DOCSLIB.ORG

Sustainable Low-Carbon City Development in China

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT Countries and Regions Sustainable Low-Carbon City Development in China Axel Baeumler, Ede Ijjasz-Vasquez, Shomik Mehndiratta, Editors Sustainable Low-Carbon City Development in China Sustainable Low-Carbon City Development in China Edited by Axel Baeumler, Ede Ijjasz-Vasquez, and Shomik Mehndiratta © 2012 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / International Development Association or The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org All rights reserved 1 2 3 4 15 14 13 12 This volume is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dis- semination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncom- mercial purposes as long as full attribution to the work is given. For permission to reproduce any part of this work for commercial purposes, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2422; e-mail: [email protected]. ISBN: 978-0-8213-8987-4 eISBN: 978-0-8213-8988-1 DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8987-4 Cover design: Naylor Design, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sustainable low-carbon city development in China / edited by Axel Baeumler, Ede Ijjasz- Vasquez, and Shomik Mehndiratta. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-0-8213-8987-4 -- ISBN 978-0-8213-8988-1 (electronic) 1. Sustainable urban development--China. 2. Energy policy--China. 3. Carbon dioxide mitigation--China. 4. Urbanization--Environmental aspects--China. 5. City planning-- Environmental aspects--China. 6. Urban ecology (Sociology)--China. I. Baeumler, Axel. II. Ijjasz-Vasquez, Ede. III. Mehndiratta, Shomik. HT243.C6S87 2012 307.1’2160951--dc23 2011052340 Contents Foreword, World Bank xix Foreword, National Development and Reform Commission xxi Preface xxv Acknowledgments xxvii About the Authors xxix Abbreviations xxxii Overview: Sustainable Low-Carbon Cities in China: Why it Matters and What Can be Done xxxix Axel Baeumler, Ede Ijjasz-Vasquez, and Shomik Mehndiratta PART 1 INTRODUCTION TO LOWCARBON CITIES 1 Chapter 1 Cities and Climate Change: An Urgent Agenda 3 Dan Hoornweg Chapter 2 Eco-Cities and Low-Carbon Cities: The China Context and Global Perspectives 33 Axel Baeumler, Mansha Chen, Kanako Iuchi, and Hiroaki Suzuki v vi Contents Chapter 3 Low-Carbon Cities in China: Characteristics, Roadmap, and Indicators 63 Xiaodong Wang, Noureddine Berrah, Ximing Peng, Lorraine Sugar, and Hua Du Chapter 4 Developing Low-Carbon Cities in China: Local Governance, Municipal Finance, and Land-Use Planning—The Key Underlying Drivers 97 Zhi Liu and Andrew Salzberg PART 2 SECTORAL ACTION FOR LOWCARBON CITIES: ENERGY 129 Chapter 5 Low-Carbon Electricity for Cities 131 Ximing Peng Chapter 6 Industrial Energy Efficiency 147 Gailius Draugelis Chapter 7 Energy Efficiency in Buildings 179 Gailius Draugelis and Shawna Fei Li Chapter 8 District Heating Reform 205 Gailius Draugelis and Shawna Fei Li PART 3 SECTORAL ACTION FOR LOWCARBON CITIES: URBAN TRANSPORT 235 Chapter 9 Introduction: Urban Transport and Climate Change 237 Shomik Mehndiratta Chapter 10 Cycling and Walking: Preserving a Heritage, Regaining Lost Ground 243 Shomik Mehndiratta Contents vii Chapter 11 Improving Public Transport in Chinese Cities: Elements of an Action Plan 269 Shomik Mehndiratta and Andrew Salzberg Chapter 12 Motorized Vehicles: Demand Management and Technology 299 Shomik Mehndiratta, Zhi Liu, and Ke Fang PART 4 SECTORAL ACTION FOR LOWCARBON CITIES: WATER, WASTE MANAGEMENT, AND URBAN AIR POLLUTION 323 Chapter 13 Municipal Solid Waste Management and Low-Carbon Cities in China 325 Dan Hoornweg and Jian Xie Chapter 14 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Water and Wastewater Utilities 347 Alexander Danilenko, Takao Ikegami, Paul Kriss, Axel Baeumler, and Menahem Libhaber Chapter 15 Air Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction Co-benefits 367 Jostein Nygard, Jie Cao, Stefan Csordas, Steinar Larssen, Li Liu, Jon Strand, and Dingsheng Zhang PART 5 SECTORAL ACTION FOR LOWCARBON CITIES: ADDITIONAL APPROACHES 385 Chapter 16 Additional Approaches: Historic Built Assets, ICT, and Urban Agriculture and Forestry 387 Axel Baeumler, Ede Ijjasz-Vasquez, and Shomik Mehndiratta viii Contents Chapter 17 Energy Efficiency in Historic Built Assets 389 Guido Licciardi Chapter 18 Benefits of Downtown Regeneration 401 Guido Licciardi Chapter 19 ICT and Low-Carbon Cities 405 Junko Narimatsu and Randeep Sudan Chapter 20 Urban Agriculture Is Climate-Smart 417 Anjali Acharya, Dan Hoornweg, and Marielle Dubbeling Chapter 21 Urban Forestry 423 Leticia Guimarães and Monali Ranade PART 6 BEYOND MITIGATION: CITIES’ ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE 433 Chapter 22 Adapting to Climate Risks: Building Resilient Cities in China 435 Paul Procee and Henrike Brecht PART 7 FINANCING A LOWCARBON CITY 465 Chapter 23 Financing a Low-Carbon City: Introduction 467 Axel Baeumler and Shomik Mehndiratta Chapter 24 Cities and Carbon Finance 471 Monali Ranade and Marcus Lee Chapter 25 World Bank Financial Instruments to Support Low-Carbon Cities in China 491 Frederic Asseline Contents ix BOXES 1 Measuring Low-Carbon Cities xlii 2 Indicators Can Set the Right Administrative Incentives for Local Governments xlvii 3 Three Market Principles for Low-Carbon Cities xlviii 4 Financing Structures for Cities Need to Be Fundamentally Rethought li 5 Adaptation—Elements of an Integrated Climate Risk Management Approach liii 6 Key Energy Sector Recommendations lv 7 Key Urban Transport Sector Recommendations lviii 8 Key Water, Wastewater, and Solid Waste Recommendations lx 9 A Growing Role for Technology lxii 10 When to Adopt Which Abatement Technology at What Cost lxv 1.1 Neptis Foundation Images Illustrating Metropolitan Indicators for Four World Cities 11 1.2 Chreod Ltd. Images of Population Densities of Selected Metropolitan Regions, 2000 14 1.3 Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Urban Lifestyle: Three Personal Examples 15 2.1 NDRC Pilot on Low-Carbon Province and City Development 40 2.2 MoHURD Initiatives on Low-Carbon Eco-City Development 41 2.3 Emerging Low-Carbon City Initiatives in China 42 2.4 Abandoned Eco-City Developments in China 44 2.5 Key Lessons from a Stocktaking Analysis of Eco-City Initiatives and Regulations in China 46 2.6 Urban Design Challenges for the SSTEC Project 48 2.7 World Bank Support for Integrated Low-Carbon City Initiatives 50 2.8 Eco2 Cities: Ecological Cities as Economic Cities 52 2.9 STAR Community Index 57 2.10 The European Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) 59 3.1 Selected Definitions of a Low-Carbon City 66 3.2 London’s Low-Carbon Action Plan: From Vision to Action 70 x Contents 3.3 Changning District, Shanghai: Initial Results of a GHG Abatement Cost Curve at City District Level 79 3.4 European Green City Index and LEED for Neighborhood Development 81 3.5 New York: An Example of GHG Inventory and Reporting 87 3.6 The CoolClimate Network: A University- Government-Industry Partnership Developing Carbon Footprint Management Tools 88 4.1 Incentives for the Performance of Municipal Leaders 102 4.2 Land Purchase and Disposal Cost Differentials 105 4.3 In-Situ Urbanization 107 4.4 Empirical Evidence Regarding Urban Forms and CO2 Emissions 111 4.5 Urban Design Regulations in Chinese Cities: Taking a New Look 113 4.6 Low-Carbon Neighborhood Design in China 122 5.1 Technologies of the Future 135 6.1 Targeting Large Energy–Consuming Enterprises to Meet FYP Energy Intensity Reduction Obligations 150 6.2 Beijing’s Fixed Assets Investment Appraisal and Examination Method 152 6.3 Shanxi’s Special Compensation Fund for Eliminating Inefficient Capacity 153 6.4 Energy Performance Contracting to Promote Energy Efficiency 156 6.5 Rewarding Outstanding Energy Conservation Achievements 158 6.6 Energy Efficiency Leasing Concept 163 6.7 EMSs and Energy Agreements Program in Ireland 166 6.8 Vermont’s Energy Efficiency Utility 170 6.9 Global Environment Facility Funding for China’s ESCO Loan Guarantee Program 171 6.10 The International Finance Corporation’s China Utility-Based Energy Efficiency Finance Program (CHUEE) 172 6.11 World Bank Support for Industrial Energy Efficiency in China 174 7.1 Climate Zoning for Building Thermal Designs in China 182 7.2 GEF’s Huayuan Borui New Community: Combining Green Building and Heating Supply Reform 187 Contents xi 7.3 World Bank/GEF–Supported Heat Reform and Building Energy Efficiency Project 188 7.4 Considering the Building Shape Coefficient 189 7.5 Early Planning for Energy Efficiency: the Site Plan 190 7.6 Federal Buildings Initiative Program in Canada 192 7.7 SuperESCO
Recommended publications
  • The Functional Structure Convergence of China's Coastal Ports

    The Functional Structure Convergence of China's Coastal Ports

    sustainability Article The Functional Structure Convergence of China’s Coastal Ports Wei Wang 1,2,3, Chengjin Wang 1,* and Fengjun Jin 1 1 Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China; [email protected] (W.W.); [email protected] (F.J.) 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 3 School of Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 6 September 2017; Accepted: 23 November 2017; Published: 28 November 2017 Abstract: Functional structure is an important part of a port system, and can reflect the resource endowments and economic development needs of the hinterland. In this study, we investigated the transportation function of coastal ports in China from the perspective of cargo structure using a similarity coefficient. Our research considered both adjacent ports and hub ports. We found that the transportation function of some adjacent ports was very similar in terms of outbound structure (e.g., Qinhuangdao and Huanghua) and inbound structure (e.g., Huanghua and Tangshan). Ports around Bohai Bay and the port group in the Yangtze River Delta were the most competitive areas in terms of outbound and inbound structure, respectively. The major contributors to port similarity in different regions varied geographically due to the different market demands and cargo supplies. For adjacent ports, the functional convergence of inbound structure was more serious than the outbound. The convergence between hub ports was more serious than between adjacent ports in terms of both outbound and inbound structure. The average similarity coefficients displayed an increasing trend over time.
  • Program Book(EN)

    Program Book(EN)

    TRANSPORTATION IN CHINA 2025: CONNECTING THE WORLD 中国交通 2025：联通世界 Transportation in China 2025: Connecting the World 1 CONTENTS The 19th COTA International Conference of Transportation Professionals Transportation in China 2025: Connecting the World Welcome Remarks ······································ 4 Organization Council ································· 8 Organizers ······················································ 13 Sponsors ·························································· 17 Instructions for Presenters ························ 19 Instructions for Session Chairs ················ 19 Program at a Glance ··································· 20 Program ··························································· 22 Poster Sessions ············································· 56 General Information ··································· 86 Conference Speakers & Organizers ······· 95 Pre- and Post-CICTP2019 Events ············ 196 • Welcome Remarks It is our great pleasure to welcome you all to the 19th COTA International Conference Welcome of Transportation Professionals (CICTP 2019) in Nanjing, China. The CICTP2019 is jointly Remarks organized by Chinese Overseas Transportation Association (COTA), Southeast University, and Jiaotong International Cooperation Service Center of Ministry of Transport. The CICTP annual conference series was established by COTA back in 2001 and in the past two decades benefited from support from the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), Transportation Research Board (TRB), and many other
  • Changchun–Harbin Expressway Project

    Changchun–Harbin Expressway Project

    Performance Evaluation Report Project Number: PPE : PRC 30389 Loan Numbers: 1641/1642 December 2006 People’s Republic of China: Changchun–Harbin Expressway Project Operations Evaluation Department CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS Currency Unit – yuan (CNY) At Appraisal At Project Completion At Operations Evaluation (July 1998) (August 2004) (December 2006) CNY1.00 = $0.1208 $0.1232 $0.1277 $1.00 = CNY8.28 CNY8.12 CNY7.83 ABBREVIATIONS AADT – annual average daily traffic ADB – Asian Development Bank CDB – China Development Bank DMF – design and monitoring framework EIA – environmental impact assessment EIRR – economic internal rate of return FIRR – financial internal rate of return GDP – gross domestic product ha – hectare HHEC – Heilongjiang Hashuang Expressway Corporation HPCD – Heilongjiang Provincial Communications Department ICB – international competitive bidding JPCD – Jilin Provincial Communications Department JPEC – Jilin Provincial Expressway Corporation MOC – Ministry of Communications NTHS – national trunk highway system O&M – operations and maintenance OEM – Operations Evaluation Mission PCD – provincial communication department PCR – project completion report PPTA – project preparatory technical assistance PRC – People’s Republic of China RRP – report and recommendation of the President TA – technical assistance VOC – vehicle operating cost NOTE In this report, “$” refers to US dollars. Keywords asian development bank, development effectiveness, expressways, people’s republic of china, performance evaluation, heilongjiang province, jilin province, transport Director Ramesh Adhikari, Operations Evaluation Division 2, OED Team leader Marco Gatti, Senior Evaluation Specialist, OED Team members Vivien Buhat-Ramos, Evaluation Officer, OED Anna Silverio, Operations Evaluation Assistant, OED Irene Garganta, Operations Evaluation Assistant, OED Operations Evaluation Department, PE-696 CONTENTS Page BASIC DATA v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY vii MAPS xi I. INTRODUCTION 1 A.
  • Appendix 1: Rank of China's 338 Prefecture-Level Cities

    Appendix 1: Rank of China's 338 Prefecture-Level Cities

    Appendix 1: Rank of China’s 338 Prefecture-Level Cities © The Author(s) 2018 149 Y. Zheng, K. Deng, State Failure and Distorted Urbanisation in Post-Mao’s China, 1993–2012, Palgrave Studies in Economic History, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92168-6 150 First-tier cities (4) Beijing Shanghai Guangzhou Shenzhen First-tier cities-to-be (15) Chengdu Hangzhou Wuhan Nanjing Chongqing Tianjin Suzhou苏州 Appendix Rank 1: of China’s 338 Prefecture-Level Cities Xi’an Changsha Shenyang Qingdao Zhengzhou Dalian Dongguan Ningbo Second-tier cities (30) Xiamen Fuzhou福州 Wuxi Hefei Kunming Harbin Jinan Foshan Changchun Wenzhou Shijiazhuang Nanning Changzhou Quanzhou Nanchang Guiyang Taiyuan Jinhua Zhuhai Huizhou Xuzhou Yantai Jiaxing Nantong Urumqi Shaoxing Zhongshan Taizhou Lanzhou Haikou Third-tier cities (70) Weifang Baoding Zhenjiang Yangzhou Guilin Tangshan Sanya Huhehot Langfang Luoyang Weihai Yangcheng Linyi Jiangmen Taizhou Zhangzhou Handan Jining Wuhu Zibo Yinchuan Liuzhou Mianyang Zhanjiang Anshan Huzhou Shantou Nanping Ganzhou Daqing Yichang Baotou Xianyang Qinhuangdao Lianyungang Zhuzhou Putian Jilin Huai’an Zhaoqing Ningde Hengyang Dandong Lijiang Jieyang Sanming Zhoushan Xiaogan Qiqihar Jiujiang Longyan Cangzhou Fushun Xiangyang Shangrao Yingkou Bengbu Lishui Yueyang Qingyuan Jingzhou Taian Quzhou Panjin Dongying Nanyang Ma’anshan Nanchong Xining Yanbian prefecture Fourth-tier cities (90) Leshan Xiangtan Zunyi Suqian Xinxiang Xinyang Chuzhou Jinzhou Chaozhou Huanggang Kaifeng Deyang Dezhou Meizhou Ordos Xingtai Maoming Jingdezhen Shaoguan
  • Issues and Challenges of Governance in Chinese Urban Regions

    Issues and Challenges of Governance in Chinese Urban Regions

    Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2015 Metropolitanization and State Re-scaling in China: Issues and Challenges of Governance in Chinese Urban Regions Dong, Lisheng ; Kübler, Daniel Abstract: Since the 1978 reforms, city-regions are on the rise in China, and urbanisation is expected to continue as the Central Government intends to further push city development as part of the economic modernisation agenda. City-regions pose new challenges to governance. They transcend multiple local jurisdictions and often involve higher level governments. This paper aims to provide an improved un- derstanding of city-regional governance in China, focusing on three contrasting examples (the Yangtze River Delta Metropolitan Region, the Beijing- Tianjin-Hebei Metropolitan Region, and the Guanzhong- Tianshui Metropolitan Region). We show that, in spite of a strong vertical dimension of city-regional governance in China, the role and interference of the Central Government in matters of metropolitan policy-making is variable. Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-119284 Conference or Workshop Item Accepted Version Originally published at: Dong, Lisheng; Kübler, Daniel (2015). Metropolitanization and State Re-scaling in China: Issues and Challenges of Governance in Chinese Urban Regions. In: Quality of government: understanding the post-1978 transition and prosperity of China, Shanghai, 16 October 2015 - 17 October 2015. Metropolitanization and State Re-scaling in China: Issues and Challenges of Governance in Chinese Urban Regions Lisheng DONG* & Daniel KÜBLER** * Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, P.R.
  • ANNUAL Report CONTENTS QINHUANGDAO PORT CO., LTD

    ANNUAL Report CONTENTS QINHUANGDAO PORT CO., LTD

    (a joint stock limited liability company incorporated in the People’s Republic of China) Stock Code : 3369 ANNUAL REPORT CONTENTS QINHUANGDAO PORT CO., LTD. ANNUAL REPORT 2018 Definitions and Glossary of Technical Terms 2 Consolidated Balance Sheet 75 Corporate Information 5 Consolidated Income Statement 77 Chairman’s Statement 7 Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity 79 Financial Highlights 10 Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows 81 Shareholding Structure of the Group 11 Company Balance Sheet 83 Management Discussion and Analysis 12 Company Income Statement 85 Corporate Governance Report 25 Company Statement of Changes in Equity 86 Biographical Details of Directors, 41 Company Statement of Cash Flows 87 Supervisors and Senior Management Notes to Financial Statements 89 Report of the Board of Directors 48 Additional Materials Report of Supervisory Committee 66 1. Schedule of Extraordinary Profit and Loss 236 Auditors’ Report 70 2. Return on Net Assets and Earning per Share 236 Audited Financial Statements DEFINITIONS AND GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS “A Share(s)” the RMB ordinary share(s) issued by the Company in China, which are subscribed for in RMB and listed on the SSE, with a nominal value of RMB1.00 each “AGM” or “Annual General Meeting” the annual general meeting or its adjourned meetings of the Company to be held at 10:00 am on Thursday, 20 June 2019 at Qinhuangdao Sea View Hotel, 25 Donggang Road, Haigang District, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province, PRC “Articles of Association” the articles of association of the Company “Audit Committee” the audit committee of the Board “Berth” area for mooring of vessels on the shoreline.
  • 309 Vol. 1 People's Republic of China

    309 Vol. 1 People's Republic of China

    E- 309 VOL. 1 PEOPLE'SREPUBLIC OF CHINA Public Disclosure Authorized HEBEI PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT HEBEI URBANENVIRONMENT PROJECT MANAGEMENTOFFICE HEBEI URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECT Public Disclosure Authorized ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT SUMMARY Public Disclosure Authorized January2000 Center for Environmental Assessment Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beiyuan Anwai BEIJING 100012 PEOPLES' REPUBLIC OF CHINA Phone: 86-10-84915165 Email: [email protected] Public Disclosure Authorized Table of Contents I. Introduction..................................... 3 II. Project Description ..................................... 4 III. Baseline Data .................................... 4 IV. Environmental Impacts.................................... 8 V. Alternatives ................................... 16 VI. Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan ................................... 16 VII. Public Consultation .17 VIII. Conclusions.18 List of Tables Table I ConstructionScale and Investment................................................. 3 Table 2 Characteristicsof MunicipalWater Supply Components.............................................. 4 Table 3 Characteristicsof MunicipalWaste Water TreatmentComponents .............................. 4 Table 4 BaselineData ................................................. 7 Table 5 WaterResources Allocation and Other Water Users................................................. 8 Table 6 Reliabilityof Water Qualityand ProtectionMeasures ................................................
  • Ig¾a Corporate Plan

    Ig¾a Corporate Plan

    In the beginning … water covered the Earth. Out of the water emerged an island, a single giant mass of land; an ancient supercontinent called Pangaea. Over billions of years, tectonic forces broke Pangaea apart, dividing the supercontinent into ever distant land masses: Africa, Eurasia, Australasia, North and South America. As the land masses drifted farther apart, so too did the people who inhabited them. Huge bodies of water, time and space, separated people from their friends, family, loved ones and partners in trade. Until now… Igæa: (eye-jee-uh) n: “i” mod. (interconnected; internet; idea); “Gaea” Grk. (earth; land). 1) The new supercontinent; a virtual place created through light speed communications; 2) Interconnected Earth; everywhere at once, omnipresent; 3) A global Internet Protocol (IP) communications network carrying streaming digital voice, video and data, transcending physical barriers, to bring all the people of the world togeth- er in one virtual place at any time. Important Information Confidential This corporate plan and all of its contents were produced internally by Igæa. For more information contact: Kirk Rittenhouse Manz, CEO Igæa 119 Windsor Drive Nashville, Tennessee 37205 E-mail [email protected] Telephone 615/353-9737 Facsimile 615/353-9521 www.igaea.com 2nd Quarter 2000 This business plan is provided for purposes of information and evaluation only. It does not constitute an offer to sell, or a solicitation of securities, offers to buy or any other interest in the business. Any such offering will be made only by appropriate documents and in accordance with applicable State and Federal laws. The information contained in this document is absolutely confidential and is intend- ed only for persons to whom it is transmitted by the Company and to their imme- diate business associates with whom they are required to confer in order to prop- erly evaluate this business opportunity.
  • A Survey of Resource Allocation Techniques for Cellular Network's

    A Survey of Resource Allocation Techniques for Cellular Network's

    electronics Review A Survey of Resource Allocation Techniques for Cellular Network’s Operation in the Unlicensed Band Mohammedhusen Manekiya 1 , Abhinav Kumar 2 , Ashish Yadav 3 and Massimo Donelli 1,* 1 Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; [email protected] 2 Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Telangana 502285, India; [email protected] 3 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-3297-00-4115 Received: 1 August 2020; Accepted: 27 August 2020; Published: 7 September 2020 Abstract: With an ever increasing demand for data, better and efficient spectrum operation has become crucial in cellular networks. In this paper, we present a detailed survey of various resource allocation schemes that have been considered for the cellular network’s operation in the unlicensed spectrum. The key channel access mechanisms for cellular network’s operation in the unlicensed bands are discussed. The various channel selection techniques are explored and their operation explained. The prime issue of fairness between cellular and Wi-Fi networks is discussed, along with suitable resource allocation techniques that help in achieving this fairness. We analyze the coverage, capacity, and impact of coordination in LTE-U systems. Furthermore, we study and discuss the impact and discussed the impact of various traffic type, environments, latency, handover, and scenarios on LTE-U’s performance. The new upcoming 5G New Radio and MulteFire is briefly described along with some of the critical aspects of LTE-U which require further research.
  • GMT Report2012.Qxp

    GMT Report2012.Qxp

    GLOBAL METRO PROJECTS REPORT 2012 Metropolitan railways (metros) are high capacity electric transport systems that operate on dedicated routes, and can thereby achieve high service speed and frequency. Over the last few years, metros (also known as subway, underground or tube) have evolved as an efficient and effective urban mobility solution in addressing the growing concerns of urbanisation and climate change. This is supported by the fact that despite high capital requirements the sector witnessed a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.7 per cent between 2005 and 2010. In high density urban areas, metros form the backbone of integrated public transport systems and offer proven economic, social and environmental benefits. Given the huge investment requirement and long life span, metro systems have always been a driving force for technological and financial innovations. Government and metro operators are constantly seeking solutions to improve reliability and customer service, lower fuel and maintenance costs, as well as increase efficiency and safety levels in operations. The Global Metro Projects Report provides updated information on the world's top 101 metro projects that present significant capital investment opportunities. These projects have a total existing network length of about 8,900 km and a proposed length of over 8,000 km. The report covers 51 countries representing about 80 per cent of the world’s gross domestic product. It presents the key information required to assess investment opportunities in the development of new lines, extension and upgrade of existing lines, rolling stock procurement and refurbishment, power and communication systems upgrades, fare collection, as well as station construction and refurbishment.
  • Build a "Beijing Sample" Featured of Open Cooperation, Open Innovation and Open Sharing

    Build a "Beijing Sample" Featured of Open Cooperation, Open Innovation and Open Sharing

    Build a "Beijing Sample" Featured of Open Cooperation, Open Innovation and Open Sharing 2020 Beijing Foreign Investment Development Report Build a "Beijing Sample" Featured of Open Cooperation, Open Innovation and Open Sharing Beijing Foreign Investment Development Report 2020 04 05 Preface Moving to a new era after 70 years’ hardworking in 31 countries along the "the Belt and Road Initiative" harmonious and livable city, Beijing continues to increase route, and has hosted international activities such as the its strength. Beijing has successively formulated and "the Belt and Road Initiative" International Cooperation implemented reform policies ver.1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 to optimize The year of 2019 is the 70th anniversary of the founding Beijing also experienced an innovative development Summit Forum, the 2022 Winter Olympics, and the China its business environment and achieved remarkable results of new China. As the capital of the whole country, Beijing from "Made in Beijing" to "Created in Beijing", and its International Trade in Services Fair. Its international after taking a series of administrative measures. According to has made great achievements in economic and social development impetus continuously becomes strong exchange capacity has continuously improved. the World Bank's 2020 Business Environment Report, Beijing development after 70 years' hardworking and practice; as a and powerful. Beijing's tertiary industry contribution to ranks the 28th place worldwide, ahead of some EU countries result, its comprehensive urban capacity has been greatly GDP is maintained over 80%, and its industrial structure As a link between the domestic economy and the world and OECD member countries, and maintaining its leading improved.
  • Technical Assistance Consultant's Report People's Republic of China

    Technical Assistance Consultant's Report People's Republic of China

    Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report Project Number: 42011 November 2009 People’s Republic of China: Wuhan Urban Environmental Improvement Project Prepared by Easen International Co., Ltd in association with Kocks Consult GmbH For Wuhan Municipal Government This consultant’s report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Government concerned, and ADB and the Government cannot be held liable for its contents. (For project preparatory technical assistance: All the views expressed herein may not be incorporated into the proposed project’s design. ADB TA No. 7177- PRC Project Preparatory Technical Assistance WUHAN URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT PROJECT Final Report November 2009 Volume I Project Analysis Consultant Executing Agency Easen International Co., Ltd. Wuhan Municipal Government in association with Kocks Consult GmbH ADB TA 7177-PRC Wuhan Urban Environmental Improvement Project Table of Contents WUHAN URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT PROJECT ADB TA 7177-PRC FINAL REPORT VOLUME I PROJECT ANALYSIS TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations Executive Summary Section 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1-1 1.2 Objectives of the PPTA 1-1 1.3 Summary of Activities to Date 1-1 1.4 Implementation Arrangements 1-2 Section 2 Project Description 2.1 Project Rationale 2-1 2.2 Project Impact, Outcome and Benefits 2-2 2.3 Brief Description of the Project Components 2-3 2.4 Estimated Costs and Financial Plan 2-6 2.5 Synchronized ADB and Domestic Processes 2-6 Section 3 Technical Analysis 3.1 Introduction 3-1 3.2 Sludge Treatment and Disposal Component 3-1 3.3 Technical Analysis for Wuhan New Zone Lakes/Channels Rehabilitation, Sixin Pumping Station and Yangchun Lake Secondary Urban Center Lake Rehabilitation 3-51 3.4 Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations 3-108 Section 4 Environmental Impact Assessment 4.1 Status of EIAs and SEIA Approval 4-1 4.2 Overview of Chinese EIA Reports 4-1 Easen International Co.