Indians of Virginia (Pre-1600 with notes on Historic Tribes) Student Name: _______________________________________ Date: ____________________ For each of the following slides/questions, fill-in-the-blanks: Question# Statement(s) 1. “Pre-historic” here means ________________ (before/after) 1600. 2. Pre-Historic Times is divided into _______ periods from 14,000 B.P - 1,600 AD. 3. There are 2 Hypotheses of how Paleo-Indians came into North America: from _________________ by Water along the No. Pacific or thru Alaska/Canada OR from _______________ on the edge of the ice pack along the No. Atlantic Coast. 4. In the “Land Bridge” hypothesis, paleo-indians came over land called __________________ thru Alaska/Canada. 5. Migrations into No. and Central America from Asia first populated the _________________________ (East or West) coast of North America. 6. In the “Solutrean” hypothesis, similarities in spear point technology of early native Americans and the spear making industry of people in ______________ suggests that the early inhabitants of No. America may have come from Europe. 7. Spear points found in Clovis, NM, Solutre, France, and Cactus Hill, VA look _________________________ (different or similar) and that similarity supports the Solutrean hypothesis. 8. Inhabitants of Southern France drew ________________ on the walls of their caves. 9. There are _______________ (none, few, several) sites where Paleo-Indian artifacts have been found in the eastern part of the United States. 10. Paleo-Indian sites in Virginia include: Cactus Hill and ___________________. 11. Paleo-Indian artifacts found in Saltville, VA have been dated to about ________________ years before those found in Clovis, NM. Page 1 Indians of Virginia (Pre-1600 with notes on Historic Tribes) Continued For each of the following slides/questions, fill-in-the-blanks: Question# Statement(s) 12. Stone tools found at Cactus Hill in VA may have been used by Paleo-indians in their hunts for ___________________ (large, medium, or small) mammals. 13. Paleo-Indian artifacts found at Saltville, VA date from 14,510 BP to about ______________BP (i.e., BP means “before present”). 14. The oldest Paleo-Indian artifact found at Saltville, VA was a Pre-clovis “_____________ tool”. 15. Paleo-indians at Saltville, VA appear to have butchered and processed hide, meat, and bones, and tusks of a _______________________. 16. There is evidence of native American hunters in Virginia’s woodlands for _____________ (100s, 1000s, millions) of years. 17. The ______________ ________________ complex in the Northern Shenandoah Valley of Virginia is a group of Clovis sites clustered around a ______________ rock outcrop near the So. Fork of the Shenandoah River. 18. Paleo-Indians used Jasper rock to make _____________ for hunting and cutting. 19. The “Thunderbird Site” in the Flint Run complex was a “_______________ _______________________ near the river edge where men made new stone tools. 20. At the “Fifty Site” in the Flint Run complex, Paleo-Indians made large and small Jasper flake tools for scraping and points and small knife-like ______________. 21. The Williamson Paleo-Indian Site is located in ____________________________ (Northern, Southern, or Central) Virginia. 22. A large number of _______________ _____________ were found at the Williams Site in Dinwiddie Co., VA. 23. Projectile points were made by hammer-stoning, bone hammering, and _______________________ ________ the point’s edge. Page 2 Indians of Virginia (Pre-1600 with notes on Historic Tribes) Continued For each of the following slides/questions, fill-in-the-blanks: Question# Statement(s) 24. Flakes are removed from the core of a stone with a hammer stone thereby shaping the stone into a bi-facially worked ___________ head. 25. In creating an Axe Head, ________________ are chipped off of the axe head stone with a hammer ______________. 26. Paleo-Indians used a stone-age _______________ tool, to scrape strips of material off of a larger piece of material. 27. Early Archaic villages were typically located _______________ (away from, near, or on) water (e.g., lakes, streams, rivers, or the ocean.) 28. Early hunters in the Middle Archaic period used the ____________ to increase the throwing power of their spears. 29. Middle Archaic people used _____________________ and mortars to grind food before cooking/eating. 30. Late Archaic people were __________________ Foragers living is established villages. 31. __________________________ has a “soapy feel” and was easily cut into pieces and fashioned into various useful objects such as “cooking bowls”. 32. Late Archaic people carved ______________________ from Soapstone. 33. Early Woodland people made ________________ from clay. 34. Middle Woodland people organized themselves into groups of villages where individuals had different tasks and the groupings were called “______________ Societies”. 35. Late Woodland people were ____________________ and lived in Permanent Villages in Shared Long-houses or Single-Family Dome Shaped Structures. 36. By the 1600s, the native people of North America lived in highly evolved villages such as __________________________ and Pomeiooc which were located on the coast in what is present-day North Carolina. 37. The horticultural development of native societies in Eastern US were based on growing _________________ . Page 3 Indians of Virginia (Pre-1600 with notes on Historic Tribes) Continued For each of the following slides/questions, fill-in-the-blanks: Question# Statement(s) 38. Mississippian Mound-builders from (900-1450 AD) were located primarily along the Mississippi and Ohio River Valleys east of the ____________________ mountains. 39. Mississippian Cultures were spread out throughout the Eastern part of North America from the Gulf coast to the ______________ Lakes. 40. In the vast area influenced by Mississippian Culture, the evidence of their influence is seen in the ______________ that these people built. Hence they were known as “mound” builders. 41. Some example of mounds include: Etowah Mound, Cartersville, GA, Grave Creek Site in Moundsville, WV and ___________________ Mound built in Southern Ohio by the Fort Ancient people between 1170 and 1270 AD. 42. In Lee County, VA, (i.e., in the South-western part of VA), some important mounds are located near _______________ Hill. The earliest find was called “Ely Mound”. 43. Ely Mound was firsts excavated in _________ by Lucien Carr from Boston, MA. 44. Artifacts found at Ely Mound were dated from the ______________ ________________ period (i.e., 1,200 - 1,650 AD). 45. One interesting artifact found at Ely Mound was a round stone used in the Indian game of ______________________. 46. There is an unexplored mound that can be seen from Route 15 near Foxfield Lane in __________________________, VA. 47. Native Americans communicated with each other via _____________ routes or paths of travel throughout No. America. 48. The major Indian Path from TN, Western NC and GA to PA and NY was called the Great _________________ Path. 49. Typical Indian trade goods included all of the following EXCEPT (_________): A. Salt B. Copper C. Fish D. Animal Skins Page 4 Indians of Virginia (Pre-1600 with notes on Historic Tribes) Continued For each of the following slides/questions, fill-in-the-blanks: Question# Statement(s) 50. Horticultural Chiefdoms in Virginia were _________________-based. 51. By 1600, the Powhatan Chiefdom in Virginia was located between the ____________ and the York Rivers in Eastern VA. 52. By 1600, the Cherokee Chiefdom was located on the _____________ River in South-western VA. 53. At the time of first European Contact, the Indians of Virginia spoke languages that could be categorized in ______________ language groups. 54. Indians in the Eastern part of Virginia spoke the _____________ language. 55. John Smith’s early map of Virginia and its native peoples shows that they were settled mostly along the __________________ of Virginia. 56. There are ___________ tribes that are recognized by the State of Virginia. 57. The Powhatan Chiefdom’s capitol (i.e., Werowocomoco) was located on the _______________ River. 58. The Chickahominy Tribe was located in ___________________ ______ Co.,VA. 59. The Chickahominy Tribe was forced to “cede” (i.e., give up) their land along the Chickahominy River in the year ______________ after the Anglo-Powhatan War. 60. The Chickahominy River flows into the ____________________ River. 61. The Western Chickahominy Indian Tribe was located along the Chickahominy River NW of _________________ City (i.e., Richmond, VA). 62. The Mattaponi and Upper Mattaponi Tribes lived on the ______________ River. 63. The mattaponi River flows into the York River which flows into the __________________ Bay near Yorktown, Va. 64. On John Smith’s 1624 Map of VA, rivers were annotated by name with the word “___________” which means river (e.g. “Mattaponient _____”). 65. Members of the current Mattaponi Tribe hold an annual spring ______________ where dancers perform in historic Indian costumes. Page 5 Indians of Virginia (Pre-1600 with notes on Historic Tribes) Continued For each of the following slides/questions, fill-in-the-blanks: Question# Statement(s) 66. Early Mattaponi Pottery is very ______________(new, clean, brown, rare). 67 The Monacan Indians lived above the falls at present-day _____________. 68. The Monacan Indians lived on both sides of the ___________ river. 69. The Nansemond Indians were a/an__________________ speaking tribe. 70. The Nansemond Indians lived in a _____________environment