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The Glass Beverage Bottles of the HMS St. George 1785-1811

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The Glass Beverage Bottles of the HMS St. George 1785-1811 The Glass Beverage Bottles of the HMS St. George 1785-1811 K. Charles Cooper September 2012 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the University of Southern Denmark for the degree of M.A. in Maritime Archaeology. ii In Memoriam to the more than 1,300 children, women, and men of the HMS St. George and HMS Defence lost to the North Sea on December 24-25, 1811. “…all your waves and breakers have swept over me.” Psalm 42:7 Cooper, 2012, The Glass Beverage Bottles of the HMS St. George. © 2012 K. Charles Cooper. All rights reserved. iii Acknowledgements Special thanks to: . Cindi Verser, Mariners Museum, Newport News, Virginia; . Staffs of National Archives and the King’s Library, Copenhagen, Denmark; . Lars Froberg Mortensen of the Strandingsmuseum St. George for trusting me with the bottles and answering all my questions; . The incredibly professional, tolerant and helpful staff at the library of SDU/Esbjerg; . Fellow student Eva Karali for her wonderful illustrations; . Fellow student Jason Lunze for his knowledge of the literature of glass, and for providing photographs of some of the Yorktown collection at the Virginia Maritime Museum; . Fellow student Frederik Hyttel for his patient help and guidance with building the database in Microsoft Access; . Fellow students Stephane LePage, Phoebe Quigley, Nicolas Ranchin-Dundas, Dominic Sartori, Padraig Cronin, Frederik Hyttel, and David Heidarsson for helping me safely transport the bottles to and from the museum and the “Yellow Submarine” laboratory at school. A very special thanks to fellow maritime archaeologist Martin Lonergan. Finally, a deep bow of tribute to my children Sebastian, Lucas and Emma for being the divine blessings they are … and, especially, for enduring Daddy’s endless stories about man and the sea … and shipwrecks. Cooper, 2012, The Glass Beverage Bottles of the HMS St. George. © 2012 K. Charles Cooper. All rights reserved. iv Abstract Some 229 glass beverage bottles from the HMS St. George (1785-1811) are analyzed, recorded and categorized into eight “families” in a database. The thesis is a preface to, and interpretation of, the data through the lens of historical archaeology. It investigates many questions, primarily if the assemblage can be considered typical of a British warship of the period. It also explores where these artifacts may have originated, how they got aboard the St. George, and how they survived the St. George wrecking process – all within the ship’s and the artifacts’ archaeological and historical contexts. Archival research is central to the investigation. Emphasis is placed on understanding the formation processes of the assemblage by understanding its original archaeological deposition and the subsequent formation processes, natural and man-caused, at work on the artifacts until recovery. Although the bottles are categorized into eight groupings of design themes, the thesis argues against the “rush to type” within archaeology and takes a conservative approach to labeling certain design themes prevalent among glass-bottle artifacts from this period. It does not purport to be a “typology” and challenges prevailing orthodoxy within the archaeological study of glass bottleware from the period. The database and photos of each artifact are presented in the Appendices. Cooper, 2012, The Glass Beverage Bottles of the HMS St. George. © 2012 K. Charles Cooper. All rights reserved. v Table of Contents Abstract iv List of Figures vi List of Tables ix I. Introduction and Methodology .......................................................... 10 II. Historical Context ............................................................................... 19 III. Archaeological Context ...................................................................... 75 IV. Comparative Material Culture .......................................................... 129 V. The Bottles ........................................................................................ 151 VI. Conclusions ...................................................................................... 219 VII. Bibliography………………………………………………………………215 VIII. Appendices Cooper, 2012, The Glass Beverage Bottles of the HMS St. George. © 2012 K. Charles Cooper. All rights reserved. vi List of Figures Figure 1. Bottle nomenclature. After Jones, 1985, Fig. 52, p. 77. ................................................................. 5 Figure 2. Flared base compared with non-flared. ........................................................................................... 6 Figure 3. Where do the neck and shoulder “begin” and “end?” ...................................................................... 9 Figure 4. Captured list of Baltic ports for which an arriving Baltic convoy was destined in June 1811. ....... 21 Figure 5. Baltic Fleet disposition/dispersal, 1808. ...................................................................................... 22 Figure 6. Page heading of “Rum” from an inventory list of provisions, HMS Turbulent ................................ 37 Figure 7. Part of a victualing inventory from HMS Turbulent.. ...................................................................... 41 Figure 8. Method of suspending a barrel of wine or spirits in a wardroom. ................................................. 48 Figure 9. Artifacts image of probable standard-issue ”wine” bottles. .......................................................... 54 Figure 10. Wicker hamper or basket from HMS St. George collection. ........................................................ 58 Figure 11. “Case bottles” with their “cellar” or wooden case (minus lid) ....................................................... 59 Figure 12. Group image of four “mushroom” corks from St. George champagne-style bottles. .................. 63 Figure 13. Group image of one design theme present in the Continental Family. ........................................ 65 Figure 14. Group image of several artifacts in the Continental Family. ........................................................ 66 Figure 15. St. George's last voyage and wrecking event ............................................................................. 70 Figure 16. British place names for the final journey of the St. George. ........................................................ 73 Figure 17. Approximate location of St. George wrecksite, clearly south of Ryan's "Bovenbergen." ............. 78 Figure 18. Artifact interfaces in marine environment.) .................................................................................. 87 Figure 19. The beach near the wrecksite at Thorsminde, Denmark September 2011.. ................................ 91 Figure 20. Skallingen wreck at near-high tide, April 2010. ........................................................................... 93 Figure 21. Skallingen wreck at low tide, winter 2009-2010. ........................................................................ 94 Figure 22. North Sea - Baltic Sea depths. .................................................................................................... 96 Figure 23. Wind direction at compass points at Horn’s Reef ........................................................................ 98 Figure 24. Effects of the southerly current along the coast, a few miles north of the wrecksite .................. 101 Figure 25. View from beach, a few miles north of wrecksite in 1988, looking south. ................................ 106 Figure 26. Salvage diver from St. George with bottle ................................................................................. 108 Figure 27. Cutaway section of HMS Victory, similar in plan to the HMS St. George. ............................... 112 Figure 28. Excavation sketch of the St. George wrecksite, 1983 ................................................................ 114 Figure 29. Excavation sketch of the St. George wrecksite, circa 1984-86.. ................................................ 115 Figure 30. Aft part of orlop deck of HMS Hero ........................................................................................... 116 Figure 31. Artifact 89/0169 from HMS Invincible. ....................................................................................... 123 Figure 32. Artifact 88/0263-Chat INV.428 from HMS Invincible. ................................................................ 124 Figure 33. HMS Swift representative bottles. ............................................................................................. 125 Figure 34. Demijohn from HMS Swift. ........................................................................................................ 126 Figure 35. HMS Swift bottles museum display image ................................................................................ 127 Figure 36. Sample representation of HMS Pandora artifacts. .................................................................... 128 Figure 37. Two Pandora bottle-artifacts that may have continental European origins. .............................. 129 Figure 38. Four Mardi Gras “dip-moulded French ‘wine’ variety” bottles ................................................... 131 Figure 39. Continental Family Subroup A.. ................................................................................................ 131 Figure 40. St. George vs. Mardi Gras comparison. .................................................................................... 132 Figure 41. Two bottles from the Mardi
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