I. Imperialism a. the policy in which stronger nations sought to extend their economic, political, and/or military control over weaker territories—conquest for colonial empires. b. By the 1880s, Imperialism was the trend around the world c. Where: Asia, Latin America, and Africa d. Reasons for Imperialism i. Industrial Needs—Create Foreign Markets and Gain Raw Materials 1. Efficient machines and abundant capital, farmers and factory workers produced far more goods than could be consumed at home 2. Industrialists also recognized the limit on raw materials in home countries 3. In response, industrialists looked to Africa, Asia, and Latin American for new customers and as a new source of raw materials 4. This would allow for the current overproduction as well as allow for new employment and help end the current depression (Panic of 1893) 5. To protect these new markets from foreign competition, nations tried to colonize these areas ii. Desire to Strengthen Military—Expand Military and Establish Defense Bases 1. Admiral Alfred T. Mahan was a strong advocate of creating foreign markets (colonies) in order to strengthen the military a. He believed that having foreign markets would allow for strategic bases b. He also believed that a strong navy was essential in protecting these new foreign markets. c. In his widely read book, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, Mahan made this point: ―Having . . . No foreign establishments either colonial or military, the ships of war of the United states, in war, will be like land birds, unable to fly far from their won shores. To provide resting-places for them, where they can coal and repair, would be one of the first duties of a government proposing to itself the development of the power of the nation at sea” 2. As a result of the urging of Mahan and others, the U.S. built nine steel-hulled cruisers between 1883 and 1890 including battleships such as the Maine and the Oregon 3. U.S. became the world‘s third largest naval power iii. Belief in Cultural Superiority—Spread Political Ideas and Spread Christianity 1. Some Americans combined the philosophy of Social Darwinism (free-market competition leads to survival of the fittest) with a belief in the racial superiority of Anglo-Saxons 2. Many argued it was the moral responsibility of the U.S. to Christianize and civilize the world‘s ―inferior peoples‖ iv. Technology—Machine Gun

II. U.S. Acquires Alaska a. William Seward, Secretary of State under Lincoln and Johnson, was a supporter of American expansion and had been eyeing Alaska b. Russia was in need of money due to costly ongoing war they were fighting c. Treaty of Cessation: in 1867, Seward arranged for the U.S. to buy Alaska for $7.2 million—two cents an acre (equivalent to about $1.67 billion in 2006 ) d. Many Americans believed it was a dumb purchase and called Alaska ―Seward‘s Folly‖ or ―Seward‘s Icebox‖ e. The United States Senate ratified the treaty on April 9, 1867, by a vote of 37 to 2—however, the appropriation of money needed to purchase Alaska was delayed by more than a year due to opposition in the House of Representatives and was not officially approved until July 1868 f. Seward got the last laugh as it was late discovered that Alaska was rich in timber, mineral (gold, silver, etc.), and oil

III. Spanish-American War a. Cubans rebel against Spain i. American Interest in Cuba 1. U.S. long interested in Cuba; wants to buy Cuba from Spain a. Spain said they would rather see Cuba sink than sell to the US ii. During 1868–1878 war for independence, American sympathies with Cuban rebels 1. Rebellion was not successful but it did help force Spain to abolish slavery 2. Following emancipation of Cuba‘s slaves, American capitalists invested millions of dollars in large sugar cane plantations in Cuba b. The Second War for Independence i. José Martí—poet, journalist—launches second revolution in 1895 ii. Guerrilla campaign destroys American-owned sugar mills, plantations (Martí hoped to provoke US intervention) iii. Martí became a martyr for Cuban independence when he was killed in battle in October of 1895 iv. U.S. public opinion split: 1. business wants to support Spain to protect their investment 2. others favor Cuban cause because it reminded them of our own experience with Britain c. War Fever Escalates i. Spain Takes Action 1. 1896, General Valeriano Weyler sent to Cuba and made governor in order to restore order a. He came to the same conclusions that to win Cuba back for Spain, he would have to separate the rebels from the civilians b. He did so by putting more than 300,000 Cubans in concentration camps c. However, he failed to provide for them adequately and these areas became cesspools of hunger, disease, and starvation where many hundreds of thousands died. ii. Headline Wars 1. Newspapers exploit Weyler‘s actions (calling him ―The Butcher‖) in circulation war between the American newspaper tycoons William Randolph Hearst (New York Journal) and Joseph Pulitzer (New York World) 2. Stories of poisoned wells and of children being thrown to the sharks deepened American sympathy for the rebels 3. Hearst and Pulitzer fanned the war fever 4. This new form of journalism was known as Yellow journalism a. Yellow Journalism: sensational writing used to lure and enrage readers—all in an effort to sell newspapers b. The term originated during the circulation battles between Joseph Pulitzer's New York World and William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal c. The name came from references about the World and the Journal, which both carried comic strips—the first popular comic strip was ―The Yellow Kid‖ d. Spain Tries to Calm Things i. Cuba, fearing American intervention and wanting to avoid war, made several changes: 1. Recalled General Weyler 2. Modified the policy regarding concentration camps 3. Offered Cuba limited self-government ii. The outcry in the US settled until the De Lôme Letter was printed e. The De Lôme Letter i. a private letter written by Enrique Dupuy de Lôme, the Spanish minister to the United States ii. The letter criticized President McKinley, calling him ―weak‖ and a bidder for admiration of the crowd‖ iii. The letter was stolen from a Havana post office by a Cuban rebel and leaked to US newspapers iv. It was printed in the New York Journal in February 1898 v. War fever spurred again as Americans were angered over the insult to their president f. USS Maine Explodes i. President McKinley ordered the U.S.S. Maine to Cuba to bring home American citizens in danger and to protect American investments ii. On February 15, 1898, the ship blew up in the harbor of Havana killing more than 260 men iii. The cause was uncertain; however, US newspapers blamed Spain iv. The Journal‘s headline read ―the warship Main was split in two by an enemy‘s secret infernal machine‖ v. Hearst‘s paper offered a reward of $50,000 for the capture of the Spaniards who did it g. War Erupts with Spain i. The explosion of the U.S.S. Maine gave the pro-war side all the ammunition it needed 1. ―Remember the Maine!‖ became the rallying cry for U.S. intervention in Cuba ii. Despite Spain giving in to almost every demand, the public still favored war iii. On April 11, 1898—McKinley asked Congress for authority to use force against Spain iv. After several weeks of debate, Congress agreed and on April 20th, 1898 the US declared war on Spain v. Congress also adopted the Teller Amendment 1. stated that once Cuba won its independence from Spain the U.S. would ―leave the government and control of the Island to its people‖ h. The War in the Philippines i. First battle with Spain occurs in Spanish colony of the Philippines ii. Commodore George Dewey destroys Spanish fleet in Manila harbor, Philippine capital iii. Filipinos, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, supported Dewey and over the next two months fought the Spanish iv. August 1898, Spanish troops in Manila surrender to U.S. i. War in the Caribbean i. U.S., under the command of Admiral William T. Sampson, blockades Cuba ii. blockade sealed up the Spanish fleet in the harbor of Santiago de Cuba harbor iii. Unlike navy, U.S. army has small professional force, with many volunteers 1. volunteers were ill-prepared and ill-supplied a. Received brief training at ill-prepared camps with poor leaders b. Not enough modern guns to go around c. Outfitted with heavy woolen uniforms instead of tropical clothing j. Rough Riders i. Rough Riders—a volunteer Cavalry unit under the command of Leonard Wood and Theodore Roosevelt ii. Their horses had not been shipped to Cuba so they had to fight on foot iii. Most Famous Battle of Cuba and the Rough Riders 1. 1st Part of Battle: An uphill charge of Kettle Hill that cleared the way for the strategic attack on San Juan Hill 2. 2nd Part of Battle: An uphill charge at the Battle of San Juan Hill iv. The Rough Riders played only a minimal role in the second part; however, the newspapers declared Roosevelt and the Rough Riders the heroes of San Juan Hill v. Two Days after the Battle of San Juan Hill, the Spanish fleet tries to escape the blockade and is destroyed in naval battle vi. U.S. troops then invade Puerto Rico k. Treaty of Paris i. The war was costly: large expense and the loss of 5,400 soldiers (only 400 in battle and the rest from disease or food poisoning) ii. Treaty of Paris—The Treaty of Paris of 1898, signed on December 10, 1898, ended the Spanish-American War iii. Terms of the Treaty: 1. gave up claim to Cuba 2. ceded Puerto Rico 3. ceded Pacific island of Guam 4. gave up control of Philippines in return for US payment of $20 million iv. The treaty touches off great debate over imperialism v. McKinley tries to justify annexation of Philippines on moral grounds vi. Opponents give political, moral, economic arguments against l. The Treaty of Paris Debate i. Some anti-imperialists maintained that expansionism violated the most basic tenets of the Constitution. They argued that neither Congress nor the President had the right to pass laws governing colonial peoples who were not represented by law-makers. 1. "This Treaty will make us a vulgar, commonplace empire, controlling subject races and vassal states, in which one class must forever rule and other classes must forever obey."- -Senator Hoar ii. Imperialists maintained that the Constitution applied only to the citizens of the United States. This idea was later supported by the Supreme Court in the Insular Cases. 1. "If the U.S. were to reject the treaty, Suppose we reject the Treaty. We continue the state of war. We repudiate the President. We are branded as a people incapable of taking rank as one of the greatest of world powers!"--Senator Henry Cabot Lodge 2. "Providence has given the United States the duty of extending Christian civilization. We come as ministering angels, not despots."--Senator Knute Nelson

IV. Hawaii a. Background i. Hawaii was first inhabited in roughly AD 1000, by foreign Polynesians who came from islands in the South Pacific, most likely the Marquesas. ii. By colonizing Hawaii, these originally foreign settlers in effect became Hawaiian people. iii. For about 800 years, these people were sometimes at peace and sometimes at war with each other, while they expanded their colonial territory throughout the eight main islands. iv. 1778 British explorer Captain James Cook visited the islands and renamed them the Sandwich Islands v. About 1800, the Hawaiian chief Kamehameha united the eight major islands, creating a monarchy—House of Kamehameha b. Early Settlers to Hawaii i. During the 1800s, ships began arriving bringing missionaries, settlers, and traders ii. American Influence 1. In the 1820s Protestant missionaries from New England traveled to the islands to convert Hawaiians to Christianity 2. The missionaries and their families settled on the islands and began raising crops— particularly sugar iii. Seeing the possibility in sugar, American investors began increasing the size of their sugar plantations iv. Hawaiian sugar production rose, and the influence of Americans increased c. Effects of Early Settlers i. Missionaries, traders, investors—They brought diseases that reduced the Hawaiian population from about 3000,000 in 1778 to fewer than 150,000 by 1819 ii. The plantations need more laborers and the dying of Hawaiians created a crisis 1. Planters brought in thousands of Japanese and Chinese workers and they soon outnumbered the Hawaiians d. King Kalakaua i. By the 1870s Americans controlled most of Hawaii‘s land and trade as well as a growing influence over the king 1. King Kalakaua—who had been elected and was not part of the hereditary monarchy—had been elected in 1874 after the death of the previous king ii. In 1875 the Treaty of Reciprocity between the United States of America and the Hawaiian Kingdom was signed 1. The treaty gave free access to the US market to sugar and other products grown in Hawaii, in return the US gained lands at Pu‗u Loa for the Pearl Harbor naval base Hawaii‘s and Hawaii promised not to grant territory or special privileges in the islands to any other country . e. Hawaiian League i. In 1886, U.S. officials demanded complete control of Pearl Harbor in exchange for renewing tax-free status for Hawaiian sugar—Kalakaua refused ii. In response, some 400 American businesspeople, planters, and traders in Hawaii formed the secret Hawaiian League 1. Their goal was to overthrow the monarchy and persuade the United States to annex Hawaii f. McKinley Tariff i. In July 1887 the Hawaiian League forced Kalakaua at gunpoint to sign a new constitution— the Bayonet Constitution 1. it stripped the Hawaiian monarchy of much of its authority, allowed for the permanent fortified naval base at Pearl Harbor, and even limited native Hawaiians‘ right to hold office ii. In 1890 Congress enacted the McKinley Tariff which ended Hawaii‘s favored position in the sugar trade 1. The tariff permitted all countries to ship sugar duty-free to the United States (which drove prices down) and it also gave sugar producers in the United States a subsidy— government bonus payment (two cents per pound) 2. This greatly increased the Hawaiian League‘s interest in having Hawaii annexed by the U.S. g. Queen Liliuokalani i. In 1891 Kalakaua died and his sister Liliuokalani succeeded him ii. She was a champion of Hawaiian nationalism and pledged to regain ―Hawaii for the Hawaiians‖ iii. She began working to overturn the Bayonet Constitution and replace it with one that would return power to native Hawaiians iv. In response, supports and members of the Hawaiian League forcibly occupied government buildings and declared the end of the monarchy h. End of a Monarchy i. U.S. minister to Hawaii, John L. Stevens ordered, without authorization, marines ashore from the cruiser Boston ii. The marines, with Gatling guns and cannons, took up positions facing Iolani Palace and Liliuokalani iii. The revolutionaries established a new government with Sanford B. Dole as President iv. Stevens recognized the new government and proclaimed Hawaii to be under U.S. protection 1. ―The Hawaiian pear is now fully ripe and this is the golden hour for the United States to pluck it‖—John L. Stevens v. Queen Liliuokalani, not wanting to see Hawaiians killed, reluctantly surrendered her thrown i. Grover Cleveland i. Newly elected president Grover Cleveland ordered an investigation into the fall of Queen Liliuokalani 1. The investigator‘s report condemned the revolt and the U.S. role in it and proposed putting the queen back on the throne ii. Cleveland supported the report and asked the provisional government to resign—Dole refused to step down iii. Cleveland, unwilling to use military force to restore the queen, reluctantly recognized the Dole government but refused to approve annexation j. William McKinely i. When President William McKinley was elected, he authorized the annexation of Hawaii (July 7, 1898) despite the opposition of most of the Hawaiian population ii. Hawaii became a U. S. territory in 1900 iii. Hawaii became the 50th U.S. state in 1959 iv. In 1993 Congress apologized for the U.S. role in Liliuokalani‘s overthrow

V. Puerto Rico a. Military Government i. Puerto Rico was placed under a U.S. military government during the Spanish-American War ii. General Nelson Miles was named the military governor b. Changes Under U.S. Control i. Currency was changed from Puerto Rican peso to the U.S. dollar ii. Freedom of assembly, speech, press, and religion established iii. United States Postal Service established on the island iv. c. Results of the Spanish-American War i. Treaty of Paris of 1898- Spain officially renounced claim of Puerto Rico ii. The U.S. ruled Puerto Rico as a territory establishing a military government iii. Some Puerto Ricans wanted independence while others wanted U.S. statehood d. Luis Muñoz Rivera i. Luis Muñoz Rivera was a vocal advocate of Puerto Rican self-rule ii. He resettled in New York, where he founded the bilingual newspaper Puerto Rican Herald in 1901. iii. In 1904 he returned to Puerto Rico and founded the Unionist Party. iv. He was elected in 1906 to the House of Delegates where he served until 1910 v. In 1910 he became Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico to the United States House of Representatives—he served in the U.S. Congress from 1910 until his death in 1916. e. Foraker Act (Organic Act of 1900) i. Puerto Rico was strategically important to the United States because it maintained a U.S. presence in the Caribbean and was a vital base to protect the future canal in Panama ii. Foraker Act of 1900 1. ended US military rule 2. established a civil government a. set up Puerto Rico‘s governor and upper house of the legislature which would be appointed by the United States b. also established that a lower house which would be elected by Puerto Ricans c. Established a judicial system headed by the Puerto Rican Supreme Court f. Insular Cases i. At the time, there was a debate on how to govern these new territories since nothing was said about it in the U.S. Constitution. 1. In the Insular (i.e. Island-related) Cases (, the Supreme Court of the United States established the framework for applying the Constitution to these islands. 2. Balzac v. Porto Rico— Jesús M. Balzac was prosecuted for criminal libel in a district court of Puerto Rico. Balzac declared that his rights had been violated under the Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution as he was denied a trial by jury 3. The US Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution did not automatically apply to people in acquired territories 4. Congress retained the right to extend US citizenship and it did so in 1917 g. Jones Act of 1917 (Organic Act of Puerto Rico) i. The Act conferred United States citizenship on all citizens of Puerto Rico ii. Revised the system of government in Puerto Rico 1. Gave them the right to elect both houses of their legislature (governor still elected by U.S.) iii. Allowed them to join the U.S. army iv. Allowed Puerto Rico to send a representative to Congress h. Puerto Rico Today i. In 1952, Puerto Rico was allowed to draft its own Constitution, which allowed greater autonomy as a Commonwealth—an organized territory or colony that has established with the Federal Government a more highly developed relationship and their dependency is by their own choice and linked with common objectives and interests ii. Puerto Rico continues to struggle to define its political status 1. In the latest status referendum of 1998, the "none of the above" option won over Statehood, Commonwealth and Independence with 50.2% of the votes iii. America has established military positions and bases on the island iv. Puerto Rico has minerals: clay, graphite, lime, salt, copper, cobalt, chromium, nickel, iron ore, and peat. v. Economic gains from these is more than $160 million annually vi. Important industries: pharmaceuticals, electronics, textiles, petrochemicals, processed foods, tourism, tobacco, and clothing vii. Also livestock such as cattle, pigs, and poultry

VI. Cuba a. Cubans rebel against Spain i. American Interest in Cuba 1. U.S. long interested in Cuba; wants to buy Cuba from Spain a. Spain said they would rather see Cuba sink than sell to the US ii. During 1868–1878 war for independence, American sympathies with Cuban rebels 1. Rebellion was not successful but it did help force Spain to abolish slavery 2. Following emancipation of Cuba‘s slaves, American capitalists invested millions of dollars in large sugar cane plantations in Cuba b. The Second War for Independence i. José Martí—poet, journalist—launches second revolution in 1895 ii. Guerrilla campaign destroys American-owned sugar mills, plantations (Martí hoped to provoke US intervention) iii. Martí became a martyr for Cuban independence when he was killed in battle in October of 1895 iv. U.S. public opinion split: 1. business wants to support Spain to protect their investment 2. others favor Cuban cause because it reminded them of our own experience with Britain c. War Fever Escalates i. Spain Takes Action 1. 1896, General Valeriano Weyler sent to Cuba and made governor in order to restore order a. He came to the same conclusions that to win Cuba back for Spain, he would have to separate the rebels from the civilians b. He did so by putting more than 300,000 Cubans in concentration camps c. However, he failed to provide for them adequately and these areas became cesspools of hunger, disease, and starvation where many hundreds of thousands died. d. Spain Tries to Calm Things i. Cuba, fearing American intervention and wanting to avoid war, made several changes: 1. Recalled General Weyler 2. Modified the policy regarding concentration camps 3. Offered Cuba limited self-government ii. The outcry in the US settled until the De Lôme Letter was printed e. War with Spain Erupts i. The explosion of the U.S.S. Maine gave the pro-war side all the ammunition it needed ii. Despite Spain giving in to almost every demand, the public still favored war iii. On April 11, 1898—McKinley asked Congress for authority to use force against Spain iv. After several weeks of debate, Congress agreed and on April 20th, 1898 the US declared war on Spain v. Congress also adopted the Teller Amendment f. Teller Amendment i. Passed in 1898, it stated that once Cuba won its independence from Spain the U.S. would ―leave the government and control of the Island to its people‖ ii. U.S. Senator Henry M. Teller of Colorado proposed the amendment to the U.S. declaration of war against Spain. iii. It stated that the United States "hereby disclaims any disposition of intention to exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control over said island except for pacification thereof, and asserts its determination, when that is accomplished, to leave the government and control of the island to its people." g. Treaty of Paris i. The war was costly: large expense and the loss of 5,400 soldiers (only 400 in battle and the rest from disease or food poisoning) ii. Treaty of Paris—The Treaty of Paris of 1898, signed on December 10, 1898, ended the Spanish-American War iii. One of the terms of the Treaty—Spain gave up claim to Cuba iv. The treaty touches off great debate over imperialism v. McKinley tries to justify annexation of Philippines on moral grounds vi. Opponents give political, moral, economic arguments against h. Post-War Cuba i. Cuba was officially independent, however, it was occupied by American troops ii. Under American occupation, the same officials who had served Spain remained in office— protesters to this were jailed or exiled iii. José Martí and other Cuban patriots continued to push for full independence i. Positive Changes under U.S. Occupation i. American Military Government provided: 1. Clothing and food for thousands 2. Built schools 3. Helped farmers return land to a usable state 4. Improve Sanitation j. Cuba‘s Sanitation Improved i. Malaria and Yellow Fever 1. diseases that can be deadly and killed thousands in the Caribbean and Pacific during the turn of the century 2. Mosquitoes are the primary vector in transmission of the diseases. ii. Carlos Finlay, a Cuban doctor treating patients with yellow fever in Cuba, first suggested that mosquitoes were transmitting diseases to humans. iii. Then Britain's Sir Ronald Ross, working in India, proved in 1898 that mosquitoes were transmitting diseases. iv. William C. Gorgas-successful rid Havana Cuba of yellow fever in 1902. 1. Clearing out the mosquitoes‘ breeding places helped to eliminate the disease 2. Fill swamps, implementation of pipes for sewers, putting oil in standing water, etc. k. Leonard Wood i. Military governor of Cuba until 1902 ii. Familiar with Cuba—he and Theodore Roosevelt were the commanders of the Rough Riders during the Spanish-American War l. Platt Amendment i. Stated that: 1. Cuba could not make treaties that might limit its independence or permit a foreign power to control any part of its territory 2. The United States reserved the right to intervene in Cuba 3. Cuba was not to go into debt 4. The United States could buy or lease land on the island for naval stations and refueling stations (i.e. Guantanamo Bay) m. Protectorate i. Under the Platt Amendment, Cuba became a U.S. protectorate ii. Protectorate- a country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger nation iii. Meant that the US promised to protect Cuba from any other nations but the US reserved the right to intervene in their affairs n. Communist Revolution i. In 1959 Fidel Castro rebelled against the U.S. liked dictator in Cuba and turned it into a Communist State ii. He seized billions of dollars of American property, committed human rights violations and allied himself with the Soviets, these three things made the U.S. get very unfriendly relations and establish a trade embargo o. Cuban Missile Crisis i. In 1962 U.S. leader found out that the Soviets were putting nuclear missiles on Cuba so they could launch them easier at the U.S. ii. President Kennedy blockaded the island until the Soviets moved the missiles out of Cuba p. Tightening Embargo i. After the Soviet Union fell apart Cuba lost a lot of money because it got 6 billion a year from trading with them ii. The embargo was tightened so they would lose more money iii. President Clinton made it so anyone who invested in land in Cuba could not come into the U.S. iv. He also made it so U.S. companies in other countries could not trade with Cuba

VII. Philippines a. The Islands i. The Philippines are located in the Southwest Pacific ocean ii. Manila is the capital iii. Comprised of 7,107 islands called Archipelago iv. Ruled by Spain since 1565 b. Spanish Ruled i. In 1521 Ferdinand Magellan, a Spanish explorer, discovered the Philippines ii. For the next 377 years the Philippines were under Spanish control iii. The Philippines had a Spanish colonial system with a government centered in Manila iv. By the later half of the 19th century educated Filipinos such as Jose Rizal began to criticize the Spanish excessive control c. Spanish-American War—in the Philippines i. Filipinos revolt 1. Movements by people like Jose Rizal inspired many Filipinos to fight for independence 2. Emilio Aguinaldo led the final revolt against Spain in 1896 ii. Spanish-American War: The War in the Philippines 1. First battle occurs in the Philippines 2. Commodore George Dewey destroys Spanish fleet in Manila harbor a. George Dewey i. National hero because of leading of attack in Manila and took over Manila bay ii. Was naval leader since 1861 3. The victory led to the advancement of U.S. troops into the Philippines 4. Filipinos, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, support Dewey 5. August 1898, Spanish troops in Manila surrender to U.S. d. The Philippines Debate i. Following the war, there was much debate with what the United States would do with the Philippines—allow Spain to keep, annex and grant independence, or annex and keep as a colony ii. There were many different opinions and arguments on what to do with the newly acquired territory iii. McKinley debated on the issue but public opinion swayed him 1. Protestant Missionaries were eager to convert Catholics 2. U.S. Business wanted the raw materials 3. Good Strategic position for access to China 4. They were vulnerable to colonization iv. McKinley decides to educate, uplift, civilize, and Christianize the Philippines 1. McKinley concluded ―that there was nothing left for us to do but to take them all [the Philippine Islands], and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and Christianize them‖ 2. Someone should have told the president that the Filipinos had been Christian for centuries e. The New Territory i. The Spanish-American War officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898 ii. McKinley and the United States decided to purchase the Philippines—in the treaty it was agreed upon that the U.S. would purchase the Philippines from Spain for $20,000,000 iii. The main aim of President McKinley at the time was to govern the islands. iv. Filipinos outraged at Treaty of Paris—they believed the U.S. had promised independence v. The United States forced the Filipinos to live in designated living areas vi. Because of the unsanitary conditions, starvation, and disease about 200,000 died from living in these areas—malnutrition and disease vii. The United States was doing the same thing things that they condemned Spain for doing to Cuba f. Philippine-American War i. Many Filipinos acted with violence to the annexing of their homeland ii. The Filipinos wanted freedom and independence from all countries iii. In February 1899 patriots led by Emilio Aguinaldo rebelled against the United States control iv. Aguinaldo set up a provisional government and proclaimed himself the first president of the Philippines v. Emilio used guerilla tactics (using mobility of a smaller army to defeat a larger less mobile army) to fight the American soldiers vi. Lack of weapons and ammunition was a major disadvantage for the rebels vii. On March 23, 1901 Emilio was captured by U.S. soldiers viii. This led to the ending of the Philippines rebellion ix. It took the U.S. almost 3 years to put a end to the rebellion x. g. Emilio Aguinaldo i. When the Spanish-American War started, Aguinaldo fought in alliance with the Americans to oust the Spanish, including turning over 15,000 captured Spanish troops over to Admiral Dewey ii. After the U.S. occupied the Philippines, Aguinaldo declared Philippine independence—The Philippine Constitutional Convention elected him President iii. Less than two years later, Aguinaldo was captured and he was forced to pledged allegiance to America in exchange for his life iv. Aguinaldo lived to see independence granted to the Philippines July 4, 1946, when the United States Government marked the full restoration and recognition of Philippine sovereignty v. In 1962 the Philippines president changed the celebration of Independence Day from July 4 to June 12—Aguinaldo rose from his sickbed to attend the celebration of independence 64 years after he declared it vi. Aguinaldo died on February 6, 1964 of coronary thrombosis h. After the War i. 20,000 Filipino rebels and 4,000 Americans died. ii. The U.S. established the Philippine Government Act (Organic Act) in 1902 1. established a governor and a two-house legislature—U.S. appointed the governor as well as the upper house while the Filipinos elected the lower house iii. Jones Act of 1916 1. granted the Filipinos the right to elect both houses 2. it gave the Filipinos a broader domestic autonomy i. Philippines becomes a U.S. Commonwealth i. In 1934, the Tydings-McDuffie Act was passed 1. The act provided for the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines with a ten-year period of peaceful transition to full independence 2. The commonwealth had its own constitution and be self-governing, though foreign policy would be the responsibility of the United States, and certain legislation required approval of the United States president j. World War II—Philippines i. Japan launched a surprise attack on the Philippines on December 8, 1941, just ten hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor and defeated the American forces ii. Japan occupied the Philippines for the next 3 years iii. U.S. troops invaded the Philippines on October 20, 1944—Fighting continued until Japan's formal surrender on September 2, 1945 iv. The Philippines suffered great loss of life and tremendous physical destruction by the time the war was over v. An estimated 1 million Filipinos had been killed vi. Manila and most cities were extensively damaged k. Philippine Independence i. The United States withdrew its sovereignty over the Philippines on July 4, 1946, as scheduled ii. In 1991, the Philippine Senate rejected a treaty that would have allowed a 10-year extension of the U.S. military bases in the country—the U.S. turned two bases over, ending almost a century of U.S. military presence in the Philippines.

VIII. China a. Early U.S. Contact with China i. First contact between the post-revolutionary Americans and the Chinese occurred during the voyage of the trader ship Empress of China ii. the voyage of the Empress was a financial windfall for its owners and thus began the lucrative Sino-American relationship known as the Old China Trade iii. The Sino-American Treaty of Wanghia is the first diplomatic agreement between China and the United States in history, signed on July 3, 1844—gave the United States as many trading privileges as other foreign powers 1. , that is, exemption from imperial jurisdiction 2. the right to buy land in five and erect churches and hospitals there to provide for Christian missionary activity 3. the right to learn Chinese by abolishing a law which hitherto forbade foreigners to do so b. China: Potential U.S. Market i. U.S. sees China as vast potential market, investment opportunity ii. In the late 19th century, the major world powers (France, the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Japan, and Russia) began carving out spheres of influence amongst themselves in China 1. Areas where each nation claimed exclusive rights and economic privileges: rights over mines, railroad, trade, etc. iii. The United States perceived this development as a threat to the potential market for their goods that China constituted c. Open Door Policy i. In 1899, Secretary of State John Hay sent a series of Open Door notes to the European powers and Japan that asked for three things: 1. he asked that they keep all ports in their spheres open to all nations 2. he asked that Chinese officials be allowed to collect all tariffs and duties 3. he requested that they guarantee equal harbor, railroad, and tariff rates in their spheres to all nations trading in China ii. The countries did not respond (waiting to see if others would accept) iii. Hay took this lack of response as acceptance of his proposal, which came to be known as the Open Door Policy d. Chinese Distrust with Foreigners i. Such treaties were regarded as grossly unfair by many Chinese, as foreigners received special treatment compared to Chinese ii. Rumors circulated of foreigners committing crimes as a result of agreements between foreign and the Chinese governments over how foreigners in China should be prosecuted iii. The Catholic Church's prohibition on many Chinese rituals and traditions were another issue of contention iv. Many Chinese 'Christians' used the cloak of foreign protection to mask criminal activity e. i. Chinese resentment of foreigners continued to grow ii. A secret society called the Fists of Righteous Harmony—known as the Boxers by foreigners—began distributing anti-foreigner pamphlets 1. One such pamphlet claimed that because ―the Catholic and Protestant religions are insolent (disrespectful) to the gods, . . . The rain clouds no longer visit us. But 8 million Spirit Soldiers will descend from Heaven and sweep the Empire clean of all foreigners!‖ iii. In the spring of 1900, the Boxers attacked Western missionaries and traders in northern China—killing about 300 iv. The Boxers laid siege to the large, walled-in foreign settlement in Beijing 1. the Boxers surrounded the European section of Beijing and kept it under siege for several months v. The uprising became known as the Boxer Rebellion vi. This uprising was supported by some Chinese government officials vii. Being ill-prepared to put the rebellion down and feeling pressured by foreign nations, the Chinese government allowed foreign soldiers on their soil f. Foreign Forces Put Down Rebellion i. The Eight-Nation Alliance was an alliance of 8 nations (Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States) which sent troops to put down the Boxer Rebellion ii. The military contingent from the United States was called the China Relief Expedition (about 2,500 American soldiers) iii. Within two months, the international forces put down the Boxer Rebellion iv. During the incident, 48 Catholic missionaries and 18,000 Chinese Catholics were murdered, along with 182 Protestant missionaries and 500 Chinese Protestants. g. i. The Boxer Protocol was the final settlement of the Boxer Rebellion—signed on 9/7/1901 by China and 11 other nations ii. Qing government agree to execute some Chinese officials and punish others iii. Agreed to pay $332 million in damages (U.S. got $24.5 million—which it later returned to be used to educate children in China and the U.S.) h. Second Open Door Notes i. John Hay feared that Japan and other nations would use the Boxer Rebellion as an excuse to seize control of additional Chinese territory ii. He issued a second series of Open Door notes 1. Hay announced that the United States would ―safeguard for the world the principle of equal and impartial trade with all parts of the Chinese Empire‖ thus opening the door for greater American influence i. Evolving U.S. Beliefs i. U.S. Beliefs Revealed by Open Door Policy ii. America believed that the growth of the U.S. economy depended on exports iii. They felt that the U.S. had right to intervene to keep foreign markets open iv. They thought that closing of areas to U.S. products, citizens, and ideas threatened survival j. Post Imperialism Sino-American Relations i. During initial years of WWII, U.S. sent aid to China which was fighting the Japanese ii. In 1949, Mao Zedong and the Communist Party defeated the Nationalists in a Chinese civil war iii. Mao established the People's Republic of China (PRC) on the mainland, while the ROC has remained on Taiwan and other islands until the present day iv. For 30 years after its founding, the United States did not formally recognize the People's Republic of China (PRC)—instead, it maintained diplomatic relations with the Republic of China government on Taiwan v. In the Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations dated January 1, 1979, the United States transferred diplomatic recognition from Taipei to Beijing vi. Following the communist Chinese authorities' suppression of demonstrators in June 1989, the US and other governments enacted a number of measures to express their condemnation of China‘s violation of human rights vii. The US also imposed a number of economic sanctions. In the summer of 1990, at the G-7 Houston summit, Western nations called for renewed political and economic reforms in mainland China, particularly in the field of human rights viii. Sino-American relations changed radically following the September 11, 2001 attacks. The PRC offered strong public support for the war on terrorism ix. The PRC voted in favor of UNSCR 1373, publicly supported the coalition campaign in Afghanistan, and contributed $150 million of bilateral assistance to Afghan reconstruction following the defeat of the Taliban

IX. Japan a. Early Japan i. Togawa Shoguns ruled Japan in the early 17th century and did so strictly ii. Japan had little/ no trade or communications with other countries iii. In the early 19th century, Americans tried to convince Japan to trade with them iv. In 1846, Commander James Biddle, sent by the United States Government to open trade, anchored himself in Tokyo Bay with two ships, one of which was armed with seventy-two cannons—regardless, his demands for a trade agreement remained unsuccessful v. U.S. was expanding trade throughout the world and thought that Japan would be a good new target vi. In 1854, Commodore Matthew Perry traveled to Japan, hoping to negotiate a contract for trade vii. The Japanese government had to accept Perry's coming ashore if it was to avoid a naval bombardment b. Treaty of Kanagawa i. Treaty of Kanagawa was signed on March 31, 1854 ii. What the treaty did: 1. It opened the Japanese ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to United States trade 2. It guaranteed the safety of shipwrecked U.S. sailors iii. Affect of trading on Japan: it quickly transformed them into an industrial power and it helped their military c. Russo-Japanese War i. Russia attacked Manchuria, a Chinese territory, and Japan decide to step in—they recognized Korea as the lifeline of Japan ii. The war ended up being between Japan and Russia—lasted for nearly two years iii. President Theodore Roosevelt worried that if Russia won it might cut off U.S. trade with Manchuria and if Japan won it might threaten free trade in Asia iv. Russia had suffered several spirit crushing defeats and was dealing with the Russian Revolution of 1905 v. Japan was running out of money and secretly asked President Theodore Roosevelt to step in and negotiate peace vi. Roosevelt negotiated the Treaty of Portsmouth—Japan received Manchuria, Korea 1. Roosevelt wins Nobel Peace Prize 2. This strengthened our relationship with Japan a. U.S.—Japan pledge to respect each other‘s possessions d. Great White Fleet i. Roosevelt became concerned by Japan‘s growing power –he wanted to remind the Japanese of America‘s military might ii. In 1907, he sent the Great White Fleet—fleet of four destroyers and 16 battleships that were painted a bright white—on a 46,000 mile world cruise which included a stop in the Japanese port of Yokohama

X. Dominican Republic

XI. Mexico