DOCSLIB.ORG

ICES Marine Science Symposia, 215: 39^4

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
ICES Marine Science Symposia, 215: 39^4 ICES Marine Science Symposia, 215: 39^4. 2002 Internationalist and Norwegian at the same time: Johan Hjort and ICES Vera Schwach Schwach, V 2002. Internationalist and Norwegian at the same time: Johan Hjort and ICES. - ICES Marine Science Symposia, 215: 39-44. The marine biologist Johan Hjort (1869-1948) remained at the forefront of Norwegian marine research for more than half a century. He also belonged to a small group of Scandinavians who, around 1900, committed themselves to founding ICES. For a small nation, international collaboration was considered crucial for maintaining the quality of research. The marine sciences were also a source of national pride, an area in which Norway could and did shine internationally. For almost fifty years, Hjort was one of the Council’s leading characters both as a scientist and as an organizer. In the formative years of ICES, Hjort established a programme for fishery studies integrating national and international investigations. While the British and German scientists were preoccupied with the problem of overfishing, Hjort was the foremost spokesman for focusing on nat­ ural variations in the catches. In 1914, he and his colleagues at the Directorate of Fisheries concluded their research by publishing "Fluctuations in the great fisheries of northern Europe". This report laid out theoretical foundations of the emerging field and improved the Council’s scientific reputation. His experiences within the ICES communi­ ty also influenced Hjort's political ideas and work. Like his compatriot, the biologist and oceanographer Fridtjof Nansen, Hjort held that building scientific and cultural bonds and establishing agreements in these areas between nations were essential for avoiding the hubris amongst nations and lessening the chance of war in Europe. In the interwar peri­ od, Norway and Hjort indeed used the Council as a channel for bilateral negotiations with Great Britain, via Henry G. Maurice, the long-term President of ICES, that led to agree­ ments on the conditions for the Norwegian whaling industry in the Antarctic area and Norway’s offshore territorial limit. Keywords: Committee A, fisheries biology, foreign policy, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Johan Hjort, Norway, Scandinavia. V. Schwach: Norwegian Institute for Studies in Research and Higher Education (NIFU), Hegdehaugsveien 31, N-0352 Oslo, Norway; tel: +47 22 59 51 56; fax: +47 22 59 51 01; e-mail: [email protected]. Introduction means contributing to the history of ICES and the emer­ gence of modern marine science in Europe and North America. The Norwegian marine biologist Johan Hjort This paper comprises first a short outline of Hjort’s (1869-1948) belonged to a small group of Scandina­ professional biography, then a brief summary of the vians who committed themselves to the founding of major results achieved in marine research in Bergen in ICES. At the turn of the 19th century, they took the step the interval between 1900 and the outbreak of World of moving from the informal Scandinavian Association War I. After this, the way in which Hjort and his col­ of Natural Researchers (De skandinaviske naturforsker- leagues integrated national and international research møtene) to a formally organized International Council for the benefit of themselves and the emerging field of for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) (Schwach, 1997). marine science within ICES is discussed. In the fourth The rest of Hjort’s professional life and career was and fifth sections, the focus is on the intersection be­ closely linked to the Council both in terms of establish­ tween science and politics and especially Hjort’s politi­ ing its scientific foundation as well as building and cal views and his internationalism. Finally, Hjort's role securing it as an institution. as a nationalist and patriot (Figure 1) is analysed, and In fact, for half a century, Hjort was one of ICES’ the role of marine research in the nation-building pro­ leading characters both scientifically and organization­ gramme is illustrated together with the role of ICES as ally. Therefore, tracing the footsteps of Johan Hjort a channel for Norwegian diplomacy. 40 Vera Schwach NORSK FISKERINÆRING Figure 1. A Norwegian stamp from 1969, commemorating Figure 2. Members of the "Bergen-group" 1903. Back row (1-r): Johan Hjort on the centennial of his birthday. Alf Wollebæk (biologist). Bjørn Heiland-Hansen (physical oceanographer), and Haaken Hasberg Gran (marine botanist/ biological oceanographer). Front row (1-r): Knut Dahl (biol­ ogist) and Johan Hjort (biologist). Photo: IMR. Bergen. Norway. A short biography In the formative years of ICES, Hjort and his Hansen (1877-1957), broke with Hjort in 1910 and Scandinavian colleagues established a programme for established physical oceanography as a field of geo­ scientific studies of the fisheries that incorporated the physics. Fisheries hydrography remained at the traditional Scandinavian focus on the connection Directorate, although fisheries biology dominated between physical and biological marine research. While marine research. In 1914, "the Bergen-group" at the the British and German scientists were preoccupied Directorate concluded their research by publishing their with the problem of overfishing, Hjort was the foremost report on the "Fluctuations in the great fisheries of spokesman for focusing on natural variations in the northern Europe" (Hjort, 1914). This ICES report laid catches. The Norwegian model for the management of the theoretical foundations for the new discipline and fisheries was unique in Europe. Only in Norway were undoubtedly enhanced the Council’s position in the management and scientific investigations integrated in a management of fisheries and its scientific reputation in professional and centralized government agency. At that the Western Hemisphere. time, Hjort was a leading figure, being one of three After an argument with the Norwegian government members of the Board of Fisheries (Fiskeristyrelsen), concerning fishing trade and neutrality, Hjort resigned but after the reorganization in 1906, he became the sole from the position as Director of Fisheries and left Director (Fiskeridirektør) at the Directorate of Fisheries Bergen in 1917. Henry G. Maurice (1874-1950) fol­ (Fiskeridirektoratet) (Schwach, 2000). lowed the events in Norway from his position as head of Hjort was part of a political tradition that emphasized the Fishery Department in the English Ministry of using national assets wisely. Hjort’s forte was the Agriculture and Fisheries in London. Maurice knew exploitation of the resources of the sea, and he held Hjort well from their joint work in the Council. He gave strong political principles which he wanted to put into a characteristically diplomatic view of his Norwegian practice. Hjort argued that the State ought to be power­ colleague when commenting on Hjort’s resignation in ful and that the trained civil servant class should play a 1917. "He was as apt to walk off stage as a film star, and significant political role in the growth of the nation. The it came about that he handed in his resignation of the State ought to carry out modernizing reforms of the post of Director of the Fisheries in Norway once too economy. For Hjort, who was occupied with the fishing often. The time came when the authorities did not ask industry, this meant that scientists should both do him to reconsider, and accepted his resignation" research and be involved in promoting the moderniza­ (Maurice, 1948, p. 766). tion of the fisheries (Schwach, 2000, pp. 128-136). After a period of studies abroad. Hjort returned to At home. Hjort was an undisputed leader in marine Kristiania in 1921 where he was offered a personal pro­ science for fifty years beginning in the 1890s. All the fessorship in marine biology at the one and only univer­ other Norwegian marine biologists worked in his shad­ sity in Norway. The Biological Laboratory at His was ow (Schwach, 2000, pp. 89-109, 204-217). However, subsidized by means of a tax paid by the prosperous one of his assistants, the oceanographer Bjørn Helland- Norwegian whaling industry. Hjort now devoted himself Internationalist ant/ Norwegian at the same time: Johan Hjort and ICES 41 to studies of whale population dynamics and the impact founding an international council for marine research. of human exploitation on the stocks. He aimed to find Pettersson’s statement leaves us with the impression of a the law of "optimum catch" of whales of commercial talented researcher, but not an easy character. interest (Smith, 1994, pp. 214-229). Pettersson (1900) stated: "The person who may make In the interwar years (1918-1939), Hjort’s interest in these difficulties [refusing to cooperate] is our friend ICES gradually changed to become more focused on Hjort. Well, remember now that I speak privately and institutional matters. As Vice-President from 1920, absolutely frankly! These difficulties will arise, if I Hjort, together with President Maurice, acted in a diffi­ know the mentality of our good friend Hjort. He is the cult international atmosphere. Jointly, they worked greatest power of our whole cooperation, but also its steadily to secure the financial basis of ICES and to greatest risk as he is indifferent about collaboration. He make the Council a permanent institution for marine wants to have the investigations carried out but thinks science as well as for the management of fisheries. They that he can do it all by himself and that it is completely had a mutual interest in the commercial and scientific unnecessary to have, e.g., the Germans join. Further­ aspects of whaling and introduced this topic to the more he is easily irritated, and if he gets the idea that Council by setting up a Whaling Committee (Roz- Norway fares better by herself, then he goes his own way." wadowski, 2002; Holt, 2002). In late December 1900, Johan Hjort travelled to In 1938, a depressed Hjort and Maurice saw the spec­ Germany to celebrate Christmas at his parents-in-law’s tre of a new war in Europe.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • National Life Stories an Oral History of British
    NATIONAL LIFE STORIES AN ORAL HISTORY OF BRITISH SCIENCE Professor Bob Dickson Interviewed by Dr Paul Merchant C1379/56 © The British Library Board http://sounds.bl.uk This interview and transcript is accessible via http://sounds.bl.uk . © The British Library Board. Please refer to the Oral History curators at the British Library prior to any publication or broadcast from this document. Oral History The British Library 96 Euston Road London NW1 2DB United Kingdom +44 (0)20 7412 7404 [email protected] Every effort is made to ensure the accuracy of this transcript, however no transcript is an exact translation of the spoken word, and this document is intended to be a guide to the original recording, not replace it. Should you find any errors please inform the Oral History curators. © The British Library Board http://sounds.bl.uk British Library Sound Archive National Life Stories Interview Summary Sheet Title Page Ref no: C1379/56 Collection title: An Oral History of British Science Interviewee’s surname: Dickson Title: Professor Interviewee’s forename: Bob Sex: Male Occupation: oceanographer Date and place of birth: 4th December, 1941, Edinburgh, Scotland Mother’s occupation: Housewife , art Father’s occupation: Schoolmaster teacher (part time) [chemistry] Dates of recording, Compact flash cards used, tracks [from – to]: 9/8/11 [track 1-3], 16/12/11 [track 4- 7], 28/10/11 [track 8-12], 14/2/13 [track 13-15] Location of interview: CEFAS [Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science], Lowestoft, Suffolk Name of interviewer: Dr Paul Merchant Type of recorder: Marantz PMD661 Recording format : 661: WAV 24 bit 48kHz Total no.
    [Show full text]
  • BOLD ENDEAVORS: BEHAVIORAL LESSONS from POLAR and SPACE EXPLORATION Jack W
    BOLD ENDEAVORS: BEHAVIORAL LESSONS FROM POLAR AND SPACE EXPLORATION Jack W. Stuster Anacapa Sciences, Inc., Santa Barbara, CA ABSTRACT Material in this article was drawn from several chapters of the author’s book, Bold Endeavors: Lessons from Polar and Space Anecdotal comparisons frequently are made between Exploration. (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. 1996). expeditions of the past and space missions of the future. the crew gradually became afflicted with a strange and persistent Spacecraft are far more complex than sailing ships, but melancholy. As the weeks blended one into another, the from a psychological perspective, the differences are few condition deepened into depression and then despair. between confinement in a small wooden ship locked in the Eventually, crew members lost almost all motivation and found polar ice cap and confinement in a small high-technology it difficult to concentrate or even to eat. One man weakened and ship hurtling through interplanetary space. This paper died of a heart ailment that Cook believed was caused, at least in discusses some of the behavioral lessons that can be part, by his terror of the darkness. Another crewman became learned from previous expeditions and applied to facilitate obsessed with the notion that others intended to kill him; when human adjustment and performance during future space he slept, he squeezed himself into a small recess in the ship so expeditions of long duration. that he could not easily be found. Yet another man succumbed to hysteria that rendered him temporarily deaf and unable to speak. Additional members of the crew were disturbed in other ways.
    [Show full text]
  • The Early Life History of Fish
    Rapp. P.-v. Réun. Cons. int. Explor. Mer, 191: 339-344. 1989 Johan Hjort - founder of modern Norwegian fishery research and pioneer in recruitment thinking P. Solemdal and M. Sinclair Solemdal, P., and Sinclair, M. 1989. Johan Hjort - founder of modern Norwegian fishery research and pioneer in recruitment thinking. - Rapp. P.-v. Réun. Cons. int. Explor. Mer, 191: 339-344. A description of some major scientific controversies prior to 1914 that influenced the development of Hjort's thinking is presented. Particular attention is given to the difficulties encountered with the migration theory (which explained interannual fluctuations in fisheries landings in the North Atlantic) and the debate on local populations, overfishing, and the role of hatcheries in increasing yields from marine fisheries. The steps leading to his classic 1914 paper are summarized and highlights of the 1914 paper are discussed. It is concluded that Hjort’s work between 1893 and 1917 led to a shift in emphasis from adult migration to early life history processes in the study of interannual fluctuations in yield. P. Solemdal: Institute o f Marine Fisheries Research, P.O. Box 1870, N-5024 Bergen, Norway. M. Sinclair: Department o f Fisheries and Oceans, Halifax Fisheries Research Laboratory, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3J 257, Canada. Introduction Problems in the 1890s The great fluctuations in the fisheries of northern The major scientific problem facing marine biologists Europe at the end of the last century had enormous and oceanographers in the latter half of the 19th century influence on the economy. It was at this time that was an explanation of the interannual fluctuations in the question of overfishing was formulated.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Canadian Marine SCIENCE from Before Titanic to the Establishment of the Bedford Institute of Oceanography in 1962 Eric L. Mills
    HISTORICAL ROOTS 1. CANADIAN MARINE SCIENCE FROM BEFORE TITANIC TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE BEDFORD INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY IN 1962 Eric L. Mills SUMMARY Beginning in the early 1960s, the Bedford Institute of Oceanography consolidated marine sciences and technologies that had developed separately, some of them since the late 19th century. Marine laboratories, devoted mainly to marine biology, were established in 1908 in St. Andrews, New Brunswick, and Nanaimo, British Columbia, and it was in them that Canada’s first studies in physical oceanography began in the early 1930s and became fully established after World War II. Charting and tidal observation developed separately in post-Confederation Canada, beginning in the last two decades of the 19th century, and becoming united in the Canadian Hydrographic Service in 1924. For a number of scientific and political reasons, Canadian marine sciences developed most rapidly after World War II (post-1945), including work in the Arctic, the founding of graduate programs in oceanography on both Atlantic and Pacific coasts, the reorientation of physical oceanography from the federal Fisheries Research Board to the federal Department of Mines and Technical Surveys, increased work on marine geology and geophysics, and eventually the founding of the Bedford Institute of Oceanography, which brought all these fields together. Key words: Canadian marine science, Atlantic and Pacific biological stations, charting, tides, hydrography, post-World War II developments, origin of BIO. E-mail: [email protected] The Bedford Institute of Oceanography (BIO) opened formally in 1962 Europe decades before. The result, achieved with the help of university (Fig. 1), bringing together scientists and technologists who had worked in biologists, was an organizational structure, the Board of Management of fields as diverse as physical oceanography, hydrographic charting, marine the Biological Station (became the Biological Board of Canada in 1912), geology, and marine ecology.
    [Show full text]
  • INAUGURAL SEASON 2020-2021 Antarctica | Greenland & Iceland
    EXPEDITION CRUISES INAUGURAL SEASON 2020-2021 Antarctica | Svalbard | Greenland & Iceland | Norway & Russia | Northwest Passage | North, Central & South America | Europe new Alaska & Canada Content 2020-21 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– We take you far beyond the ordinary 6-7 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Our Expedition Fleet 8-9 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– The future is green 10-11 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Antarctica 12-15 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Greenland & Iceland 16-19 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Russia 19 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Svalbard 20-23 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Norway 24-25 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Northwest Passage 26-27 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Alaska & Canada 28-29 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– North & Central America 30 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– South America 31 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Europe 32 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Extend your stay 32-33 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Terms and conditions 34-37 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 2 “Ever since Hurtigruten started sailing polar waters back in 1893, we have been on a constant look out for new worlds to explore.” © HURTIGRUTEN Hurtigruten is an exploration company in the truest sense of the word; our mission is to bring adventurers to remote natural beauty around the world. Our experience in the feld is unparalleled, and we draw on our unique
    [Show full text]
  • Download Full Article 2.4MB .Pdf File
    Memoirs of Museum Victoria 71: 217–236 (2014) Published December 2014 ISSN 1447-2546 (Print) 1447-2554 (On-line) http://museumvictoria.com.au/about/books-and-journals/journals/memoirs-of-museum-victoria/ Original specimens and type localities of early described polychaete species (Annelida) from Norway, with particular attention to species described by O.F. Müller and M. Sars EIVIND OUG1,* (http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:EF42540F-7A9E-486F-96B7-FCE9F94DC54A), TORKILD BAKKEN2 (http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:FA79392C-048E-4421-BFF8-71A7D58A54C7) AND JON ANDERS KONGSRUD3 (http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:4AF3F49E-9406-4387-B282-73FA5982029E) 1 Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Region South, Jon Lilletuns vei 3, NO-4879 Grimstad, Norway ([email protected]) 2 Norwegian University of Science and Technology, University Museum, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway ([email protected]) 3 University Museum of Bergen, University of Bergen, PO Box 7800, NO-5020 Bergen, Norway ([email protected]) * To whom correspondence and reprint requests should be addressed. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Oug, E., Bakken, T. and Kongsrud, J.A. 2014. Original specimens and type localities of early described polychaete species (Annelida) from Norway, with particular attention to species described by O.F. Müller and M. Sars. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 71: 217–236. Early descriptions of species from Norwegian waters are reviewed, with a focus on the basic requirements for re- assessing their characteristics, in particular, by clarifying the status of the original material and locating sampling sites. A large number of polychaete species from the North Atlantic were described in the early period of zoological studies in the 18th and 19th centuries.
    [Show full text]
  • Scurvy? Is a Certain There Amount of Medical Sure, for Know That Sheds Light on These Questions
    J R Coll Physicians Edinb 2013; 43:175–81 Paper http://dx.doi.org/10.4997/JRCPE.2013.217 © 2013 Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh The role of scurvy in Scott’s return from the South Pole AR Butler Honorary Professor of Medical Science, Medical School, University of St Andrews, Scotland, UK ABSTRACT Scurvy, caused by lack of vitamin C, was a major problem for polar Correspondence to AR Butler, explorers. It may have contributed to the general ill-health of the members of Purdie Building, University of St Andrews, Scott’s polar party in 1912 but their deaths are more likely to have been caused by St Andrews KY16 9ST, a combination of frostbite, malnutrition and hypothermia. Some have argued that Scotland, UK Oates’s war wound in particular suffered dehiscence caused by a lack of vitamin C, but there is little evidence to support this. At the time, many doctors in Britain tel. +44 (0)1334 474720 overlooked the results of the experiments by Axel Holst and Theodor Frølich e-mail [email protected] which showed the effects of nutritional deficiencies and continued to accept the view, championed by Sir Almroth Wright, that polar scurvy was due to ptomaine poisoning from tainted pemmican. Because of this, any advice given to Scott during his preparations would probably not have helped him minimise the effect of scurvy on the members of his party. KEYWORDS Polar exploration, scurvy, Robert Falcon Scott, Lawrence Oates DECLaratIONS OF INTERESTS No conflicts of interest declared. INTRODUCTION The year 2012 marked the centenary of Robert
    [Show full text]
  • The Reception and Commemoration of William Speirs Bruce Are, I Suggest, Part
    The University of Edinburgh School of Geosciences Institute of Geography A SCOT OF THE ANTARCTIC: THE RECEPTION AND COMMEMORATION OF WILLIAM SPEIRS BRUCE M.Sc. by Research in Geography Innes M. Keighren 12 September 2003 Declaration of originality I hereby declare that this dissertation has been composed by me and is based on my own work. 12 September 2003 ii Abstract 2002–2004 marks the centenary of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. Led by the Scots naturalist and oceanographer William Speirs Bruce (1867–1921), the Expedition, a two-year exploration of the Weddell Sea, was an exercise in scientific accumulation, rather than territorial acquisition. Distinct in its focus from that of other expeditions undertaken during the ‘Heroic Age’ of polar exploration, the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, and Bruce in particular, were subject to a distinct press interpretation. From an examination of contemporary newspaper reports, this thesis traces the popular reception of Bruce—revealing how geographies of reporting and of reading engendered locally particular understandings of him. Inspired, too, by recent work in the history of science outlining the constitutive significance of place, this study considers the influence of certain important spaces—venues of collection, analysis, and display—on the conception, communication, and reception of Bruce’s polar knowledge. Finally, from the perspective afforded by the centenary of his Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, this paper illustrates how space and place have conspired, also, to direct Bruce’s ‘commemorative trajectory’—to define the ways in which, and by whom, Bruce has been remembered since his death. iii Acknowledgements For their advice, assistance, and encouragement during the research and writing of this thesis I should like to thank Michael Bolik (University of Dundee); Margaret Deacon (Southampton Oceanography Centre); Graham Durant (Hunterian Museum); Narve Fulsås (University of Tromsø); Stanley K.
    [Show full text]
  • A Century Ago : the Nansen Drift Fridtjof Nansen Wanted to Reach the Pole by Having His Boat Caught in the Ice and Letting Her Drift
    www.taraexpeditions.org A century ago : the Nansen drift Fridtjof Nansen wanted to reach the pole by having his boat caught in the ice and letting her drift. He will miss his objective by some 800 km but will bring back all his crew despite three very harsh wintering. In 1895, a Norwegian succeeded in com- pleting the fi rst Arctic drift on the Fram, the boat that is Tara’s ancestor. Prolonged for three long polar winters, the mission, however, was not able to reach the pole. Fridtjof Nansen was 32 years old when he Her rounded shapes should prevent the ice from March 1895, Nansen decides to leave the boat had begun on the journey. During the summer, started on his Arctic drift. His aim was to get crushing her, but it is especially her sturdiness and go with a companion to the North Pole the pack ice becomes more and more impracti- as close to the North pole as possible. It is after that enables her to resist to the pack ice grip : the by sledge. Th e two men are equipped with cable but at the end of August, they accost on having discovered in the south west of Green- hull is more than 80 centimetres thick. light kayaks and take 630 kg of equipment with land on the Franz-Joseph archipelago. Th ey re- land the remains of a vessel crushed by the ice, With a crew of 13 men, Nansen leaves Oslo them. After 23 days on the go, they give up on solve to spend their third Arctic winter.
    [Show full text]
  • Fridtjof Nansen, One of Norway's Most Famous Sons
    Paraplegia 25 (1987) 27-31 © 1987 International Medical Society of Paraplegia FridtjofNansen: Neuro-anatomical Discoveries, Arctic Explorations, and Humanitarian Deeds Abrahatn Ohry, M.D.t and Karin Ohry-Kossoy, M.A. t Neurological Rehabilitation Department, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel 'Man wants to know, and when he ceases to do so, he is no longer a man' F. Nansen The IMSOP Meeting took place in Oslo on the 125th anniversary of Nansen's birth. Apart from his Arctic explorations, his political and humanitarian activities, he first pointed out that the posterior root fibres divide on entering the spinal cord into ascending and descending branches. This article is dedicated to the memory of a great Norwegian. The 1986 IMSOP Meeting in Oslo took place at the time of the 125th anniver­ sary of the birth of Fridtjof Nansen, one of Norway's most famous sons. He was an extremely gifted man with lofty ideals who left an enduring mark in all the fields in which he was active. Our own particular interest in him, however, con­ centrates on his neuro-anatomical discoveries (Christensen, 1961; Vogt, 1961). Nansen was born in Norway in 1861. His family was of distinguished Danish origin. The orientations of his adult life were already clearly apparent during his childhood: at school he excelled in the sciences and in drawing, but also spent much time outdoors, skiing and exploring nature. In 1880 Nansen became a zoology student at the University of Christiania in Oslo, which enabled him to combine his interest in science with his love for outdoor life.
    [Show full text]
  • Fartøyene Og Mennene Som Ga Dem Navn
    Fartøyene og mennene som ga dem navn ... 1 G.O. Sars Innhold Havforskningsinstituttet i dag 1-9 Mennene som ga fartøyene navn 10-30 Dagens flåte 30-40 Teksten bygger på en tidligere publikasjon skrevet av Per Solemdal og Sigmund Myklevoll. Revidert i 2008 av Erling Bakken og Ingunn Bakketeig. 2 Havforskningsinstituttet i dag Havforskningsinstituttets oppgaver Havforskningsinstituttets visjon er ”Kunnskap og råd for rike og rene hav- og kystområder”. Dette betyr at vi skal utføre forskningsoppdrag som kan gi myndig- heter, næring og samfunn et bredt og pålitelig grunnlag for forvaltning av våre marine økosystemer. Målet for forvaltningen er å verne det marine miljøet og sikre et langsiktig, godt utbytte fra fiskebestandene, andre levende ressurser og fra havbruket. Økosystemene og miljøforholdene krever at en slik forvaltning baseres på et utstrakt internasjonalt samarbeid, både på forsker- og myndighetsnivå. En viktig del av forskningen er rettet mot bestander som danner grunnlaget for norske fiskerier. Ved å overvåke endringer og stadig forbedre kunnskapen, blir beregninger av bestandenes produksjon mer pålitelig og forvaltningen derfor bedre. Miljøforskningen har også en bred plass, både for å overvåke klimatiske endringer og kjemisk forurensning, og for å undersøke hvordan dette kan påvirke livs- vilkårene for levende marine ressurser. I utviklingen av norsk havbruk bidrar Havforskningsinstituttet med ny, grunn- leggende biologisk kunnskap om laksefisk, marine arter og skalldyr. Her inngår bl.a. genetikk, fysiologi, fiskevelferd og fiskehelse. Andre forskningsoppgaver omfatter økosystemet i kystsonen, bunndyrsamfunn på kontinentalsokkelen og fangstteknologi. Forskningen ved Havforskningsinstituttet blir initiert og finansiert gjennom fem forsknings- og rådgivingsprogram og fem rene forskningsprogram. Forskningen utføres i 19 faggrupper.
    [Show full text]
  • Trawl Designs and Techniques Used by Norwegian Research Vessels to Sample Fish in the Pelagic Zone
    TRAWL DESIGNS AND TECHNIQUES USED BY NORWEGIAN RESEARCH VESSELS TO SAMPLE FISH IN THE PELAGIC ZONE J. W. Valdemarsen and 0. A. Misund Institute of Marine Research, P.O.Box 1870, 5024 Bergen, Norway ABSTRACT In resource surveys, representative identification of species and sizes of fish is of vital importance. Various designs and sizes of pelagic trawls and techniques are used in the pelagic zone by Norwegian research vessels for this purpose. This paper describes trawl designs used for O-group surveys and a larger trawl used for adult fish. The largest trawl, which has a vertical opening of 30 m when towed at 3.5 - 4 knots, can be rigged for close-to-surface trawling as well as for rnid- and deep-water trawling with minor adjustment of the rigging. The performance of the various trawls is described, based on geometric measurements using Scanmar instruments and observations with a TV-camera in a towed underwater vehicle. The trawl mouth area of the O-group trawl is approximately 10 x 10 m, and it can be rigged to catch efficiently in all depths from surface downwards. The large pelagic trawl is rigged with large surface buoys and lenghtened upper bridles when used in the surface layer to sample herring and mackerel. INTRODUCTION In the Barents Sea a combination of fishery-dependent and fishery-independent methods is used for assessment of important fish stocks, like cod, haddock, herring, and capelin. Fishery- independent methods are mainly based on echo integration and trawl sampling. Echo intregration depends on representative identification of targets with respect to fish species and sizes, and trawling is at present the only applicable method for this purpose.
    [Show full text]