512.6(d).) followed: Any device suitable for exerting a re- (A) The bicycle shall be ridden over a moval force of at least 67 N (15 lbf) for dry, clean, smooth paved test course protective caps and 8.9 N (2.0 lbf) for end caps at any point and in any direc- 4 tion may be used. All protective caps For hand lever extensions, the loading shall be continued until a force of 445 N (100 and end-mounted handlebar devices lbf) is reached or the hand lever extension is shall be tested to determine that they in the same plane as the upper surface of the cannot be removed by application of handlebars or the extension lever contacts the specified forces. the handlebars.

632 Consumer Product Safety Commission § 1512.18 free from protruding aggregate. The speed of 24 km/h (15 mph) or greater test course shall provide a coefficient within a distance of 4.57 m (15 ft); when of friction of less then 1.0 and shall the equivalent ground speed is less have a slope of less than 1 percent. than 24 km/h (15 mph) under the same (B) The wind velocity shall be less conditions, the bicycle shall stop from than 11 km/h (7 mph). an actual test speed of 16 km/h (10 mph) (C) Only the brake system under test or greater within a distance of 4.57 m shall be actuated. (15 ft). (D) The bicycle shall attain the spec- (e) Footbrake force and performance ified ground speed while the rider is in test. (Ref. § 1512.5(c) (1) and (2)): the normal riding position. (1) Apparatus. Suitable devices for ex- (E) The rider shall remain in the nor- erting and measuring the required mal riding position throughout the forces and a dry, clean, level, paved test. surface of adequate length. (F) The bicycle must be moving in a (2) Force test. The braking force shall straight line at the start of brake ap- be measured as the wheel is rotated in plication. a direction of forward motion, and the (G) Corrections for velocity at the braking force is measured in a direc- initiation of braking may be made. The tion tangential to the tire during a corrected braking distance shall be steady pull after the wheel completes computed as follow: one-half revolution but before the 2 Sc = (Vs / Vm) Sm wheel completes one revolution. The where: brake shall be capable of producing a linearly proportional brake force for a S = Corrected braking distance, c gradually applied pedal force from 89 N Vs = Specified test velocity. Vm = Measured test velocity, to 310 N (20 to 70 lbf) and shall not be Sm = Measured braking distance. less than 178 N (40 lbf) for an applied pedal force of 310 N (70 lbf). All data The test run is invalid if at the com- points must fall within plus or minus mencement of the test, the measured 20 percent of the brake force, based on test speed of the bicycle is not less the measured brake load using the than nor greater than the test speed re- least square method of obtaining the quired by this part 1512 by 1.5 km/h (0.9 best straight line curve. mph). (3) Performance test. The procedure of (H) Four test runs are required. The § 1512.18(d)(2)(v) shall be followed to stopping distance shall be determined test the footbrake performance. The by averaging the results of the four stopping distance shall be less than 4.57 test runs. m (15 ft) from an actual test speed of 16 (I) The stopping distances specified km/h (10 mph). In addition, if the are based on a rider weight of at least equivalent ground speed of the bicycle 68.1 kg (150 lb) and a maximum rider is in excess of 24 km/h (15 mph) (in its and weight combination of 91 kg (200 highest gear ratio at a pedal crank rate lb). Greater stopping distances are al- of 60 revolutions per minute), 3 the lowable for heavier riders and test stopping distance shall be 4.57 m (15 ft) equipment weights at the rate of 0.30 m from an actual test speed of 24 km/h (15 per 4.5 kg (1.0 ft per 10 lb). mph) or greater. (J) A test run is invalid if front-wheel lockup occurs. NOTE: No allowance shall be made for rider (vi) Performance test criteria. The stop- weight. See § 1512.5(d) for additional require- ping force applied to the hand lever at ments for bicycles with both handbrakes and a point no closer than 25 mm (1.0 in) footbrakes. from the open end shall not exceed 178 (f) Sidewalk bicycle footbrake force test. N (40 lbf). Bicycles with an equivalent For sidewalk bicycles, the footbrake ground speed in excess of 24 km/h (15 force test is the same as for bicycles mph) (in its highest gear ratio at a except; the brake force transmitted to pedal crank rate of 60 revolutions per the rear wheel shall continually in- minute) 3 shall stop from an actual test crease as the pedal force is increased from 44.5 N to 225 N (10 to 50 lbf). The 3 See footnote 3 to § 1512.5. ratio of applied pedal force to braking

633 § 1512.18 16 CFR Ch. II (1–1–12 Edition) force shall not be greater than two-to- relative to the clamp, and there shall one. be no visible fractures. (g) Handlebar stem test. (Ref. (i) Pedal slip test. [Reserved] § 1512.6(b)): (j) Rim test. (Ref. §§ 1512.10 and (1) Procedure. The handlebar stem 1512.11(c)): shall be tested for strength by applying (1) Procedure. Only one wheel need be a force of 2000 N (450 lbf), in a forward tested if the front and rear wheel are of direction, for bicycles, or 1000 N (225 identical construction. The wheel to be lbf) for sidewalk bicycles, at a point in tested shall be removed from the bicy- line with the handlbar attachment cle and be supported circumferentially point and at an angle of 45° from the around the tire sidewall. A load of 2000 stem centerline (See fig. 2). N (450 lbf) shall be applied to the axle (2) Criteria. No visible fractures shall and normal to the plane of the wheel result from this test. for at least 30 seconds. If the wheel hub (h) Handlebar test. (Ref. § 1512.6(e)): is offset, the load shall be applied in (1) Stem-to-fork clamp test—(i) Proce- the direction of the offset. dure. The handlebar and handlebar (2) Criteria. The wheel and tire assem- stem shall be assembled to the bicycle bly shall be inspected for compliance in accordance with the manufacturer’s with the requirements of § 1512.11(a) instructions. The handlebar-fork as- and shall be remounted on the bicycle sembly shall be subjected to a torque according to the manufacturer’s in- applied about the axis of the stem, and structions and shall turn freely with- shall then be disassembled and exam- out roughness and shall comply with ined for signs of structural damage in- the requirement of § 1512.11(b). cluding cracking, splitting, stripping of (3) Front hub retention test. (Ref. threads, bearing damage, and bulging § 1512.12(c)). of the stem and fork structures. The (i) Procedures. Front hub locking de- handlebar and handlebar stem compo- vices shall be released. When threaded nents shall be inspected for visible nuts and axles are used, the nuts shall signs of galling, gouging, and scoring be open at least 360° from a finger tight not due to normal assembly and dis- condition. A separation force of at assembly operations. least 111 N (25 lb) shall be applied to (ii) Criteria. There shall be no visible the hub on a line along the slots in the movement between the stem and fork fork ends. when a torque of 47+3, ¥0 N-m (35+2, (ii) Criteria. The front hub shall not ¥0 ft=lb) for bicycles and 20+3, ¥0 N-m separate from the fork; fenders, mud- (15+2, ¥0 ft=lb) for sidewalk bicycles is guards, struts, and brakes shall not be applied to the handlebar about the allowed to restrain the separation. stem-to-fork axis. There shall be no (k) Fork and frame test. (Ref. §§ 1512.13 visible signs of damage to the stem-to- and 1512.14): fork assembly or any component part (1) Fork test—(i) Procedure. With the thereof. fork stem supported in a 76 mm (3.0 in) (2) Handlebar strength and clamp test— vee block and secured by the method il- (i) Procedure. The stem shall be in place lustrated in figure 1 of this part 1512, a on the bicycle or in an equivalent test load shall be applied at the axle at- fixture and secured according to manu- tachment in a direction perpendicular facturer’s instructions. A load shall be to the centerline of the stem and applied equally to each handlebar end against the direction of the rake. Load in a direction to cause the greatest and deflection readings shall be re- torque about the handlebar-to-stem corded and plotted at the point of load- clamp; deflection shall be measured ing. along the line of applied force. (ii) Criteria. Energy of at least 39.5 J (ii) Criteria. The handlebars shall sup- (350 in-lb) shall be absorbed with a de- port a force of no less than 445 N (100 flection in the direction of the force of lbf) or absorb no less than 22.6 J (200 in- no more than 64 mm (21⁄2 in.). lb) of energy through a maximum de- (2) Fork and frame assembly test—(i) flection of no more than 76 mm (3.0 Procedure. The fork, or one identical to in.); the handlebar clamp shall prevent that tested in accordance with the fork rotational movement of the handlebars test, § 1512.18(k)(1), shall be replaced on

634 Consumer Product Safety Commission § 1512.18 the bicycle in accordance with the the bicycle defined as a plane con- manufacturer’s instructions; and a load taining both wheels and the centerlines of 890 N (200 lbf), or an energy of at of the down tube and seat mast. least 39.5 J (350 in-lb), whichever re- (n) Reflector test. (Ref. § 1512.16(g)): sults in the greater force, shall be ap- (1) Conditioning. The following condi- plied to the fork at the axle attach- tioning in the order given shall be per- ment point against the direction of the formed prior to testing for perform- rake in line with the rear wheel axle. ance. The test load shall be counteracted by (i) Warpage conditioning. The reflec- a force applied at the location of the tor shall be held in a preheated oven rear axle during this test. for at least one hour at 50° ±5 °C (122±5.4 (ii) Criteria. There shall be no visible °F). A pedal reflector may be condi- evidence of fracture and no deforma- tioned integrally with its pedal. tion of frame that significantly limits (ii) Mechanical impact conditioning. the steering angle over which the front The reflector shall be mounted faceup wheel can be turned. in a manner similar to the way in (l) Seat adjustment clamps and load which it is mounted on the bicycle. A test. (Ref. § 1512.15(c)). 13 mm (1⁄2 in.) diameter polished steel (1) Procedure. A force of at least 668 N ball shall be dropped normal to the (150 lbf) shall be applied vertically center of the face of the reflector from downward (334 N (75 lbf) for sidewalk a height of 0.76 m (30 in.). The ball may bicycles) to a point within 25 mm (1.0 be guided by a tube with holes, but not in.) from either the front or rear of the restricted in free fall. Pedal reflectors seat, whichever produces the greatest torque on the seat clamp. After re- are exempt from this impact condi- moval of this force, a force of 222 N (50 tioning. lbf) shall then be applied horizontally (iii) Moisture conditioning. The reflec- (111 N (25 lbf) for sidewalk bicycles) to tor shall be submerged in tap water in a point within 25 mm (1.0 in.) from ei- a suitable container. The container ther the front or rear of the seat, shall be pressurized in 17.2 kN/m2 (2.5 whichever produces the greatest torque psi) (equivalent to 1.7 m (53⁄4 ft.)) of on the clamp. water for 15 minutes and then released. (2) Criteria. No movement of the seat (2) Reflector performance test. (i) Ar- with respect to the seat post, or of the rangements for the reflector perform- seat post with respect to the bicycle ance test shall be as shown in figure 3 frame, shall have resulted from appli- and the distance D between the light cation of the forces specified. source and the reflector shall be 30.5 m (m) Reflector mount and alignment test. (100 ft.). The source of illumination (Ref. § 1512.16 (c) and (d)): shall be a lamp with a 51 mm (2.0 in.) (1) Procedure. A force of 89 N (20 lbf) effective diameter and a filament oper- shall be applied to the reflector mount ating at 2,856±10 percent color tempera- in at least three directions selected as ture. The observation point shall be co- most likely to affect its alignment. At located (as close as practicable) with least one of those directions shall be the source of illumination. The reflec- selected to represent a force that would tor shall be mounted with the center of be expected in lifting the bicycle by the reflector at the center of rotation grasping the reflector. and at the same horizontal level as the (2) Criteria. (i) During test: The optical source of illumination. Photometric axis of the reflector shall remain par- measurements shall be made at the ob- allel within 15° to the line or intersec- servation angles and entrance angles tion of the ground plane and the center given in tables 1 and 2. plane of the bicycle defined as a plane (ii) The observation angle is the containing both wheels and the angle formed by a line from the point centerlines of the down tube and seat of observation to the center of the re- mast. flector with a second line from the cen- (ii) Post test: The optical axis of the ter of the reflector to the source of il- reflector shall remain parallel within lumination. The entrance angle is the 5° to the line or intersection of the angle between the optical axis of the ground plane and the center plane of reflector and a line from the center of

635 § 1512.18 16 CFR Ch. II (1–1–12 Edition) the reflector to the source of illumina- requirement at any test point, the re- tion. The entrance angle shall be des- flector shall be rotated ±5° about its ignated left, right, up, and down in ac- axis from the angle where the min- cordance with the position of the imum occurs, and the maximum can- source of illumination with respect to dlepower per footcandle within this the axis of the reflector as viewed from angle shall be the measured value. behind the reflector when the plane of (vi) Should uncolored reflections the observation angle is vertical and from the front surface interfere with the receiver is above the source. photometric readings at any test point (iii) Photometric measurements shall the lowest reading and location within be made either visually or 1° above, below, right, and left of the photoelectrically. With either method, test point shall meet the minimum re- the light reflected to the observation quirement for the test point. point shall be determined. Also, the il- (vii) A recommended coordinate sys- lumination on the reflector from the tem for definition of color is the source shall be measured. ‘‘Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE (iv) For visual measurements a com- 1931)’’ system. In the coordinate sys- parison lamp, emitting light similar in tem and when illuminated by the spectral quality to the reflector, shall source defined in table 4 of this part be located adjacent to the reflector (at 1512, a reflector will be considered to be an angle not to exceed 1⁄2°) and ar- red if its color falls within the region ranged so that the candlepower can be bounded by the red spectrum locus and varied from 0.01 to 0.25 to make the in- the lines y = 0.980¥x and y = 0.335; a re- tensity duplicate that of the reflector flector will be considered to be amber under test. The candlepower of the if its color falls within the region source of the illumination of the reflec- bounded by the yellow spectrum locus tor under test shall be known or deter- and the lines y = 0.382, y = 0.790¥0.667x, mined for this test. Means shall be pro- and y = x¥0.120. vided to change the intensity of the (o) Reflective tire and rim test (Ref. source of illumination without chang- § 1512.16(h) and (i)): ing the filament color temperature. (1) Apparatus. Arrangements for the The comparison lamp shall be designed reflective intensity measurement shall to avoid reflection from the source of be as shown in figure 3 of this part 1512. illumination back in the direction of A light projector (having a maximum the observer. It shall be of such size effective lens diameter of D/500, where and so diffused that when viewed by D is the distance from the source to the observer (through a 21⁄2× reducing the retroreflective surface being meas- monocular), the candlepower can be ured) capable of projecting light of uni- readily compared and adjusted to that form intensity shall be used to illu- of the reflector. The observer shall minate the sample. The light falling on have at least 10 minutes of dark the sample shall have a color tempera- adaption before making observations. ture of 2856°K+10% (equivalent to a For photoelectric measurements, the tungsten filament lamp operated at a opening to the photocell shall not be color temperature of 2856°K+10% hav- more than 1⁄2 inch vertical by 1 inch ing approximately the relative energy horizontal. distribution given in table 4 of this (v) Reflectors that mount on the bi- part 1512). The light reflected from the cycle in a fixed rotational position test surface shall be measured with a with respect to the bicycle, or the bicy- photoelectric receiver, the response of cle component on which they are which has been corrected for the spec- mounted (such as pedals or spokes), tral sensitivity of the average photopic shall be tested with a single orienta- human eye. The dimensions of the ac- tion. Reflectors that do not mount on tive area of the receiver shall be such the bicycle in a fixed rotational posi- that no point on the perimeter of the tion with respect to the bicycle shall receiver is more than D/100 from its be rotated about their axis through 360° center (where d is the distance from to find the minimum candlepower per the receiver to the retroreflective sur- footcandle for each test point. If the face). Wheels used for the measurement measurement falls below the minimum of retroreflective tires or rims shall

636 Consumer Product Safety Commission § 1512.18 have all exposed metallic surfaces, in- tion of the receiver with respect to the cluding spokes, masked in flat black so direction of illumination becomes im- that when measured these surfaces in- portant for distinguishing between or- dicate no appreciable reflectance. The dinary mirror-like reflection and tire shall be mounted and fully in- retroreflection. The illumination inci- flated. Distances shall be measured dent on the test surface and the re- from the plane of the wheel and the ceiver shall be measured in the same center of the hub. For the tests, the units on a linear scale. Compute the distance D between the projector and ratio A for each combination of en- the center of the wheel and distance d trance angle and observation angle between the center of the wheel and listed in table 3 as follows: the receiver shall each be at least 15 m 2 (50 ft.). A = [(Er / Es)(d / r)] (2) Procedure—(i) Masking. The re- Where: flecting strip to be tested shall be with- A = Ratio in meters, in two concentric circles, the larger of E = Illumination incident upon the receiver, which is no more than 0.02 m (0.79 in.) r Es = Illumination incident upon a plane per- greater in radius than the smaller. pendicular to the incident ray at the speci- While additional reflecting material is men position (see instructions above in permitted outside such boundaries, this paragraph (o)(2)(iii) for averaging), such additional material shall not be measured in the same units as Er, counted in determining the average d = The distance in meters from the receiver width of the reflecting strip and shall to the center of the wheel, be masked off with opaque, matte r = The minimum radius in meters of the black tape in testing the reflecting ma- boundary circles of the retroreflective terial. strip. (ii) Orientation. Every position of the The minimum value of A shall be that reflecting strip on the rim or the listed in table 3 of this part 1512 for mounted and fully inflated tire to be tested shall be oriented so that the each combination of entrance angle normal to this portion is within 40° of and observation angle. The plane con- parallel to the axis of rotation of the taining the entrance angle and the wheel. plane containing the observation angle (iii) Measurement. Measure the dis- shall coincide. In table 3, a positive en- tance d from the receiver to the center trance angle corresponds to the case in of the wheel and the minimum distance which the line of sight to the receiver r from the axis of rotation of the wheel lies between the line of incidence and to the unmasked portion of the reflec- the optic axis of the reflector, and a tive strip. Measure the illumination in- negative entrance angle corresponds to cident on the reflective strip at uni- the case in which the line of incidence form intervals of no more than 45° lies between the line of sight of the re- around the wheel, with the receiver ceiver and optic axis of the reflector. oriented in the direction of the inci- (iv) Criteria. The ratio A as defined in dent radiation. The average of such § 1512.18(o)(2)(iii) shall not be less than: readings will be the mean illumination A = 4Cos2q/[1+(F/0.225)3/2] of the sample E. If any one of such readings differs by more than 10 per- where A is ratio in meters, q is the en- cent from the mean illumination, then trance angle in degrees, and F is the a more uniform source must be ob- observation angle in degrees. The cri- tained. Measure the illumination of the terion applies only for entrance angles receiver due to reflection from the from 0° to 40° and observation angles retroreflective surface for each en- from 0.2° to 1.5°, and performance is not trance angle and each observation specified beyond this range. The values angle given in table 3 of this part 1512. of A in table 3 are obtained from the The entrance angle and the observation above formula by rounding up to two angle shall be in the same plane. A neg- significant figures. Except in cases in ative entrance angle (figure 3 of this which the performance of the reflector part 1512) is specified when the en- is seriously questionable, a reflector trance angle is small because the loca- with A at least the value given in table

637 § 1512.18 16 CFR Ch. II (1–1–12 Edition)

3 at each of the six combinations of en- (2) Apparatus. Figure 8 of this part trance and observation angles will be 1512 illustrates the following test fix- considered to satisfy this criteria. ture arrangement that is suitable to (p) Road test. (Ref. §§ 1512.15(c) and perform this abrasion test: 1512.17(a)): (i) Test fixture. The test fixture con- (1) Procedure. The bicycle shall be rid- tains a clamp to hold the axle of a bi- den at least 6.4 km (4.0 mi.) by a rider cycle wheel so that the wheel can ro- weighing at least 68.1 kg (150 lb.) with tate freely about the axle. The axis of the tires inflated to maximum rec- rotation is capable of being inclined ommended pressure. Travel shall in- from the vertical to bring that portion clude riding the bicycle five times over of the side of the wheel rim containing a 30 m (100 ft.) course of wooden cleats the retroreflective material into a hor- fastened to a paved surface. The cleats izontal plane as it passes beneath the shall be a full 25 mm (1.0 in.) high by 51 abrading brush. A drive mechanism to mm (2.0 in.) wide lumber with a 12 mm rotate the contains a by 12 mm (1⁄2 in. by 1⁄2 in.) chamfer of means to adjust the rotational velocity 45° on the corners contacting the tires. to obtain the specified linear velocity The cleats shall be spaced every 1.8 m measured at a point on the wheel rim (6.0 ft.) over the 30 m (100 ft.) course. on the axis of the abrading brush. The bicycle shall be ridden over the (ii) Abrader. The abrader is a cup cleated course at a speed of at least 24 brush meeting the specification in km/hr (15 mph) with the rider firmly paragraph (r)(3)(v) of this section. It is seated. mounted in a chuck attached to a (2) Criteria. The bicycle shall exhibit motor that rotates about a vertical stable handling, turning, and steering axis at the specified rotational veloc- characteristics without difficulty of ity. A means is provided to apply the operation. There shall be no system or rotating cup brush at the specified component failure of the structure, brakes, or tires and there shall be no force against the retroreflective mate- loosening or misalignment of the seat, rial on the bicycle wheel rim. The axis handlebars, controls, or reflectors. of the abrading brush is positioned on (q) Sidewalk bicycle proof test. (Ref. the mid point in the width of the §§ 1512.15(c) and 1512.17(b)): retroreflective material. The force is (1) Procedure. The bicycle shall be produced by deadweights applied to a loaded with weights of 13.6 kg (30 lb.) pan on the axis of the counterbalanced on the seat surface and 4.5 kg (10 lb.) motor/brush assembly. attached to the end of each handle grip (3) Specifications. (i) The linear veloc- for a total load of 22.7 kg (50 lb.). The ity of the reflective band on wheel rim bicycle shall be lifted a distance of 0.3 shall be 0.23 m/sec (9 in./sec) measured m (1.0 ft.) and dropped (while maintain- at a point on the axis of the abrading ing an upright position) three times brush. onto a paved surface. Following this (ii) The rotational velocity of the ab- and with weight removed, it shall be rading brush shall be 60 rpm. allowed to fall in any configuration (iii) The force normal to the plane of and attitude from an upright position the retroreflective material at which to the paved surface three times on the abrading brush is to be applied each side. shall be 2 N (0.45 lbf). (r) Abrasion test for retroreflective rims. (iv) The bicycle wheel shall make (Ref. § 1512.16(i)): 1000 complete revolutions per test. (1) This test consists of a steel wire (v) The abrader shall be a cup brush cup brush rotating at a constant veloc- having bristles that are 0.005 in. ity of 60 rpm that is applied at a force (approx. 0.13mm) diameter low carbon of 2 N (0.45 lbf) to the retroreflective material on one side of a bicycle wheel steel wire; an outside diameter of 0.5 rim. The rim is rotated about the axle inch (aprox. .13mm); a wire bristle at a linear velocity of 0.23 m/sec (9 in./ length of 0.25 inch (approx. 6.4mm); and sec). The test is complete when the wheel has completed 1000 revolutions.

638 Consumer Product Safety Commission § 1512.19 a cup diameter of 0.405 inch (approx. (1) Operations and safety instructions 10.29mm). 6 describing operation of the brakes and (vi) The abrasion test shall be con- gears, cautions concerning wet weather ducted at an ambient temperature of and night-time operation, and a guide between 16 °C (60 °F) and 27 °C (80 °F). for safe on-and-off road operation. (4) Procedure. (i) The retroreflective (2) Assembly instructions for accom- bicycle rim to be tested shall be an un- plishing complete and proper assembly. used sample free from grit, grime and (3) Maintenance instructions for grease. Prior to beginning the test, re- proper maintenance of brakes, control move, according to instructions sup- cables, bearing adjustments, wheel ad- plied with the bicycle, any protective justments, lubrication, reflectors, tires coating or material used to prevent and handlebar and seat adjustments; damage in shipping. should the manufacturer determine (ii) Test the wheel in a suitable test that such maintenance is beyond the fixture, according to the specifications capability of the consumer, specifics in paragraph (r)(3) of this section. regarding locations where such mainte- (iii) Clamp the wheel by its axle in nance service can be obtained shall be the test fixture and align the axis of included. rotation so that the portion of the re- (b) A bicycle less than fully assem- flective material below the axis of the bled and fully adjusted shall have abrading brush is horizontal. clearly displayed on any promotional (iv) Shape the cup brush by hand to display material and on the outside the specified 0.5 (approx. 13mm) diame- surface of the shipping carton the fol- ter. Any stray wire bristles projecting lowing: (1) A list of tools necessary to more than 1/32 in. (approx. 1 mm) be- properly accomplish assembly and ad- yond the tip of the bulk of the bristles justment, (2) a drawing illustrating the should be clipped off. Adjust the posi- minimum leg-length dimension of a tion of the brush so that its axis is cen- rider and a method of measurement of tered over the mid-point in the width this dimension. of the retroreflective material. (c) The minimum leg-length dimen- (v) Adjust the rotational velocity of sion shall be readily understandable the bicycle wheel to obtain a linear ve- and shall be based on allowing no less locity of 0.23 m/sec (9 in./sec) measured than one inch of clearance between (1) at the mid-point in the width of the the top tube of the bicycle and the retroreflective material. Adjust the ground plane and (2) the crotch meas- force to obtain a force normal to the urement of the rider. A girl’s style surface under the brush of 2 N (0.45 lbf). frame shall be specified in the same (vi) Apply the abrading brush to the way using a corresponding boys’ model retroreflective material on the wheel as a basis. rim, and continue the test for 1000 com- (d) [Reserved] plete revolutions of the bicycle wheel. (e) Every bicycle subject to the re- quirements of this part 1512 shall bear [43 FR 60034, Dec. 22, 1978, as amended at 45 FR 82628, Dec. 16, 1980; 46 FR 3204, Jan. 14, a marking or label that is securely af- 1981; 68 FR 52691, Sept. 5, 2003; 76 FR 27888, fixed on or to the frame of the bicycle May 13, 2011] in such a manner that the marking or label cannot be removed without being § 1512.19 Instructions and labeling. defaced or destroyed. The marking or A bicycle shall have an instruction label shall identify the name of the manual attached to its frame or in- manufacturer or private labeler and cluded with the packaged unit. shall also bear some form of marking (a) The instruction manual shall in- from which the manufacturer can iden- clude at least the following: tify the month and year of manufac- ture or from which the private labeler can identify the manufacturer and the 6 For compliance testing the Commission month and year of manufacture. For will use a brush meeting this description dis- tributed by Dremel Manufacturing Company, purposes of this paragraph, the term Racine, Wisconsin as Dremel Part No. 442. manufacture means the completion by This brush is manufactured by Weiler Brush the manufacturer of a bicycle of those Company as No. 26074, MC–10 Wire. construction or assembly operations

639 § 1512.20 16 CFR Ch. II (1–1–12 Edition) that are performed by the manufac- § 1512.20 Separability. turer before the bicycle is shipped from If any section or portion thereof of the manufacturer’s place of production this part 1512 or its application to any for sale to distributors, retailers, or person or circumstance is held invalid, consumers. the remainder of the section(s) and its [43 FR 60034, Dec. 22, 1978, as amended at 60 (their) application to other persons or FR 62990, Dec. 8, 1995] circumstances is not thereby affected. Subpart B—Policies and Interpretations [Reserved]

FIGURE 1 TO PART 1512—BICYCLE FRONT FORK CANTILEVER BENDING TEST RIG

640 Consumer Product Safety Commission Pt. 1512, Figs. 2 and 3

FIGURES 2 AND 3 TO PART 1512—HANDLEBAR STEM LOADING AND ENTRANCE 8 OBSERVATION ANGLES

641 Pt. 1512, Fig. 5 16 CFR Ch. II (1–1–12 Edition)

FIGURE 5 TO PART 1512—TYPICAL HANDBRAKE ACTUATOR SHOWING GRIP DIMENSION

642 Consumer Product Safety Commission Pt. 1512, Figs. 6 and 7

FIGURES 6 AND 7 TO PART 1512—TOE CLEARANCE AND CHAIN GUARD REQUIREMENTS

643 Pt. 1512, Fig. 8 16 CFR Ch. II (1–1–12 Edition)

FIGURE 8 TO PART 1512—REFLECTORIZED BICYCLE WHEEL RIM ABRASION TEST DEVICE

644 Consumer Product Safety Commission § 1513.1

TABLE 1 TO PART 1512—MINIMUM CAN- Wave length (nanometers) Relative DLEPOWER PER INCIDENT FOOT-CAN- energy 1 DLE FOR CLEAR REFLECTOR 490 ...... 53.91 500 ...... 59.86 Front, rear, and side Pedal reflectors; 510 ...... 66.06 reflectors; entrance entrance angle in 520 ...... 72.50 Observation angle in degrees degrees 530 ...... 79.13 angle 20 10 20 540 ...... 85.95 0 10 up/ left/ 0 up/ left/ 550 ...... 92.91 down right down right 560 ...... 100.00 570 ...... 107.18 0.2 ...... 27.0 18 .0 9 .0 7 .5 6.0 3 .0 580 ...... 114.44 0.3 ...... 6.0 4 .8 2 .4 590 ...... 121.73 1.5 ...... 28 .20 .12 .28 .20 .12 600 ...... 129.04 610 ...... 136.34 1 5 × Amber values shall be ⁄8 clear values. Red values shall 620 ...... 143.62 be 1⁄4 clear values. 630 ...... 150.83 640 ...... 157.98 TABLE 2 TO PART 1512—MINIMUM CAN- 650 ...... 165.03 DLEPOWER PER INCIDENT FOOT-CAN- 660 ...... 171.96 DLE FOR CLEAR REFLECTOR 1 670 ...... 178.77 680 ...... 185.43 Front, rear, and side reflec- 690 ...... 191.93 tors; entrance angle in de- 700 ...... 198.26 710 ...... 204.41 Observation angle grees 720 ...... 210.36 30 left/ 40 left/ 50 left/ 730 ...... 216.12 right right right 740 ...... 221.66 750 ...... 227.00 0.2 ...... 8.0 7 .0 6 .0 760 ...... 232.11 1.5 ...... 12 .12 .12

1 Amber values shall be 5⁄8 × clear values. Red values shall 1 × be ⁄4 clear values. PART 1513—REQUIREMENTS FOR TABLE 3 TO PART 1512—MINIMUM AC- BUNK BEDS CEPTABLE VALUES FOR THE QUAN- TITY A DEFINED IN THE Sec. 1513.1 Scope, application, and effective date. RETROREFLECTIVE TIRE AND RIM 1513.2 Definitions. TEST PROCEDURE 1513.3 Requirements. 1513.4 Test methods. Minimum acceptable value of Observation Entrance A 1513.5 Marking and labeling. angle (de- angle 1513.6 Instructions. grees) (degrees) Meters Feet FIGURE 1 TO PART 1513—WEDGE BLOCK FOR 0.2 ...... ¥4 2 .2 7 .25 TESTS IN § 1513.4 (a), (b), AND (c) .2 ...... 20 1 .9 6 .27 FIGURE 2 TO PART 1513—TEST PROBE FOR .2 ...... 40 1 .3 4 .29 NECK ENTRAPMENT ¥ 1.5 ...... 4 .22 .73 FIGURE 3 TO PART 1513—MOTION OF TEST 1.5 ...... 20 .19 .63 PROBE ARRESTED BY SIMULTANEOUS CON- 1.5 ...... 40 .13 .43 TACT WITH BOTH SIDES OF ‘‘A’’ SECTION OF PROBE AND BOUNDARIES OF OPENING [43 FR 60034, Dec. 22, 1978, as amended at 45 FIGURE 4 TO PART 1513—NECK PORTION OF ‘‘B’’ FR 82631, Dec. 16, 1980; 46 FR 3204, Jan. 14, SECTION OF PROBE ENTERS COMPLETELY 1981] INTO OPENING APPENDIX TO PART 1513—FINDINGS UNDER THE TABLE 4 TO PART 1512—RELATIVE EN- FEDERAL HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES ACT ERGY DISTRIBUTION OF SOURCES AUTHORITY: 15 U.S.C. 1261(f)(1)(D), 1261(s), Relative 1262(e)(1), 1262(f)–(i). Wave length (nanometers) energy SOURCE: 64 FR 71907, Dec. 22, 1999, unless 380 ...... 9.79 otherwise noted. 390 ...... 12.09 400 ...... 14.71 § 1513.1 Scope, application, and effec- 410 ...... 17.68 tive date. 420 ...... 21.00 430 ...... 24.67 (a) Scope, basis, and purpose. This part 440 ...... 28.70 1513 prescribes requirements for bunk 450 ...... 33.09 beds to reduce or eliminate the risk 460 ...... 37.82 470 ...... 42.87 that children will die or be injured 480 ...... 48.25 from being trapped between the upper

645