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Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 12-1979 The United States and China: From Noncommunication to Diplomatic Relations Mary Jeanne Patrick Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the International Law Commons, and the International Relations Commons Recommended Citation Patrick, Mary Jeanne, "The United States and China: From Noncommunication to Diplomatic Relations" (1979). Master's Theses. 2036. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/2036 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE UNITED STATES AND CHINA: FROM NONCOMMUNICATION TO DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS by Mary Jeanne Patrick A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the Degree of Master of Arts Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan December 1979 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. THE UNITED STATES AND CHINA: FROM NONCOMMUNICATION TO DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS Mary Jeanne Patrick, M.A. Western Michigan University, 1979 After more than two decades of fundamental differences due to lack of direct diplomatic relations, the People's Republic of China and the United States are developing a harmonious working relationship. Friendly relations between these two major nations began to improve in 1972 during President Richard Nixon's v is it to China that had been arranged by Henry Kissinger, Assistant for National Security Affairs. The purpose of this thesis is to show that nations can overcome their negative stereotyped images with one another when their leaders will enter into effective communication. Chapter I considers the historical aspects of the Sino- American relationship. Chapter I I discusses the American Foreign Policy of con­ taining the People's Republic of China. Chapter I I I examines the China policy of the Nixon Presidency. Chapter IV examines the implementation of the changed China policy during the Ford and Carter administrations. Chapter V analyzes the benefits of the changed China policy. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In writing this thesis, I wish to express my sincere appreciation to Professors George Klein, Jack C. Plano and Peter Renstrom for the encouragement and constructive criticism they have given me. Expecially I am grateful to Dr. George Klein for the time and advice he has given to my writing. At this time I also take the opportunity of thanking Western Michigan University for the Fellowship that has made graduate study a privilege for me and the intellectual stimulation from thefa c u lty in the Department of Political Science. Mary Jeanne Patrick ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure you of complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark it is an indication that the film inspector noticed either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, or duplicate copy. Unless we meant to delete copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed, you will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photo­ graphed the photographer has followed a definite method in “sectioning” the material. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. For any illustrations that cannot be reproduced satisfactorily by xerography, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and tipped into your xerographic copy. Requests can be made to our Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases we have filmed the best available copy. University Micrcxilms International 300 N. ZEEB ROAD. ANN ARBOR. Ml 48106 18 BEDFORD ROW. LONDON WC1R 4EJ. ENGLAND Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 13-14,246 PATRICK, Mary Jeanne THE UNITED STATES AND CHINA: FROM NONCOMMUNICATION' TO DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS. Western Michigan University, M.A., 1979 University Microfilms International300 N. Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor, M I 48106 18 Bedford Row, London WC1R 4EJ, England © Copyright n79 by MARY JEANNE PATRICK All Rights Reserved Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE PREFACE I HISTORICAL ASPECTS................................'.............................. 1 "Civilizing Mission"—Pauperization of China by the Imperialists Including the United States.. 1 China's" Foreign Policy Toward the West Characterized by Isolation, Suspicion, and Ambivalence........................................................................ 3 China's policy of self-iso latio n.......................... 4 The Manchu invasion................................................... 6 First Sino-American contact................................... 8 China's M ilitary Impotence and Weakness.................. 9 Share and share a lik............................................... e 14 China's Reaction to Western Imperialism.................. 17 Restoration period..................................................... 19 Renewal of Western imperialism.............................. 19 Growth of Chinese nationalism................................ 20 The Warlord period..................................................... 27 United States' National Interest in China during 1930s and 1940s................................................... 33 Peking's Pro-Soviet Policy........................................... 35 United States' China Policy after the Communist Takeover........................................................... 35 i i i Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) CHAPTER PAGE I I CONTAINMENT OF COMMUNIST CHINA..................................... 36 Background of Containment........................................... 36 Service and Davies under pressure............... 42 Why the United States did not recognize the government of the People's Republic of China. 46 Who lost China?.............................. 47 Why the United States failed in China.............. 48 United States China policy after the Communist takeover.................................................. 49 Mao's Pro Soviet policy......................................... 49 United States Commitment to Taiwan......................... 51 United States Continues to Contain the Peking Regime.................................................................. 52 Sino-Soviet Dispute...................................................... 55 The Korean War and the death of S talin 58 1954-1955.................................................................... 58 1956-1966— Increasing Sino-Soviet Rivalry 60 Peking's Opening to the United States.................... 70 I I I NIXON'S PRESIDENCY AND HIS CHINA POLICY.................... 72 Ping-Pong Diplomacy...................................................... 75 Why the Nixon trip ? ................................................. 77 President Nixon accepts invitation to v is it the Republic of China................................. 78 iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) CHAPTER PAGE The Role of the United States in the Fight to Keep the People's Republic Unrepresented in the United Nations.................................................. 79 O fficial United States' reaction to Taiwan's expulsion.................................................. 87 The Nixon policy toward Taiwan........................... 88 Nationalist response............... 88 Congressional response to Taiwan's expulsion. 89 The effect of Peking's admission on the United Nations.................................................. 91 Taiwan's expulsion: A dangerous precedent... 91 Background considerations for the February 1972 Sino-American Summit..................................... 92 The Nixon Peking Trip............................................ 95 The Shanghai Communique......................................... 98 Nixon-Kissinger policy of detente..................... 103

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