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City Point Report.P65 Colonial Williamsburg Archaeological Reports Cultural Overview of City Point, Petersburg National Battlefield, Hopewell, Virginia Audrey J. Horning Submitted to: Petersburg National Battlefield P. O. Box 549 Petersburg, VA 23804 Submitted by: The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Department of Archaeological Research P.O. Box 1776 Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776 (757) 220-7330 Supplemental Agreement #23 under Cooperative Agreement #CA4000-2-1017 Principal Investigator Marley R. Brown III December 2004 Cultural Overview of City Point, Petersburg National Battlefield, Hopewell, Virginia by Audrey J. Horning Submitted to: Petersburg National Battlefield P. O. Box 549 Petersburg, VA 23804 Submitted by: The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Department of Archaeological Research P.O. Box 1776 Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776 (757) 220-7330 Supplemental Agreement #23 under Cooperative Agreement #CA4000-2-1017 Audrey J. Horning Project Archaeologist Marley R. Brown III Principal Investigator December 2004 Management Summary n August 2001, the National Park Service and the Colonial Williamsburg Founda- tion initiated a cultural overview of the City Point Unit of the Petersburg National IBattlefield in Hopewell, Virginia under Supplementary Agreement #CA4000-2- 1017. The scope of work included the compilation and presentation of “a cultural overview of the City Point area that includes the placement of prehistoric and historic resources in the context of James River and Chesapeake archaeology.” The following report presents this cultural overview of City Point, beginning with evidence for Paleo- Indian activity in the James River region and concluding with a consideration of the twentieth-century history and landscape of the City Point Unit of the Petersburg Na- tional Battlefield. Particular attention is paid to the role of the site as a protohistoric Appomattuck village; to the possibility that City Point is the location of the 1613-1622 English village of Charles City; and to the centrality of the African American experi- ence at City Point from at least as early as 1635 through to the present. Specific recommendations incorporated in the cultural overview include the ne- cessity for a comprehensive archaeological survey of the City Point property to ascer- tain the location and preservation of significant buried resources, which can be drawn upon for future research and interpretation into the whole of human history at the site. Another critical recommendation of the report is the need to address the maritime resources associated with City Point, and the ongoing threats to their integrity, which include extensive looting of shipwrecks and material culture in the James and Appomattox Rivers in territory administered by the National Park Service, as well as the ongoing impact of erosion of the bluffs at City Point. i ii Table of Contents Page Management Summary ...................................................................................... i List of Figures .................................................................................................. vii Chapter One. Introduction: City Point in Regional Perspective ........................... 1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 1 Location and Environmental Overview ...................................................... 1 Archaeological Overview .......................................................................... 2 Interpretive Themes Reflected by City Point Resources ............................. 4 Conclusion: City Point in its Maritime Context ........................................... 6 Chapter Two. City Point in Prehistoric Context .................................................. 7 Introduction .............................................................................................. 7 Paleo-Indian Period (12,000-10,000 BP) ................................................. 7 Archaic Period (10,000-3,200 BP) ........................................................... 9 Woodland Period (3200-400 BP) ........................................................... 11 Conclusion ............................................................................................. 14 Chapter Three. City Point and European Expansion ......................................... 15 Introduction ............................................................................................ 15 European Exploration and Chesapeake Interactions ................................. 15 Early English Settlement: The Roanoke Venture ....................................... 17 Native Virginia Society on the Eve of Jamestown ..................................... 19 Evidence for Protohistoric Indian activity at City Point ............................. 21 Archaeological Evidence for Protohistoric Indian Activity in the James River Region ............................................................................ 25 Conclusion: City Point as an Appamattuck Village .................................... 30 Chapter Four. City Point and Initial Seventeenth-Century English Settlement .................................................................................................. 31 Introduction ............................................................................................ 31 Background for English Settlement in the Chesapeake ............................. 31 Activity at City Point: Location of Charles City? ...................................... 34 Archaeological Evidence for the Virginia Company Period ....................... 38 Conclusion: City Point as a Significant Early Colonial Settlement .............. 40 Chapter Five. City Point and Colonial Virginia in the Second and Third Quarter of the Seventeenth Century ............................................................. 43 Introduction ............................................................................................ 43 Arrival of the Eppes Family ..................................................................... 43 General Context of Migration to the Chesapeake ..................................... 46 iii Table of Contents (cont’d) Page Archaeological Evidence at City Point 1622-1675 ................................... 49 Comparative Archaeology of Virginia Settlement in the First Half of the Seventeenth Century ........................................................................... 51 Earthfast Construction in the Seventeenth-century Chesapeake ................ 57 Conclusion: City Point and the Creation of Chesapeake Society ............... 61 Chapter Six. From Outpost to Center Stage: City Point in the Late Seventeenth Century ................................................................................... 63 Introduction ............................................................................................ 63 Bacon’s Rebellion and City Point ............................................................ 63 The Seventeenth-century “Virginia House” at City Point ........................... 64 Brick and Frame Building in Seventeenth-century Virginia ........................ 69 City Point and the Formalization of Slavery in Virginia .............................. 72 Conclusion: City Point at the Turn of the Eighteenth Century ..................... 74 Chapter Seven. City Point, Appomattox Manor, and the Maturing of Virginia ....................................................................................................... 75 Introduction ............................................................................................ 75 Activity at City Point in the First Half of the Eighteenth Century ................ 75 Richard Eppes and the Building of Appomattox Manor ............................ 78 Richard Eppes, Appomattox Manor, and the “Georgian” Order in the Tidewater ........................................................................................... 81 City Point in the American Revolution ...................................................... 85 Development of City Point as an Entrepôt ............................................... 85 Landscapes of Inequality at Appomattox Manor ...................................... 86 Conclusion: City Point in the Eighteenth Century ...................................... 91 Chapter Eight. Appomattox Manor and City Point in the Antebellum Period ..... 93 Introduction ............................................................................................ 93 Richard Eppes and the Regimentation of Plantation Slavery at Appomattox Manor ............................................................................ 93 Archaeological Perspective on Antebellum City Point ............................. 101 Expansion of the Port and the Incorporation of City Point ...................... 105 Appomattox Manor and the Eppes family on the Eve of the Civil War .... 109 Chapter Nine. City Point during the Civil War ................................................ 113 Introduction .......................................................................................... 113 City Point, Dr. Richard Eppes, and the Outbreak of Hostilities ............... 113 Establishment of City Point as Union Headquarters ................................ 115 Medical Care at City Point .................................................................... 120 iv Table of Contents (cont’d) Page Community Life at City Point ................................................................ 122 Historical Archaeology of the American
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