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Inland Water Transport Development Possibilities

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Inland Water Transport Development Possibilities THE ARCHIVES OF TRANSPORT ISSN (print): 0866-9546 Volume 35, Issue 3, 2015 e-ISSN (online): 2300-8830 DOI: 10.5604/08669546.1185192 INLAND WATER TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENT POSSIBILITIES – CASE STUDY OF LOWER VISTULA RIVER Tomasz Nowakowski1, Jan Kulczyk2, Emilia Skupień3, Agnieszka Tubis4, Sylwia Werbińska-Wojciechowska5 Wroclaw University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroclaw, Poland 1e-mail: [email protected] 2e-mail: [email protected] 3e-mail: [email protected] 4e-mail: [email protected] 5e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Among different transportation modes, inland water transport is recognized as a low-cost, environmentally friendly way of transporting. The use of this mode in Poland encounters many challenges. Thus, the investigation of development possibilities by analysing the revitalization profitability and navigability restoration of Lower Vistula river should be explored. Following this, the article includes the summary of obtained results of the project INWAPO carrying out and regards development of infrastructure and sea/river ports, demand forecast for transportation, external costs estimation and the main benefits from lower Vistula river revitalization. The main analysis is done with the assumption of IV (or higher) navigable class of the Vistula river. Key words: Inland water transport, transportation, Vistula river 1. Introduction (classes Ia, Ib, II and III) and of international The main target of transport services performance is importance (classes IV, Va and Vb). to provide national and regional development The national inland waterways network covers 3655 through the effective support to e.g. agricultural and km of which actually 3384 km of inland navigable industrial production, tourism, or regional waterways are being effectively exploited (CSO, integration (Milewski: webpage; Nam and Win 2014). The major inland waterways (rivers and 2014). Following this, transportation is perceived as canals) include rivers: Odra (713 km), Vistula (932 essential sector in achieving the goals of sustainable km), Warta (68 km), Noteć (187 km), Nogat (62 development. Moreover, there are still km), and canals: Bydgoski Canal (24 km), Gliwicki considerations how to improve transport Canal (41 km). Major ports on inland waterways are performance in terms of time, cost, and reliability. river/sea ports: Szczecin, Świnoujście, Gdańsk, and The inland water transport (IWT) is a mode of river ports: Kostrzyń, Wrocław, Kozle, Gliwice, transport that has the advantage of being cheap, Bydgoszcz, Warszawa, and Elbląg. energy efficient, relatively safe, and Waterways of international importance (classes IV environmentally friendly (Sriraman, 2010). This and V) represent only 1.9 and 3.0% of this length mode includes navigable and regulated river, respectively. Most waterways (59%) are Class I, for canalized sections of rivers, canals and other a carrying capacity limited to 180 tonnes at a loading waterways, including navigable lakes and retention depth of 1.4 m. Inland waterway transport is mainly reservoirs, coastal creeks, and lagoons (CSO, 2014; carried out on the Oder and Vistula, which are linked Sriraman, 2010). by Bydgoszcz Canal. Barges used on this route are In Poland, the Regulation of the Council of considerably smaller than in Germany and the Ministers (the Journal of Laws of 2002 No. 77, item Scandinavian (up to 800 t) (INWAPO, 2012a). 695) determines (table 1): the method of inland Inland waterways belong to the most neglected waterways classification and inland waterways class elements of Polish transport system. Poland has a diversification. Classes from Ia to Vb can be divided small share of inland waterways transport in total into two main categories, i.e. of regional importance freight transport - around 0.1% while the share of 53 Tomasz Nowakowski, Jan Kulczyk, Emilia Skupień, Agnieszka Tubis, Sylwia Werbińska-Wojciechowska Inland water transport development possibilities – case study of lower Vistula river Table 1. Operational parameters of waterways according to Polish classification Parameters’ values for waterways classes Operational parameter Ia Ib II III IV Va Vb Minimum dimensions of navigable river trail [m] width of river trail 15 20 30 40 40 50 50 transit depth 1,2 1,6 1,8 1,8 2,8 2,8 2,8 curve radius of the axis of the navigable trail 100 200 300 500 650 650 800 Minimum dimensions of water canal [m] width of navigable trail 12 18 25 35 40 45 45 the lowest depth of water in the water canal 1,5 2,0 2,2 2,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 curve radius of the axis of the navigable trail 150 250 400 600 650 650 800 Minimum dimensions of navigable floodgate [m] width of navigable floodgate 3,3 5,0 9,6 9,6 12,0 12,0 12,0 length of navigable floodgate 25 42 65 72 120 120 187 depth at the lower threshold 1,5 2,0 2,2 2,5 3,5 4,0 4,0 Source: Ministerial Council (2002). inland waterways transport in the EU countries 2. Inland water transport – importance amounts to 34.7% in the Netherlands, 15.8% in In the context of the growth of freight transport and Belgium, 12.6% in Bulgaria, 12.3% in Germany advantages of this form of transport, Poland cannot (CSO, 2014). In Poland the main cargo transported afford to neglect the development of the inland by inland waterway transport is: coal, metal ores, navigation. Urgently there is a need for a strong sand, gravel, stone, recyclable materials and impetus to initiate the development of this branch of municipal waste. The freight takes place mostly on transport in developing its long-term political the towed barges, which results from the structure of considerations. the existing river vessel fleet (INWAPO, 2012a). On the one side, this situation is confirmed by some However, in the time of growing importance of interesting projects, innovative solutions, initiatives European inland waterways and integration of and practical implementations of IWT utilization, European transport networks based on the which were carried out in Europe recently (see e.g. complementary services of different transport NAIADES - Navigation and Inland Waterway modes, decisive steps towards revitalisation of the Action and Development in Europe program entire system of Polish inland waterways should be (NAIDES: web page)], INLATRANS - Integrating soon taken (INWAPO, 2012a). Following this, the Inland Waterway Transport System in the Baltic Sea article is aimed at the investigations of development Region (MARITERM: webpage), INWAPO - possibilities of inland water transport by analysing Upgrading of Inland Waterway and Sea Ports the revitalization profitability and navigability (INWAPO: webpage B). On the other side, the EU’s restoration of Lower Vistula river. expectation in the area of achieving EU’s transport Following this, the structure of the article is as policy goals like the reduction of emissions of follows, in the next Section the importance of IWT transport and increasing efficiency of transport (see is investigated. Later, the development possibilities e.g. Transport White Paper 2011: towards a of IWT are characterized. The study includes the competitive and resource efficient transport system), summary of obtained results of the project INWAPO make the IWT more attractive solution (INWAPO, carrying out and regards development of 2014; Milewski: webpage). The comprehensive infrastructure and sea/river ports, demand forecast analysis of current inland water transport for transportation, external costs estimation and the infrastructure and the possibility of its development main benefits from lower Vistula river to adjust the EU’s standards is given e.g. in works revitalization. The main analysis is done with the (ECORYS, 2011 ab), developed for the Ministry of assumption of IV (or higher) navigable class of the Infrastructure in 2011. Vistula river. 54 AoT Vol. 35/Issue 3 2015 The importance of IWT is also confirmed by many Tczew, Solec Kujawski, Plock and Warsaw. The authors. For example, the importance of inland section of the waterway Warsaw-Gdansk runs water transportation to integrate with other modes is through the four voivodships of central Poland: considered in Notteboom (2008). In the same year, Pomorskie Voivodship with its seat in Gdansk, authors in their work (Wojewódzka-Król and Warmińsko-Mazurskie Voivodship with its seat in Rolbiecki, 2008) investigate the main development Olsztyn, Kujawsko-Pomorskie Voivodship with its directions of inland waterways in Poland according seat in Torun and Bydgoszcz, as well as to e.g. EU’s standards. Later, author in her work Mazowieckie with its seat in Warsaw (Fig. 1). (Marciniak, 2013) analyses the lower Vistula river in the aspect of the E40 and E70 international shipping routes use. In article Wojewódzka-Król (2014), author analyses the possibilities of developing inland waterways to solve today’s social and economic problems. In another work (Hann et al., 2014) authors present the qualitative assessment of the Oder Waterway (Odrzańska Droga Wodna) based on the Polish classification of inland waterways. 3. Perspectives for the development of inland waterway transport in Poland – INWAPO project 3.1. General description Central Europe has extensive inland waterways, which in most cases are characterized by too little utility for freight transport and their transport capacity is usually very low. The main reason is the lack of functional integration of ports with their logistic support, as well as with other ports being located outside Europe. Moreover, the volume of goods transported to Central Europe is still increasing. This situation obliges to intensify the activities for development of inland waterway Fig. 1. Waterway of Vistula River Warsaw – Gdansk transport in this region. As a result, to find the Source: INWAPO (2012b). solution of this problems the project INWAPO has been initiated. Its aim is to activate unused potential 3.2. The development of infrastructure and of water transport in Central Europe, as well as river inland ports performance and sea ports. To achieve this goal, the project Economic development of the area is closely linked focuses on 3 major systems of waterways: the ports with the development of the infrastructure.
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