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BOLD ENDEAVORS: BEHAVIORAL LESSONS from POLAR and SPACE EXPLORATION Jack W
BOLD ENDEAVORS: BEHAVIORAL LESSONS FROM POLAR AND SPACE EXPLORATION Jack W. Stuster Anacapa Sciences, Inc., Santa Barbara, CA ABSTRACT Material in this article was drawn from several chapters of the author’s book, Bold Endeavors: Lessons from Polar and Space Anecdotal comparisons frequently are made between Exploration. (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. 1996). expeditions of the past and space missions of the future. the crew gradually became afflicted with a strange and persistent Spacecraft are far more complex than sailing ships, but melancholy. As the weeks blended one into another, the from a psychological perspective, the differences are few condition deepened into depression and then despair. between confinement in a small wooden ship locked in the Eventually, crew members lost almost all motivation and found polar ice cap and confinement in a small high-technology it difficult to concentrate or even to eat. One man weakened and ship hurtling through interplanetary space. This paper died of a heart ailment that Cook believed was caused, at least in discusses some of the behavioral lessons that can be part, by his terror of the darkness. Another crewman became learned from previous expeditions and applied to facilitate obsessed with the notion that others intended to kill him; when human adjustment and performance during future space he slept, he squeezed himself into a small recess in the ship so expeditions of long duration. that he could not easily be found. Yet another man succumbed to hysteria that rendered him temporarily deaf and unable to speak. Additional members of the crew were disturbed in other ways. -
INAUGURAL SEASON 2020-2021 Antarctica | Greenland & Iceland
EXPEDITION CRUISES INAUGURAL SEASON 2020-2021 Antarctica | Svalbard | Greenland & Iceland | Norway & Russia | Northwest Passage | North, Central & South America | Europe new Alaska & Canada Content 2020-21 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– We take you far beyond the ordinary 6-7 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Our Expedition Fleet 8-9 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– The future is green 10-11 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Antarctica 12-15 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Greenland & Iceland 16-19 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Russia 19 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Svalbard 20-23 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Norway 24-25 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Northwest Passage 26-27 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Alaska & Canada 28-29 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– North & Central America 30 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– South America 31 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Europe 32 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Extend your stay 32-33 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Terms and conditions 34-37 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 2 “Ever since Hurtigruten started sailing polar waters back in 1893, we have been on a constant look out for new worlds to explore.” © HURTIGRUTEN Hurtigruten is an exploration company in the truest sense of the word; our mission is to bring adventurers to remote natural beauty around the world. Our experience in the feld is unparalleled, and we draw on our unique -
Scurvy? Is a Certain There Amount of Medical Sure, for Know That Sheds Light on These Questions
J R Coll Physicians Edinb 2013; 43:175–81 Paper http://dx.doi.org/10.4997/JRCPE.2013.217 © 2013 Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh The role of scurvy in Scott’s return from the South Pole AR Butler Honorary Professor of Medical Science, Medical School, University of St Andrews, Scotland, UK ABSTRACT Scurvy, caused by lack of vitamin C, was a major problem for polar Correspondence to AR Butler, explorers. It may have contributed to the general ill-health of the members of Purdie Building, University of St Andrews, Scott’s polar party in 1912 but their deaths are more likely to have been caused by St Andrews KY16 9ST, a combination of frostbite, malnutrition and hypothermia. Some have argued that Scotland, UK Oates’s war wound in particular suffered dehiscence caused by a lack of vitamin C, but there is little evidence to support this. At the time, many doctors in Britain tel. +44 (0)1334 474720 overlooked the results of the experiments by Axel Holst and Theodor Frølich e-mail [email protected] which showed the effects of nutritional deficiencies and continued to accept the view, championed by Sir Almroth Wright, that polar scurvy was due to ptomaine poisoning from tainted pemmican. Because of this, any advice given to Scott during his preparations would probably not have helped him minimise the effect of scurvy on the members of his party. KEYWORDS Polar exploration, scurvy, Robert Falcon Scott, Lawrence Oates DECLaratIONS OF INTERESTS No conflicts of interest declared. INTRODUCTION The year 2012 marked the centenary of Robert -
The Reception and Commemoration of William Speirs Bruce Are, I Suggest, Part
The University of Edinburgh School of Geosciences Institute of Geography A SCOT OF THE ANTARCTIC: THE RECEPTION AND COMMEMORATION OF WILLIAM SPEIRS BRUCE M.Sc. by Research in Geography Innes M. Keighren 12 September 2003 Declaration of originality I hereby declare that this dissertation has been composed by me and is based on my own work. 12 September 2003 ii Abstract 2002–2004 marks the centenary of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. Led by the Scots naturalist and oceanographer William Speirs Bruce (1867–1921), the Expedition, a two-year exploration of the Weddell Sea, was an exercise in scientific accumulation, rather than territorial acquisition. Distinct in its focus from that of other expeditions undertaken during the ‘Heroic Age’ of polar exploration, the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, and Bruce in particular, were subject to a distinct press interpretation. From an examination of contemporary newspaper reports, this thesis traces the popular reception of Bruce—revealing how geographies of reporting and of reading engendered locally particular understandings of him. Inspired, too, by recent work in the history of science outlining the constitutive significance of place, this study considers the influence of certain important spaces—venues of collection, analysis, and display—on the conception, communication, and reception of Bruce’s polar knowledge. Finally, from the perspective afforded by the centenary of his Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, this paper illustrates how space and place have conspired, also, to direct Bruce’s ‘commemorative trajectory’—to define the ways in which, and by whom, Bruce has been remembered since his death. iii Acknowledgements For their advice, assistance, and encouragement during the research and writing of this thesis I should like to thank Michael Bolik (University of Dundee); Margaret Deacon (Southampton Oceanography Centre); Graham Durant (Hunterian Museum); Narve Fulsås (University of Tromsø); Stanley K. -
A Century Ago : the Nansen Drift Fridtjof Nansen Wanted to Reach the Pole by Having His Boat Caught in the Ice and Letting Her Drift
www.taraexpeditions.org A century ago : the Nansen drift Fridtjof Nansen wanted to reach the pole by having his boat caught in the ice and letting her drift. He will miss his objective by some 800 km but will bring back all his crew despite three very harsh wintering. In 1895, a Norwegian succeeded in com- pleting the fi rst Arctic drift on the Fram, the boat that is Tara’s ancestor. Prolonged for three long polar winters, the mission, however, was not able to reach the pole. Fridtjof Nansen was 32 years old when he Her rounded shapes should prevent the ice from March 1895, Nansen decides to leave the boat had begun on the journey. During the summer, started on his Arctic drift. His aim was to get crushing her, but it is especially her sturdiness and go with a companion to the North Pole the pack ice becomes more and more impracti- as close to the North pole as possible. It is after that enables her to resist to the pack ice grip : the by sledge. Th e two men are equipped with cable but at the end of August, they accost on having discovered in the south west of Green- hull is more than 80 centimetres thick. light kayaks and take 630 kg of equipment with land on the Franz-Joseph archipelago. Th ey re- land the remains of a vessel crushed by the ice, With a crew of 13 men, Nansen leaves Oslo them. After 23 days on the go, they give up on solve to spend their third Arctic winter. -
Fridtjof Nansen, One of Norway's Most Famous Sons
Paraplegia 25 (1987) 27-31 © 1987 International Medical Society of Paraplegia FridtjofNansen: Neuro-anatomical Discoveries, Arctic Explorations, and Humanitarian Deeds Abrahatn Ohry, M.D.t and Karin Ohry-Kossoy, M.A. t Neurological Rehabilitation Department, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel 'Man wants to know, and when he ceases to do so, he is no longer a man' F. Nansen The IMSOP Meeting took place in Oslo on the 125th anniversary of Nansen's birth. Apart from his Arctic explorations, his political and humanitarian activities, he first pointed out that the posterior root fibres divide on entering the spinal cord into ascending and descending branches. This article is dedicated to the memory of a great Norwegian. The 1986 IMSOP Meeting in Oslo took place at the time of the 125th anniver sary of the birth of Fridtjof Nansen, one of Norway's most famous sons. He was an extremely gifted man with lofty ideals who left an enduring mark in all the fields in which he was active. Our own particular interest in him, however, con centrates on his neuro-anatomical discoveries (Christensen, 1961; Vogt, 1961). Nansen was born in Norway in 1861. His family was of distinguished Danish origin. The orientations of his adult life were already clearly apparent during his childhood: at school he excelled in the sciences and in drawing, but also spent much time outdoors, skiing and exploring nature. In 1880 Nansen became a zoology student at the University of Christiania in Oslo, which enabled him to combine his interest in science with his love for outdoor life. -
Roald Amundsen Essay Prepared for the Encyclopedia of the Arctic by Jonathan M
Roald Amundsen Essay prepared for The Encyclopedia of the Arctic By Jonathan M. Karpoff No polar explorer can lay claim to as many major accomplishments as Roald Amundsen. Amundsen was the first to navigate a Northwest Passage between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, the first to reach the South Pole, and the first to lay an undisputed claim to reaching the North Pole. He also sailed the Northeast Passage, reached a farthest north by air, and made the first crossing of the Arctic Ocean. Amundsen also was an astute and respectful ethnographer of the Netsilik Inuits, leaving valuable records and pictures of a two-year stay in northern Canada. Yet he appears to have been plagued with a public relations problem, regarded with suspicion by many as the man who stole the South Pole from Robert F. Scott, constantly having to fight off creditors, and never receiving the same adulation as his fellow Norwegian and sometime mentor, Fridtjof Nansen. Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen was born July 16, 1872 in Borge, Norway, the youngest of four brothers. He grew up in Oslo and at a young age was fascinated by the outdoors and tales of arctic exploration. He trained himself for a life of exploration by taking extended hiking and ski trips in Norway’s mountains and by learning seamanship and navigation. At age 25, he signed on as first mate for the Belgica expedition, which became the first to winter in the south polar region. Amundsen would form a lifelong respect for the Belgica’s physician, Frederick Cook, for Cook’s resourcefulness in combating scurvy and freeing the ship from the ice. -
Nansen Talk NHS2
The Inspirational Life of Fridtjof Nansen – „The Daring Viking‟ “Polar exploration was littered with dead bodies,” Roland Huntford Fridtjof Nansen 1861-1930 Scandanavian Nations Let’s name the countries The Inspirational Life of Fridtjof Nansen – „The Daring Viking‟ “Polar exploration was littered with dead bodies,” Roland Huntford Fridtjof Nansen 1861-1930 F The Inspirational Life of Fridtjof Nansen – „The Daring Viking‟ “Polar exploration was littered with dead bodies,” Roland Huntford Fridtjof Nansen 1861-1930 F S The Inspirational Life of Fridtjof Nansen – „The Daring Viking‟ “Polar exploration was littered with dead bodies,” Roland Huntford Fridtjof Nansen 1861-1930 F S N The Inspirational Life of Fridtjof Nansen – „The Daring Viking‟ “Polar exploration was littered with dead bodies,” Roland Huntford Fridtjof Nansen 1861-1930 F S N D The Inspirational Life of Fridtjof Nansen – „The Daring Viking‟ “Polar exploration was littered with dead bodies,” Roland Huntford Fridtjof Nansen 1861-1930 F I S N D The Inspirational Life of Fridtjof Nansen – „The Daring Viking‟ “Polar exploration was littered with dead bodies,” Roland Huntford Fridtjof Nansen 1861-1930 G (D) F I S N D The Inspirational Life of Fridtjof Nansen – „The Daring Viking‟ “Polar exploration was littered with dead bodies,” Roland Huntford Fridtjof Nansen 1861-1930 G Sp (D) (N) F I S N D The Inspirational Life of Fridtjof Nansen – „The Daring Viking‟ Events of Period ???? 1861-1865 ???? 1880‟s Fridtjof Nansen ???? 1861-1930 1914-1918 ???? 1919 ???? 1920‟s Fram:1890’s Kodak Brownie Camera The Inspirational Life of Fridtjof Nansen – „The Daring Viking‟ Events of Period U.S. Civil War 1861-1865 ???? 1880‟s Fridtjof Nansen ???? 1861-1930 1914-1918 ???? 1919 ???? 1920‟s Fram:1890’s Kodak Brownie Camera The Inspirational Life of Fridtjof Nansen – „The Daring Viking‟ Events of Period U.S. -
ICES Marine Science Symposia, 215: 39^4
ICES Marine Science Symposia, 215: 39^4. 2002 Internationalist and Norwegian at the same time: Johan Hjort and ICES Vera Schwach Schwach, V 2002. Internationalist and Norwegian at the same time: Johan Hjort and ICES. - ICES Marine Science Symposia, 215: 39-44. The marine biologist Johan Hjort (1869-1948) remained at the forefront of Norwegian marine research for more than half a century. He also belonged to a small group of Scandinavians who, around 1900, committed themselves to founding ICES. For a small nation, international collaboration was considered crucial for maintaining the quality of research. The marine sciences were also a source of national pride, an area in which Norway could and did shine internationally. For almost fifty years, Hjort was one of the Council’s leading characters both as a scientist and as an organizer. In the formative years of ICES, Hjort established a programme for fishery studies integrating national and international investigations. While the British and German scientists were preoccupied with the problem of overfishing, Hjort was the foremost spokesman for focusing on nat ural variations in the catches. In 1914, he and his colleagues at the Directorate of Fisheries concluded their research by publishing "Fluctuations in the great fisheries of northern Europe". This report laid out theoretical foundations of the emerging field and improved the Council’s scientific reputation. His experiences within the ICES communi ty also influenced Hjort's political ideas and work. Like his compatriot, the biologist and oceanographer Fridtjof Nansen, Hjort held that building scientific and cultural bonds and establishing agreements in these areas between nations were essential for avoiding the hubris amongst nations and lessening the chance of war in Europe. -
The Relevance of Previous Expeditions to Future Space Exploration
The Relevance of Previous Expeditions to Future Space Exploration Jack Stuster, PhD, CPE Anacapa Sciences, Inc. Santa Barbara, California Belgian Antarctic Expedition Commandant Adrien de Gerlache 1898-1899 First Expedition to Winter-Over in Antarctica The Belgica Locked in the Ice Multi-National Crew “Insanity and disease stalked the decks of the Belgica that winter.” Belgian Antarctic Expedition Frederick A. Cook, MD Expedition Physician Before After Norwegian Polar Expedition Fridtjof Nansen 1893-1896 Theory of Polar Drift 13 Norwegians Egalitarian Approach Good Habitat Design Methodical Testing A Model for Future Space Expeditions Norwegian Polar Expedition Departure of the Fram Norwegian Polar Expedition The Fram En Route The Fram Above the Ice Norwegian Polar Expedition Conducting Research During the Expedition Norwegian Polar Expedition Life Onboard the Fram Norwegian Polar Expedition Entrance to the Hut Life in Our Hut, by Fridtjof Nansen Nansen and Johansen lived for nine months in a 6-foot by 10-foot hut made of stones and walrus hides. Norwegian Polar Expedition Nansen and Johansen in the Kayaks Nansen After Meeting Jackson Norwegian Polar Expedition Nansen and the crew of the Fram were greeted as if they had just returned from another planet. Fridtjof Nansen Artist Explorer Neurologist Oceanographer Champion Skier A Founder of Norway International Statesman Recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize Previous and Future Expeditions The Fram in the Ice Lunar Expedition By William Gilkerson By Chesley Bonestell Learning -
All Inclusive Highlights of Antarctica Aboard Fridtjof Nansen
ALL INCLUSIVE HIGHLIGHTS OF ANTARCTICA ABOARD FRIDTJOF NANSEN The focus of this expedition is on the icy wilderness and heartwarming wildlife of Antarctica. Pick from departures throughout its summer season and enjoy five unforgettable days on the frozen continent with a dedicated Expedition Team. You’ll learn through lectures on a wide range of topics, explore glaciers and icebergs on ice-cruises and go on landings at penguin colonies. ITINERARY Day 1 Buenos Aires Arrival Day After your flight from Australia or New Zealand, arrive in Buenos Aires and be transferred to your hotel. The rest of the day is at your leisure. Day 2 Buenos Aires Starting off on the right foot Enjoy a day at leisure in Buenos Aires, the lovely capital of Argentina. Check out the well-preserved Italian and French architecture, order delicious beef in one of the many great steakhouses and maybe practise your dancing moves in the famous hometown of tango. Make sure to embrace the heat from this sensuous city, because it is about to get much colder. Day 3 Buenos Aires/Ushuaia Southernmost city in the world? 0800 945 3327 (within New Zealand) | +64 (0) 3 365 1355 | 1800 107 715 (within Australia) [email protected] | wildearth-travel.com Late nighters beware, we fly early in the morning to Ushuaia where more pristine. This forms the backdrop of penguin courting and nest building. hybrid-powered expedition ship MS Fridtjof Nansen awaits you. This port city Whales are still few and far in between during this time, most of them still on competes with Chilean Puerto Williams for the seemingly coveted title of the their way and beginning to arrive in greater numbers by December and southernmost city in the world. -
1 NANSEN, Fridtjof, Norwegian Scientist and High Commissioner
1 NANSEN, Fridtjof, Norwegian scientist and High Commissioner for Refugees of the League of Nations 1921-1930, was born 10 October 1861 in Store Frøen, Norway, and passed away 13 May 1930 in Lysaker, Norway. He was the son of Baldur Nansen, lawyer, and Baroness Adelaide Wedel Jarlsberg. On 6 September 1889 he married Eva Helene Sars, classical singer. They had two daughters and three sons. After Sars’ death on 9 December 1907 he married Sigrun Sandberg, who had divorced from Gerhard Munthe, on 17 January 1919. Source: UNOG Library, League of Nations Archives On film: www.flyktninghjelpen.no/?did=9106266 Nansen was raised in a simple and frugal environment in Store Frøen, north of the Norwegian capital Christiana (now Oslo). His father was a lawyer with ambitions for public office and high moral principles, and his mother was an athletic woman. His parents attached great importance to outdoor activities such as hunting, fishing and skiing. Nansen became an experienced skier and prizewinning skater. His parents also deemed moral qualities, such as integrity, independence and courage, to be essential components of their children’s education. When Nansen’s mother passed away unexpectedly in 1877, the father and his two sons moved to Christiana. In 1880 Nansen passed the entrance exam for the University of Christiana and decided to study zoology, hoping to spend much time outside. While still a student he participated in a naval expedition off the east coast of Greenland to study Arctic zoology first hand, which marked the beginning of his career as an explorer. During a five-month voyage in 1882 he investigated the formation of sea ice and the location of warm Gulf Stream water underneath the colder surface.