The Relevance of Previous Expeditions to Future Space Exploration
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Gerlache's Belgique in the Social Imaginary of Punta Arenas, 1897-1899
Volumen 4 Nº 3 (Julio-Septiembre, 2013), pp. 200-210. GERLACHE’S BELGIQUE IN THE SOCIAL IMAGINARY OF PUNTA ARENAS, 1897-1899 El BÉLGICA DE GERLACHE EN EL IMAGINARIO SOCIAL DE PUNTA ARENAS, 1897-1899 Mag. Mauricio Jara Fernández Universidad de Playa Ancha – Centre for Hemispheric and Polar Studies Valparaíso – Chile [email protected] FECHA DE RECEPCIÓN: 28 abril 2013 – FECHA DE ACEPTACIÓN: 2 junio 2013 ABSTRACT This article analyzes, based on the information in the newspaper El Magallanes of Punta Arenas and other publications, the perception that was created among the population of this southern Chilean city by the Antarctic expedition of between 1897 and 1899 and the activities carried out by the scientists and crew of the Belgique commanded by Lieutenant Adrien de Gerlache. Due to the fact that this expedition was made up of people from various nations and that it was aimed at reaching the South Pole provoked unusual interest and awoke an attractive interest for scientific topics and southern and antarctic policies. KEY WORDS Chile and Gerlache – Antarctica – Punta Arenas – Chilean Antarctic History RESUMEN El artículo analiza en base a informaciones del periódico El Magallanes de Punta Arenas y otras publicaciones, la percepción que se generó en la población de esta austral ciudad chilena por la expedición a la Antártica entre 1897 y 1899 y las actividades realizadas por los científicos y tripulantes del Bélgica comandado por el teniente Adrien de Gerlache. Por el hecho de ser una expedición integrada por personas de varias naciones y en busca del polo sur, su arribo y permanencia en la rada de Punta Arenas provocó un inusitado interés y despertó una atractiva afición por los temas científicos y políticos australes y antárticos. -
BOLD ENDEAVORS: BEHAVIORAL LESSONS from POLAR and SPACE EXPLORATION Jack W
BOLD ENDEAVORS: BEHAVIORAL LESSONS FROM POLAR AND SPACE EXPLORATION Jack W. Stuster Anacapa Sciences, Inc., Santa Barbara, CA ABSTRACT Material in this article was drawn from several chapters of the author’s book, Bold Endeavors: Lessons from Polar and Space Anecdotal comparisons frequently are made between Exploration. (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. 1996). expeditions of the past and space missions of the future. the crew gradually became afflicted with a strange and persistent Spacecraft are far more complex than sailing ships, but melancholy. As the weeks blended one into another, the from a psychological perspective, the differences are few condition deepened into depression and then despair. between confinement in a small wooden ship locked in the Eventually, crew members lost almost all motivation and found polar ice cap and confinement in a small high-technology it difficult to concentrate or even to eat. One man weakened and ship hurtling through interplanetary space. This paper died of a heart ailment that Cook believed was caused, at least in discusses some of the behavioral lessons that can be part, by his terror of the darkness. Another crewman became learned from previous expeditions and applied to facilitate obsessed with the notion that others intended to kill him; when human adjustment and performance during future space he slept, he squeezed himself into a small recess in the ship so expeditions of long duration. that he could not easily be found. Yet another man succumbed to hysteria that rendered him temporarily deaf and unable to speak. Additional members of the crew were disturbed in other ways. -
Representations of Antarctic Exploration by Lesser Known Heroic Era Photographers
Filtering ‘ways of seeing’ through their lenses: representations of Antarctic exploration by lesser known Heroic Era photographers. Patricia Margaret Millar B.A. (1972), B.Ed. (Hons) (1999), Ph.D. (Ed.) (2005), B.Ant.Stud. (Hons) (2009) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science – Social Sciences. University of Tasmania 2013 This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for a degree or diploma by the University or any other institution, except by way of background information and duly acknowledged in the thesis, and to the best of my knowledge and belief no material previously published or written by another person except where due acknowledgement is made in the text of the thesis. ………………………………….. ………………….. Patricia Margaret Millar Date This thesis may be made available for loan and limited copying in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968. ………………………………….. ………………….. Patricia Margaret Millar Date ii Abstract Photographers made a major contribution to the recording of the Heroic Era of Antarctic exploration. By far the best known photographers were the professionals, Herbert Ponting and Frank Hurley, hired to photograph British and Australasian expeditions. But a great number of photographs were also taken on Belgian, German, Swedish, French, Norwegian and Japanese expeditions. These were taken by amateurs, sometimes designated official photographers, often scientists recording their research. Apart from a few Pole-reaching images from the Norwegian expedition, these lesser known expedition photographers and their work seldom feature in the scholarly literature on the Heroic Era, but they, too, have their importance. They played a vital role in the growing understanding and advancement of Antarctic science; they provided visual evidence of their nation’s determination to penetrate the polar unknown; and they played a formative role in public perceptions of Antarctic geopolitics. -
INAUGURAL SEASON 2020-2021 Antarctica | Greenland & Iceland
EXPEDITION CRUISES INAUGURAL SEASON 2020-2021 Antarctica | Svalbard | Greenland & Iceland | Norway & Russia | Northwest Passage | North, Central & South America | Europe new Alaska & Canada Content 2020-21 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– We take you far beyond the ordinary 6-7 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Our Expedition Fleet 8-9 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– The future is green 10-11 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Antarctica 12-15 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Greenland & Iceland 16-19 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Russia 19 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Svalbard 20-23 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Norway 24-25 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Northwest Passage 26-27 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Alaska & Canada 28-29 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– North & Central America 30 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– South America 31 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Europe 32 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Extend your stay 32-33 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Terms and conditions 34-37 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 2 “Ever since Hurtigruten started sailing polar waters back in 1893, we have been on a constant look out for new worlds to explore.” © HURTIGRUTEN Hurtigruten is an exploration company in the truest sense of the word; our mission is to bring adventurers to remote natural beauty around the world. Our experience in the feld is unparalleled, and we draw on our unique -
Scurvy? Is a Certain There Amount of Medical Sure, for Know That Sheds Light on These Questions
J R Coll Physicians Edinb 2013; 43:175–81 Paper http://dx.doi.org/10.4997/JRCPE.2013.217 © 2013 Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh The role of scurvy in Scott’s return from the South Pole AR Butler Honorary Professor of Medical Science, Medical School, University of St Andrews, Scotland, UK ABSTRACT Scurvy, caused by lack of vitamin C, was a major problem for polar Correspondence to AR Butler, explorers. It may have contributed to the general ill-health of the members of Purdie Building, University of St Andrews, Scott’s polar party in 1912 but their deaths are more likely to have been caused by St Andrews KY16 9ST, a combination of frostbite, malnutrition and hypothermia. Some have argued that Scotland, UK Oates’s war wound in particular suffered dehiscence caused by a lack of vitamin C, but there is little evidence to support this. At the time, many doctors in Britain tel. +44 (0)1334 474720 overlooked the results of the experiments by Axel Holst and Theodor Frølich e-mail [email protected] which showed the effects of nutritional deficiencies and continued to accept the view, championed by Sir Almroth Wright, that polar scurvy was due to ptomaine poisoning from tainted pemmican. Because of this, any advice given to Scott during his preparations would probably not have helped him minimise the effect of scurvy on the members of his party. KEYWORDS Polar exploration, scurvy, Robert Falcon Scott, Lawrence Oates DECLaratIONS OF INTERESTS No conflicts of interest declared. INTRODUCTION The year 2012 marked the centenary of Robert -
A NTARCTIC Southpole-Sium
N ORWAY A N D THE A N TARCTIC SouthPole-sium v.3 Oslo, Norway • 12-14 May 2017 Compiled and produced by Robert B. Stephenson. E & TP-32 2 Norway and the Antarctic 3 This edition of 100 copies was issued by The Erebus & Terror Press, Jaffrey, New Hampshire, for those attending the SouthPole-sium v.3 Oslo, Norway 12-14 May 2017. Printed at Savron Graphics Jaffrey, New Hampshire May 2017 ❦ 4 Norway and the Antarctic A Timeline to 2006 • Late 18th Vessels from several nations explore around the unknown century continent in the south, and seal hunting began on the islands around the Antarctic. • 1820 Probably the first sighting of land in Antarctica. The British Williams exploration party led by Captain William Smith discovered the northwest coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. The Russian Vostok and Mirnyy expedition led by Thaddeus Thadevich Bellingshausen sighted parts of the continental coast (Dronning Maud Land) without recognizing what they had seen. They discovered Peter I Island in January of 1821. • 1841 James Clark Ross sailed with the Erebus and the Terror through the ice in the Ross Sea, and mapped 900 kilometres of the coast. He discovered Ross Island and Mount Erebus. • 1892-93 Financed by Chr. Christensen from Sandefjord, C. A. Larsen sailed the Jason in search of new whaling grounds. The first fossils in Antarctica were discovered on Seymour Island, and the eastern part of the Antarctic Peninsula was explored to 68° 10’ S. Large stocks of whale were reported in the Antarctic and near South Georgia, and this discovery paved the way for the large-scale whaling industry and activity in the south. -
The Reception and Commemoration of William Speirs Bruce Are, I Suggest, Part
The University of Edinburgh School of Geosciences Institute of Geography A SCOT OF THE ANTARCTIC: THE RECEPTION AND COMMEMORATION OF WILLIAM SPEIRS BRUCE M.Sc. by Research in Geography Innes M. Keighren 12 September 2003 Declaration of originality I hereby declare that this dissertation has been composed by me and is based on my own work. 12 September 2003 ii Abstract 2002–2004 marks the centenary of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. Led by the Scots naturalist and oceanographer William Speirs Bruce (1867–1921), the Expedition, a two-year exploration of the Weddell Sea, was an exercise in scientific accumulation, rather than territorial acquisition. Distinct in its focus from that of other expeditions undertaken during the ‘Heroic Age’ of polar exploration, the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, and Bruce in particular, were subject to a distinct press interpretation. From an examination of contemporary newspaper reports, this thesis traces the popular reception of Bruce—revealing how geographies of reporting and of reading engendered locally particular understandings of him. Inspired, too, by recent work in the history of science outlining the constitutive significance of place, this study considers the influence of certain important spaces—venues of collection, analysis, and display—on the conception, communication, and reception of Bruce’s polar knowledge. Finally, from the perspective afforded by the centenary of his Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, this paper illustrates how space and place have conspired, also, to direct Bruce’s ‘commemorative trajectory’—to define the ways in which, and by whom, Bruce has been remembered since his death. iii Acknowledgements For their advice, assistance, and encouragement during the research and writing of this thesis I should like to thank Michael Bolik (University of Dundee); Margaret Deacon (Southampton Oceanography Centre); Graham Durant (Hunterian Museum); Narve Fulsås (University of Tromsø); Stanley K. -
A Century Ago : the Nansen Drift Fridtjof Nansen Wanted to Reach the Pole by Having His Boat Caught in the Ice and Letting Her Drift
www.taraexpeditions.org A century ago : the Nansen drift Fridtjof Nansen wanted to reach the pole by having his boat caught in the ice and letting her drift. He will miss his objective by some 800 km but will bring back all his crew despite three very harsh wintering. In 1895, a Norwegian succeeded in com- pleting the fi rst Arctic drift on the Fram, the boat that is Tara’s ancestor. Prolonged for three long polar winters, the mission, however, was not able to reach the pole. Fridtjof Nansen was 32 years old when he Her rounded shapes should prevent the ice from March 1895, Nansen decides to leave the boat had begun on the journey. During the summer, started on his Arctic drift. His aim was to get crushing her, but it is especially her sturdiness and go with a companion to the North Pole the pack ice becomes more and more impracti- as close to the North pole as possible. It is after that enables her to resist to the pack ice grip : the by sledge. Th e two men are equipped with cable but at the end of August, they accost on having discovered in the south west of Green- hull is more than 80 centimetres thick. light kayaks and take 630 kg of equipment with land on the Franz-Joseph archipelago. Th ey re- land the remains of a vessel crushed by the ice, With a crew of 13 men, Nansen leaves Oslo them. After 23 days on the go, they give up on solve to spend their third Arctic winter. -
Contents 3 7 13 14 17 21 31 34 Dear Map Friends
BIMCC Newsletter N°19, May 2004 Contents Dear Map Friends, Pictures at an Ever since the creation of the BIMCC in 1998, President Wulf Exhibition (I—III) 3 Bodenstein has tried to obtain my help in running the Circle and, in particular, in editing the Newsletter. But I knew I could not possibly Looks at Books meet his demand for quality work, while being professionally active. (I - IV) 7 Now that I have retired from Eurocontrol, I no longer have that excuse, and I am taking over from Brendan Sinnott who has been the Royal 13 Newsletter Editor for over two years and who is more and more busy Geographical at the European Commission. Society Henry Morton When opening this issue, you will rapidly see a new feature: right in 14 the middle, you will find, not the playmap of the month, but the Stanley ”BIMCC map of the season”. We hope you will like the idea and present your favourite map in the centrefold of future Newsletters. BIMCC‘s Map 17 of the Season What else will change in the Newsletter? This will depend on you ! After 18 issues of the BIMCC Newsletter, we would like to have your Mapping of the 21 views: what features do you like or dislike? What else would you like Antarctic to read? Do you have contributions to offer? Please provide your feedback by returning the enclosed questionnaire. International Should you feel ready to get further involved in supporting the News & Events 31 organisation and the activities of the Circle, you should then volunteer to become an “Active Member”, and come to the Extraordinary Auction General Meeting; this meeting, on 29 October 2004 after the BIMCC Calendar 34 excursion (see details inside) will approve the modification of the BIMCC statutes (as required by Belgian law) and agree the Enclosure — nomination of Active Members to support the Executive Committee. -
CHRONICLE the Celebration of the Centennial of the Belgica Antarctic Expedition
POLISH POLAR RESEARCH 22 1 71-76 2001 CHRONICLE The celebration of the Centennial of the Belgica Antarctic Expedition: a tribute to the pioneers The Centennial of the Belgica Expedition, which was the first multinational Antarctic expedition of a purely scientific nature and which overwintered in the southern seas for the first time in history, was successfully celebrated in several places around the World, in cluding of course in Belgium, home base of the Belgica. Surely none of the brave polar ex plorers who embarked on this nearly 34 m-long ship for this memorable expedition would have imagined that 100 years later so many events would take place in celebration of their achievements! Indeed an impressive number of celebrations were organised on local, na tional, and international levels. A short chronological overview of these different events and an extensive list of publications generated by the Belgica centennial are presented hereafter. Events around the World (and beyond!) Antarctica - 27 October 1997 to February 1998: The "South through the Pole" Expedition, sponsored by the Compaq Company, took place. Two Belgians, Alain Hubert and Dixie Dansercoer, crossed the Antarctic Continent by foot at its longest diameter (4000 km) and almost in total autonomy. They kept contact by satellite with the "The Last Continent" exhibition. - December 1997 - January 1998: the Mount Vinson Expedition was organised. A team of 1 Swissman, 2 Frenchmen and 7 Belgians, among whom Henri de Gerlache, great-grandson of Adrien de Gerlache, climbed the Mount Vinson, the highest Antarctic summit (4.897 m) and made the film "Nuit Blanche". -
Fridtjof Nansen, One of Norway's Most Famous Sons
Paraplegia 25 (1987) 27-31 © 1987 International Medical Society of Paraplegia FridtjofNansen: Neuro-anatomical Discoveries, Arctic Explorations, and Humanitarian Deeds Abrahatn Ohry, M.D.t and Karin Ohry-Kossoy, M.A. t Neurological Rehabilitation Department, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel 'Man wants to know, and when he ceases to do so, he is no longer a man' F. Nansen The IMSOP Meeting took place in Oslo on the 125th anniversary of Nansen's birth. Apart from his Arctic explorations, his political and humanitarian activities, he first pointed out that the posterior root fibres divide on entering the spinal cord into ascending and descending branches. This article is dedicated to the memory of a great Norwegian. The 1986 IMSOP Meeting in Oslo took place at the time of the 125th anniver sary of the birth of Fridtjof Nansen, one of Norway's most famous sons. He was an extremely gifted man with lofty ideals who left an enduring mark in all the fields in which he was active. Our own particular interest in him, however, con centrates on his neuro-anatomical discoveries (Christensen, 1961; Vogt, 1961). Nansen was born in Norway in 1861. His family was of distinguished Danish origin. The orientations of his adult life were already clearly apparent during his childhood: at school he excelled in the sciences and in drawing, but also spent much time outdoors, skiing and exploring nature. In 1880 Nansen became a zoology student at the University of Christiania in Oslo, which enabled him to combine his interest in science with his love for outdoor life. -
Roald Amundsen Essay Prepared for the Encyclopedia of the Arctic by Jonathan M
Roald Amundsen Essay prepared for The Encyclopedia of the Arctic By Jonathan M. Karpoff No polar explorer can lay claim to as many major accomplishments as Roald Amundsen. Amundsen was the first to navigate a Northwest Passage between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, the first to reach the South Pole, and the first to lay an undisputed claim to reaching the North Pole. He also sailed the Northeast Passage, reached a farthest north by air, and made the first crossing of the Arctic Ocean. Amundsen also was an astute and respectful ethnographer of the Netsilik Inuits, leaving valuable records and pictures of a two-year stay in northern Canada. Yet he appears to have been plagued with a public relations problem, regarded with suspicion by many as the man who stole the South Pole from Robert F. Scott, constantly having to fight off creditors, and never receiving the same adulation as his fellow Norwegian and sometime mentor, Fridtjof Nansen. Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen was born July 16, 1872 in Borge, Norway, the youngest of four brothers. He grew up in Oslo and at a young age was fascinated by the outdoors and tales of arctic exploration. He trained himself for a life of exploration by taking extended hiking and ski trips in Norway’s mountains and by learning seamanship and navigation. At age 25, he signed on as first mate for the Belgica expedition, which became the first to winter in the south polar region. Amundsen would form a lifelong respect for the Belgica’s physician, Frederick Cook, for Cook’s resourcefulness in combating scurvy and freeing the ship from the ice.