Indians of Virginia (Pre-1600 with notes on Historic Tribes)
Student Name: ______Date: ______
For each of the following slides/questions, fill-in-the-blanks: Question# Statement(s) 1. “Pre-historic” here means ______(before/after) 1600.
2. Pre-Historic Times is divided into ______periods from 14,000 B.P - 1,600 AD.
3. There are 2 Hypotheses of how Paleo-Indians came into North America: from
______by Water along the No. Pacific or thru Alaska/Canada OR from ______on the edge of the ice pack along the No. Atlantic Coast.
4. In the “Land Bridge” hypothesis, paleo-indians came over land called
______thru Alaska/Canada.
5. Migrations into No. and Central America from Asia first populated the
______(East or West) coast of North America.
6. In the “Solutrean” hypothesis, similarities in spear point technology of early
native Americans and the spear making industry of people in ______suggests that the early inhabitants of No. America may have come from Europe.
7. Spear points found in Clovis, NM, Solutre, France, and Cactus Hill, VA look ______(different or similar) and that similarity supports the Solutrean hypothesis.
8. Inhabitants of Southern France drew ______on the walls of their caves.
9. There are ______(none, few, several) sites where Paleo-Indian artifacts have been found in the eastern part of the United States.
10. Paleo-Indian sites in Virginia include: Cactus Hill and ______.
11. Paleo-Indian artifacts found in Saltville, VA have been dated to about ______years before those found in Clovis, NM.
Page 1 Indians of Virginia (Pre-1600 with notes on Historic Tribes) Continued For each of the following slides/questions, fill-in-the-blanks: Question# Statement(s) 12. Stone tools found at Cactus Hill in VA may have been used by Paleo-indians in
their hunts for ______(large, medium, or small) mammals.
13. Paleo-Indian artifacts found at Saltville, VA date from 14,510 BP to about
______BP (i.e., BP means “before present”).
14. The oldest Paleo-Indian artifact found at Saltville, VA was a Pre-clovis
“______tool”.
15. Paleo-indians at Saltville, VA appear to have butchered and processed hide, meat, and bones, and tusks of a ______.
16. There is evidence of native American hunters in Virginia’s woodlands for
______(100s, 1000s, millions) of years.
17. The ______complex in the Northern Shenandoah Valley of Virginia is a group of Clovis sites clustered around a ______rock outcrop near the So. Fork of the Shenandoah River.
18. Paleo-Indians used Jasper rock to make ______for hunting and cutting.
19. The “Thunderbird Site” in the Flint Run complex was a “______
______near the river edge where men made new stone tools.
20. At the “Fifty Site” in the Flint Run complex, Paleo-Indians made large and small Jasper flake tools for scraping and points and small knife-like ______.
21. The Williamson Paleo-Indian Site is located in ______(Northern, Southern, or Central) Virginia.
22. A large number of ______were found at the Williams Site in Dinwiddie Co., VA.
23. Projectile points were made by hammer-stoning, bone hammering, and ______the point’s edge.
Page 2 Indians of Virginia (Pre-1600 with notes on Historic Tribes) Continued For each of the following slides/questions, fill-in-the-blanks: Question# Statement(s) 24. Flakes are removed from the core of a stone with a hammer stone thereby shaping the stone into a bi-facially worked ______head.
25. In creating an Axe Head, ______are chipped off of the axe head stone with a hammer ______.
26. Paleo-Indians used a stone-age ______tool, to scrape strips of material off of a larger piece of material.
27. Early Archaic villages were typically located ______(away from, near, or on) water (e.g., lakes, streams, rivers, or the ocean.)
28. Early hunters in the Middle Archaic period used the ______to increase the throwing power of their spears.
29. Middle Archaic people used ______and mortars to grind food before cooking/eating.
30. Late Archaic people were ______Foragers living is established villages.
31. ______has a “soapy feel” and was easily cut into pieces and fashioned into various useful objects such as “cooking bowls”.
32. Late Archaic people carved ______from Soapstone.
33. Early Woodland people made ______from clay.
34. Middle Woodland people organized themselves into groups of villages where individuals had different tasks and the groupings were called “______Societies”.
35. Late Woodland people were ______and lived in Permanent Villages in Shared Long-houses or Single-Family Dome Shaped Structures.
36. By the 1600s, the native people of North America lived in highly evolved villages such as ______and Pomeiooc which were located on the coast in what is present-day North Carolina.
37. The horticultural development of native societies in Eastern US were based on growing ______.
Page 3 Indians of Virginia (Pre-1600 with notes on Historic Tribes) Continued For each of the following slides/questions, fill-in-the-blanks: Question# Statement(s) 38. Mississippian Mound-builders from (900-1450 AD) were located primarily along
the Mississippi and Ohio River Valleys east of the ______mountains.
39. Mississippian Cultures were spread out throughout the Eastern part of North America from the Gulf coast to the ______Lakes.
40. In the vast area influenced by Mississippian Culture, the evidence of their
influence is seen in the ______that these people built. Hence they were known as “mound” builders.
41. Some example of mounds include: Etowah Mound, Cartersville, GA, Grave Creek Site in Moundsville, WV and ______Mound built in Southern Ohio by the Fort Ancient people between 1170 and 1270 AD.
42. In Lee County, VA, (i.e., in the South-western part of VA), some important mounds are located near ______Hill. The earliest find was called “Ely Mound”.
43. Ely Mound was firsts excavated in ______by Lucien Carr from Boston, MA.
44. Artifacts found at Ely Mound were dated from the ______period (i.e., 1,200 - 1,650 AD).
45. One interesting artifact found at Ely Mound was a round stone used in the Indian
game of ______.
46. There is an unexplored mound that can be seen from Route 15 near Foxfield Lane in ______, VA.
47. Native Americans communicated with each other via ______routes or paths of travel throughout No. America.
48. The major Indian Path from TN, Western NC and GA to PA and NY was called the Great ______Path.
49. Typical Indian trade goods included all of the following EXCEPT (______): A. Salt B. Copper C. Fish D. Animal Skins
Page 4 Indians of Virginia (Pre-1600 with notes on Historic Tribes) Continued For each of the following slides/questions, fill-in-the-blanks: Question# Statement(s) 50. Horticultural Chiefdoms in Virginia were ______-based.
51. By 1600, the Powhatan Chiefdom in Virginia was located between the ______and the York Rivers in Eastern VA.
52. By 1600, the Cherokee Chiefdom was located on the ______River in South-western VA.
53. At the time of first European Contact, the Indians of Virginia spoke languages that could be categorized in ______language groups.
54. Indians in the Eastern part of Virginia spoke the ______language.
55. John Smith’s early map of Virginia and its native peoples shows that they were settled mostly along the ______of Virginia.
56. There are ______tribes that are recognized by the State of Virginia.
57. The Powhatan Chiefdom’s capitol (i.e., Werowocomoco) was located on the ______River.
58. The Chickahominy Tribe was located in ______Co.,VA.
59. The Chickahominy Tribe was forced to “cede” (i.e., give up) their land along the Chickahominy River in the year ______after the Anglo-Powhatan War.
60. The Chickahominy River flows into the ______River.
61. The Western Chickahominy Indian Tribe was located along the Chickahominy River NW of ______City (i.e., Richmond, VA).
62. The Mattaponi and Upper Mattaponi Tribes lived on the ______River.
63. The mattaponi River flows into the York River which flows into the ______Bay near Yorktown, Va.
64. On John Smith’s 1624 Map of VA, rivers were annotated by name with the word “______” which means river (e.g. “Mattaponient _____”).
65. Members of the current Mattaponi Tribe hold an annual spring ______where dancers perform in historic Indian costumes.
Page 5 Indians of Virginia (Pre-1600 with notes on Historic Tribes) Continued For each of the following slides/questions, fill-in-the-blanks: Question# Statement(s) 66. Early Mattaponi Pottery is very ______(new, clean, brown, rare).
67 The Monacan Indians lived above the falls at present-day ______.
68. The Monacan Indians lived on both sides of the ______river.
69. The Nansemond Indians were a/an______speaking tribe.
70. The Nansemond Indians lived in a ______environment near Suffolk, VA
71. The largest of the 30 Indian tribes making up the Powhatan confederacy was the ______Indians.
72. The Pamunkey Indian reservation is located in ______Co., VA.
73. The Pamunkey Indians use river-bank clay to make their ______.
74. The dominant tribe of the Rappahannock River Valley is called the ______Tribe.
75. The Rappahannock Tribe has occupied the Rappahannock River for ______yrs.
76. Today’s Rappahannock Tribe consists of a few ______members.
77. There are ______(few, several, many) unrecognized, extinct or tribes no longer located in Virginia.
78. The 3 Indian Language groups of Virginia are: Iroquoian, Siouan, and ______.
79. The Powhatan indians spoke ______.
80. The Cherokee indians spoke ______
81. The Siouan language was spoken primarily in the ______region of VA.
82. The Eastern band of Cherokee Indians (i.e., located in SW Virginia) ______(did or did not) participate in the Trail of Tears migration to Oklahoma Territory.
Page 6 Indians of Virginia (Pre-1600 with notes on Historic Tribes) Continued For each of the following slides/questions, fill-in-the-blanks: Question# Statement(s) 83. The Cherokee Indians lived in the ______(South, South-east, Eastern) part of the present-day United States.
84. In 1835, a handful of Cherokee leaders sold all of their tribal lands to the United States for _$______million and land in the Oklahoma Territory.
85. The Trail of Tears was named for the many Cherokee Indians who ______on this forced march due to the effects of Winter and lack of food.
86. The route of the Trail of Tears was ______(one, several) paths.
87. A Cherokee Winter-house was a “tepee” covered with ______.
88. A Cherokee Summer-house was ______(heavy, light).
89. The Wolf Creek band of Cherokees is located in ______, VA.
90. There are Indian pictographs on ______Mountain in Tazewell Co., VA.
91. The Tutelo and Saponi Tribes spoke ______.
92. Indian history was handed down by ______who repeated their history at gatherings around the fire (.i.e., an “oral history”).
93. The Powhatan Chief ______created a mighty empire by conquering or affiliating by agreement with around ______tribes covering much of Eastern VA.
94. Powhatan is a VA Algonquian word meaning ______.
95. The principal tribes of the Powhatan Confederacy included all but ______: A. Powhatans B. Kiskiacks C. Pamunkeys D. Mattoponis
96. The Powhatan Confederacy included ______(few, most) of the Indian tribes in the Tidewater region of VA.
97. The Powhatan capitol of Werowocomoco was about ____ miles from Jamestown.
98. Archeologists working at Werowocomoco have found ______metal fragments probably obtained by trade with settlers from Jamestown.
Page 7 Indians of Virginia (Pre-1600 with notes on Historic Tribes) Continued For each of the following slides/questions, fill-in-the-blanks: Question# Statement(s) 99. The Powhatan Confederacy fought 2 big wars with the Anglo settlers in Virginia. One in ______and another in ______. After 1646, the Powhatan Confederacy was largely destroyed.
100. The leader of Powhatan uprisings (i.e., Opechancanouh) was killed by a ______assigned to guard him in 1646.
101 The Yuchi Indians of South-western Virginia resided on the Great War Path Trail near ______, VA. They probably traded salt and copper with warriors from all parts of the Eastern United States who used the trail.
102 The Yuchi village on the Holston River near Saltville, VA was attacked and decimated by ______Conquistadors in 1567.
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