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B31282428.Pdf kansas city |||| public library kansas city, missouri Books will be issued only on presentation of library card. Please report lost cards and change of residence promptly. Card holders are responsible for all books, records, films, pictures or other library materials . checked out on their cards. KANSAS CITY. MO PUBLIC LIBRARY THE NORMAN WAIT HARRIS MEMORIAL FOUNDATION OCCIDENTAL INTERPRETATIONS OF THE FAR EASTERN PROBLEM THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO, ILLINOIS THE BAKER & TAYLOR COMPANY NEW YORK THE MACMILLAN COMPANY OF CANADA, LIMITED TORONTO THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON THE MARUZEN-KABUSHIKI-KAISHA TOKYO, OSAKA, KYOTO, FUKUOKA, SENPAI THE MISSION BOOK COMPANY SHANGHAI OCCIDENTAL INTER- PRETATIONS OF THE FAR EASTERN PROBLEM on the Harris [Lectures Foundation 1925] By H. G. W. C.B.E. WOODHEAD,*n> * Editor of "The Peking and Tientsin Times/* and of "The China Year Book" JULEAN ARNOLD American Commercial Attache* at Peking, China HENRY KITTREDGE NORTON Author of "The Far Eastern Republic of Siberia" THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO ILLINOIS COPYRIGHT 1926 BY THE UNIVERSITY ov CHICAGO All Rights Reserved Published January 1926 Composed and Printed By The University of Chicago Press Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. PREFACE The Harris Foundation Lectures at the Uni- versity of Chicago have been made possible through the generosity of the heirs of Norman Wait Harris and Emma Gale Harris, who donated to the University a fund to be known as "The Norman Wait Harris Memorial Foundation" on January 27, 1923. The letter of gift contains the following statement: It is apparent that a knowledge of world-affairs was never of more importance to Americans than today. The spirit of distrust which pervades the Old World is not without its effect upon our own country. How to combat this disintegrat- ing tendency is a problem worthy of the most serious thought. Perhaps one of the best methods is the promotion of a better understanding of other nations through wisely directed educational effort. The purpose of the Foundation shall be the promotion of a better understanding on the part of American citizens of the other peoples of the world, thus establishing a basis for improved international relations and a more enlightened world-order. The aim shall always be to give accurate information, not to propagate opinion. In fulfilment of this object a First Institute was held at the University of Chicago in the sum- mer of 1924, and the public lectures delivered by PREFACE the foreign scholars invited to the Institute were in Transition published: Germany > by Herbert Stabilization Charles Kraus; The of Europe', by De Visscher; and The Occident and the Orient^ by Sir Valentine Chirol. For the Second Institute, held in the summer of 1925, the topic selected for discussion was the Far East., and again the public lectures delivered as part of the work of the Institute are published in essentially their original form. This volume, en- titled Occidental Interpretations of the Far Eastern Problem, gives the lectures of Mr. H. G. W. Wood- head, C.B.E., an Englishman of twenty years' residence in China where he was editor of the Peking and Tientsin Times and of the China Year Book; of Mr. Julean Arnold, American Consul or Commercial Attach^ in China since 1902, and editor of the Commercial Year Book of China; and of Mr. H. K. Norton, author of The Far Eastern Republic of Siberia. A second volume, Oriental Interpretations of the Far Eastern Problem, contains the lectures of Count Michimasa Soyeshima, grad- uate of Cambridge University, England, and form- er member of the House of Peers of Japan; and of Dr. P. W. Kuo, President of Southeastern Uni- versity, Nanking, China. August i, 1925 11 Vlll C*** J| TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE PROBLEMS OF PRESENT-DAY CHINA i By H. G. W. Woodhead I. THE CHINESE REPUBLIC 3 II. PRESENT STATE OF CHINA 49 III. EXTRATERRITORIALITY 81 IV. CHINA'S FOREIGN RELATIONS 129 CHINA'S ECONOMIC RESOURCES . 177 By Julean Arnold THE RUSSIANS IN THE FAR EAST 201 By Henry Kittredge Norton APPENDIX LEADING STATESMEN OF MODERN CHINA .... 233 INDEX 249 . PROBLEMS OF PRESENT-DAY CHINA By H. G. W. WOODHEAD I THE CHINESE REPUBLIC I have been asked to give you in my first lecture a survey of the history of the Chinese Republic. It must, if compressed into a single lecture, neces- sarily be brief, and in some respects inadequate. The Revolution as a result of which China was transformed from an absolute monarchy to a nom- inal republic broke out in the autumn of 1911, but to understand why it occurred, and why it was successful, it is necessary to refer briefly to the events of the previous thirteen years. The Emperor Kwang Hsu succeeded to the throne on the death of T'ung Chih, in January, 1875, at the age of five. For the first few years of his reign the regency was in the hands of the late Emperor's mother, and the Dowager Empress Tzu An. The latter died in 1881, leaving the sole regency in the masterful hands of Tzu Hsi, thence- forward known as the Empress Dowager. She ruled autocratically until 1889 when she, nomi- nally at any rate, went into retirement, though actually retaining by roundabout methods the power of appointing and dismissing the highest officials in the government. The war with Japan OCCIDENTAL INTERPRETATIONS (1894-95), resulting in disaster and humiliation for China, aroused widespread discontent, which was intensified by Russia's occupation of Port Arthur and the grant of territorial leases to Germany, Great Britain, and France, in 1897-98. Some of the ablest officials of the empire recog- nized the necessity of wholesale reform if China was to retain her national independence. The Emperor himself was converted to this point of view. His tutor, Weng Tung-ho, and other progressive offi- cials around him were responsible for bringing to his attention a Cantonese reformer, K'ang Yu-wei, who was born in 1858, and who, though he had never left China, had been deeply impressed by the achievements of Peter the Great and the awaken- ing of Japan. K'ang Yu-wei, according to his own statements of what occurred, was only once re- 1 ceived in audience by the Emperor. But he made a deep impression, and between June n and September 16, 1898, at his instigation the Emperor promulgated some scores of reform decrees, aiming at the reorganization of the administration, fi- nances, education, army, public justice, and the 2 development of railways and mines. The first re- form decrees caused alarm among the conservative 1 China Mail, Oct. 7, 1898. 2 J. 0. P. Bland and E. Backhouse, China under the Empress Dowager, chap. xiii. PROBLEMS OF PRESENT-DAY CHINA elements, Chinese and Manchu, and the Empress Dowager, though at first not openly opposing the Emperor, adopted precautions which were later to frustrate all his efforts. As early as June 12 she arranged for the appointment of Jung Lu, a Man- chu and a staunch adherent of hers, to the vice- royalty of Chihli, thus securing control over the modern-trained troops in that province. K'ang Yu-wei was convinced that the only hope for China was the introduction of a constitu- tional monarchy. It is noteworthy that it was at this the reform period that Chang Chih- tung, one of the ablest and most influential of China's a work entitled viceroys, published Learn y which sold by the millions, and the object of which was to bring about reforms from above also, instead of awaiting a revolution from below. He did not believe that a republic was practicable, propheti- cally stating that, with unrestrained liberty the scholar would always sit at meat, the farmer would pay no taxes, the merchant would garner unbounded wealth, the workman would strike for higher wages, the proletariat would plunder and rob, the son would disobey the father, the stu- dent would not follow the teacher, the wife would not obey the husband, the low would not defer to the high, the strong would oppress the weak, and mankind would soon be anni- hilated.1 1 Morse, International Relations^ III, 136-37. Isl OCCIDENTAL INTERPRETATIONS reform decrees In regard to the Emperor's Morse states: Provided that reform was to begin at the top and not at list of reforms. the foundation, no fault can be found with this at a manifest and Every one was sound, every one struck evil, into but the every one was capable of being carried effect; whole structure of reform by Decree was a pyramid standing 1 on its apex. conservative elements The opposition of the convinced the Emperor that the success of his program must depend upon military support. It is the assistance of Yuan alleged that he sought of Shih-kai, then judicial commissioner Chihli, who of had in 1895 been appointed director general him to assassi- army reorganization, and directed nate Jung Lu at Tientsin, lead the modern army to the the capital, and imprison Empress Dowager. im- According to this version, Yuan Shih-kai mediately proceeded to Tientsin and revealed the Emperor's plans to Jung Lu, who hurried to the the what was capital and told Empress Dowager ar- afoot, with the result that a countercoup was the to ranged, and the Emperor, while on way per- form some sacrificial rites, was suddenly seized and carried off to the ocean palace, where he remained of the rest of a close prisoner for the greater part 1 Morse, op. cit., p. 139. 16] PROBLEMS OF PRESENT-DAY CHINA 1 his life.
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